The National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction

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Other problems in law enforcement are discussed in the U.S. House Energy and CommerceCommittee staff report. Researchers found that although law enforcement agencies at the statelevel prosecute 70 percent of all cases involving sexual exploitation of children over the Internet,there is a wide discrepancy among state criminal codes in their treatment of these offenses and intheir sentencing practices. Encryption methods, such as anonymizers, significantly interfere withlaw enforcement’s ability to investigate and bring charges against offenders.Impact of Internet CrimesMost of the research on Internet crimes against children has focused on quantifying theprevalence of illegal activities and identifying ways of preventing future activities. However, afew researchers have attempted to assess the psychological impact these activities have on youngpersons, as well the implications for other criminal activity. For example, Cameron and Salazar,in their study of adolescents ages 14 to 17 who regularly use the Internet, determined that bothboys and girls reported their perception that exposure to sexually explicit material had no effecton their personal views of either gender or of relationships. Similarly, Sabina, Wolak, andFinkelhor found in their study of college students that only a minority reported that viewingonline pornography before the age of 18 had strongly affected their attitudes or emotions aboutsexuality. On the other hand, Greenfield, who studied the unintended exposure of young peopleto pornography through peer-to-peer file-sharing networks, concludes that evidence supports thethesis that pornography and sexualized material can influence the moral values, sexual activity,and sexual attitudes of children and youth, including their attitudes toward sexual violence.Neil Malamuth and Mark Huppin studied the relationship between pornography and childmolestation. They found that although child molesters (individuals who commit sexual actsagainst children) use pornography to groom potential victims, pedophiles (individuals who aresexually aroused by children) are less likely to molest a child after viewing pornography. Theresearchers conclude that whether exposure to a real or virtual child affects a person’s behaviordepends on a number of risk factors, and that, therefore, no strong cause and effect existsbetween viewing child pornography and committing sexual molestation of a child.Michael Bourke and Andres Hernandez, in a very recent study on the relationship between theviewing and collection of child pornography and the commission of a sexual contact crimeagainst a child, reach a different conclusion. The results of their research indicated that followingparticipation in a treatment program, child pornography offenders admitted to a significantlygreater number of sexual abuse crimes than before they were sentenced. Persons in this studygroup who had used the Internet to access child pornography were also significantly more likelyto have committed a sexual contact crime. The authors conclude that persons using the Internetto commit child pornography offenses may also be undetected child molesters.Need for Further Research and Changes in Approach to the ProblemBased on research conducted using various surveys, focus-group studies, and other datacompilations, the authors of the studies reviewed in this bibliography made severalrecommendations regarding the need for additional research in the area of Internet crimes againstchildren. In addition, they suggest ways in which parents, educators, and law enforcementF-6
officials can gain greater awareness of the magnitude of this problem, and consequently be betterable to stem the proliferation of sexually explicit material through the Internet. Many of therecommendations specifically directed to parents are discussed above in the section “Role of theFamily and Other Caregivers.”Ybarra and Mitchell, analyzing data from the first (2000) youth survey, identified several areaswarranting further research: the small group of females intentionally seeking pornography; thelink between purposeful exposure to pornography and emotional challenges, such as majordepression or a poor emotional bond with a caregiver; the role of alcohol in delinquent behaviorinvolving intentional seeking of pornography; and whether or not the Internet has become a morecommon mode of intentional exposure to pornography among adolescents than the viewing ofsexually explicit material offline. Mitchell, Finkelhor, and Wolak, in “Online Requests forSexual Pictures from Youth,” recommend that pediatric and adolescent health professionals beaware of the incidence of online requests for sexual pictures of youths and of the Internet’s rolein expanding the production of child pornography. These same authors, in their study “Trends inYouth Reports of Sexual Solicitations, Harassment and Unwanted Exposure to Pornography onthe Internet,” recommend that caregivers, social service providers, and law enforcement agentstarget minority and less affluent populations for prevention programs, to protect them fromonline harassment and from predators.In their study of Internet-initiated sex crimes against minors, these authors acknowledge thatInternet victim-prevention programs have emphasized the dangers of predator deception but findthat educators fail to address the problems of young persons who are befriended by adultpredators online and willingly meet with them to have voluntary sexual relationships. In anotherstudy using data extrapolated from the first (2000) youth survey, these authors concluded that amajor flaw in the 2000 study—the lack of standardized, validated procedures for collecting dataon children exposed to sexual material on the Internet—indicated the urgent need to collectfurther evidence to inform public policy aimed at protecting youth from unwanted exposure toInternet pornography.Sources for Synthesis of Major StudiesBerson, Ilene R. “Grooming Cybervictims: The Psychological Effects of Online Exploitation forYouth.” Journal of School Violence 2, no. 1 (2003): 9–18. http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~john/NetSafe/I.Berson.pdf (accessed March 20, 2009).Bourke, Michael L., and Andres E. Hernandez. “The ‘Butner Study’ Redux: A Report of theIncidence of Hands-on Child Victimization by Child Pornography Offenders.” Journal of FamilyViolence 24, no. 3 (April 2009): 183–93.Brown, Duncan. “Developing Strategies for Collecting and Presenting Grooming Evidence in aHigh Tech World.” Update (National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse), 2001, 1.http:www.ndaa.org/publications/newsletters/update_volume_14_number_11_2001.html(accessed March 24, 2009).F-7
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U.S. Department of Justice
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4. UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFIC
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V. CONCLUSION .....................
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amount of information, including: (
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assisting state, local, tribal and
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goals that can provide some measura
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State and federal investigators and
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a. Available indicators suggest chi
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These two applications (Fairplay, R
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The Figure below shows the number o
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For FY 2008, ICAC Task Forces repor
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Some researchers suggest that viewi
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interests in children and their des
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could later bediscovered by lawenfo
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domains are commercial purveyors of
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• The offender communicates with
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1. Online enticement complaints are
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elationship. After the child has ga
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Influenced and Corrupt Organization
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D. Child Sex TourismChild sex touri
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Exploitation of Children Today (PRO
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A task force model often is employe
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The United States Attorney’s offi
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FBI and CEOS, in conjunction with N
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The effects of child sex tourism re
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352 investigations and 162 charged
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• CEOS worked closely with NDIC i
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• Alameda County, CA, Children's
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• Additional data have been submi
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postsentence persons and civilly co
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B. A Review of the Internet Crimes
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• Providing training and technica
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Table 1 : ICAC Task Force Agencies
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State Task Force Agency Number of T
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State Agency FY 2009 FY 2009 FY 200
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State Agency FY2008#AZCACACACACACOC
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Number of Criminal Referrals to Uni
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d. Number of local prosecutions and
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State Agency FY 2008# of Cases Refe
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State Agency FY 2008 Jan.-June 2009
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8. Number and type of ICAC Task For
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ICAC Undercover Chat 4 Regional 9.2
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has developed highly successful ini
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field offices, both domestic and fo
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2. Department of Defense’s Effort
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of a mail circular. Since the progr
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• The Street Outreach Program fun
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the Defense Computer Forensic Labor
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• Distributes photographs and des
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iii. Enough Is EnoughEnough Is Enou
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1. Overarching Efforts to Coordinat
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combine resources and expertise on
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United States has submitted annual
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CEOS has worked with foreign law en
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. Department of Homeland Security
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Finally, G/TIP has worked extensive
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F. Review of Internet Safety Progra
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the accessibility, cost, and effect
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activity by predators searching for
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3. Federal Trade Commission and Dep
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Funder: • U.S. Department of Agri
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Delivery: • Online games; printab
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TABLE 1: FEDERALLY FUNDED INTERNET
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Program/Product NameandContactInfor
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TABLE 2: SAMPLE OF PRIVATE NONPROFI
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Program/Product NameProducerFor Kid
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TABLE 1: PARTICIPANT EVALUATIONS OF
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FY 2011. The primary forensics resp
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The DEU is the principal group resp
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CD/DVDs. The CFS has the capability
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First, the Department will continue
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and the Innocence Lost task forces,
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deconflict cases, and share informa
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with the ICACs to help increase the
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from Landslide’s business premise
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victimized children worldwide, incl
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association, was arrested after the
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is transnational in scope; cooperat
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Over the course of their communicat
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An ICE investigation resulted in th
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U.S. v. RichardsonICE PRESS RELEASE
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APPENDIX C THREAT ASSESSMENT: ACADE
Page 169 and 170: Selected Quotes from Appendix C of
Page 171 and 172: * * * “Sheldon and Howitt (2007)
Page 173 and 174: McCarthy, J. and Gaunt, N. (2004).
Page 175 and 176: high-profile jobs. Some seemed isol
Page 177 and 178: Trends 2008, http://www.iwf.org.uk/
Page 179 and 180: Source: National Center for Missing
Page 181 and 182: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FB
Page 183 and 184: scientific survey process, but rath
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Page 187 and 188: The Effect of the Lack of Internet
Page 193 and 194: ONLINE ENTICEMENTExtent of Online E
Page 197 and 198: • 8 percent of respondents report
Page 199 and 200: SEX TOURISMNature and ExtentAmong N
Page 203 and 204: Average Federal and State Sentences
Page 205 and 206: SOURCESNumerous federal, state, and
Page 207 and 208: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FB
Page 209 and 210: Southern Texas Utah VermontVirginia
Page 211 and 212: APPENDIX EDEPARTMENT-FUNDED RESEARC
Page 213 and 214: victimization. The project has four
Page 215 and 216: APPENDIX FSYNTHESIS OF MAJOR STUDIE
Page 217 and 218: 17 that among the participants who
Page 219: authors, extrapolating survey data,
Page 223 and 224: Moessner, Chris. “Cyberbullying.
Page 225 and 226: The authors of this chapter in a bo
Page 227 and 228: Wells, Melissa, David Finkelhor, Ja
Page 229 and 230: The article reports the results of
Page 231 and 232: system ۛincluding perspectives of
Page 233 and 234: etween 42 and 44 percent of pornogr
Page 235 and 236: Reporting the demographic, psycholo
Page 237 and 238: predator with a victim took place i
Page 239 and 240: 1 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent
Page 241 and 242: conducted between September 1999 an
Page 243 and 244: with each grade level, with the per
Page 245 and 246: Understanding Online Child Pornogra
Page 247 and 248: focusing on violent (including sexu
Page 249 and 250: their offending than did Internet o
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Page 255 and 256: Getting to Grips with Sexual Groomi
Page 257 and 258: Child Seduction and Self-Representa
Page 259 and 260: Annotated Bibliography: Child Explo
Page 261 and 262: Abstract The author discusses teach
Page 263 and 264: implications for nursing practice i
Page 265 and 266: providers assisting child victims,
Page 267 and 268: Problematic Internet Experiences: P
Page 269 and 270: Online Requests for Sexual Pictures
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Sheldon Kennedy and a Canadian Trag
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people involved in prostitution and
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debates about child labour, exploit
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Abstract The article presents the v
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dealing with sexual offenses agains
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