2009. This conference, attended by online child exploitation experts from around the world, isscheduled to occur again this year on September 28, 2010 in Madrid, Spain. Further, CEOSroutinely presents on the subject of online child exploitation at other international conferencesheld annually by Europol, Interpol, <strong>and</strong> the European Commission.In the area of child sex tourism, CEOS <strong>and</strong> ICE partner in ICE’s sex tourism initiative to identify“hot spot” locations <strong>and</strong> send a team of investigators <strong>and</strong> prosecutors to those locations to partnerwith the <strong>for</strong>eign government <strong>and</strong> develop a proactive strategy to identify <strong>and</strong> prosecuteoffenders.a. Department of Justice’s International Ef<strong>for</strong>tsThrough various components of the Department of Justice, the United States has trained <strong>for</strong>eignlaw en<strong>for</strong>cement officials in numerous countries on investigating <strong>and</strong> prosecuting child sextrafficking <strong>and</strong> has worked with governments to develop model anti-trafficking legislation <strong>and</strong>has fostered international cooperation in hundreds of cases.<strong>The</strong> FBI’s Innocent Images International Task Force (IIITF) became operational on October 6,2004, <strong>and</strong> includes law en<strong>for</strong>cement officers from countries such as: United Kingdom, Norway,Finl<strong>and</strong>, Ukraine, Belarus, Australia, Thail<strong>and</strong>, the Philippines, Croatia, Latvia, Germany, theNetherl<strong>and</strong>s, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>, Canada, Sweden, Fiji, Cyprus, Icel<strong>and</strong>, Denmark, Panama, <strong>and</strong>Europol. To date, more than 70 international officers have traveled to the United States from 33different countries <strong>and</strong> worked side-by-side with Special Agents of the FBI at the InnocentImages Operations Unit. IIITF has allowed <strong>for</strong> the real-time transfer of in<strong>for</strong>mation from <strong>and</strong> tothe FBI, <strong>and</strong> between task <strong>for</strong>ce members <strong>and</strong> their countries. Task Force Officers stay in theUnited States <strong>for</strong> several weeks <strong>and</strong> they remain an integral part of the task <strong>for</strong>ce once theyreturn to their home countries. <strong>The</strong> FBI’s IIITF successfully brings together law en<strong>for</strong>cementfrom around the world to address the global crime problem of online child exploitation.<strong>The</strong> FBI has implemented joint operations overseas with governments in two major child sextourism (CST) destinations, Thail<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cambodia. <strong>The</strong>se operations target child sex touristswho do not plan their illegal activities from the United States, but rather seek to procure childrenonce they arrive at their destination. <strong>The</strong> purpose of these operations is to coordinate with hostcountry law en<strong>for</strong>cement to gather evidence against American offenders that is admissible inAmerican courts, with the goal of extraditing those offenders back to the United States <strong>for</strong>prosecution. <strong>The</strong> FBI coordinates all ef<strong>for</strong>ts through its Legal Attachés in those countries toprovide, training, equipment <strong>and</strong> logistical support to these joint operations.FBI’s CST Initiative employs a proactive investigative strategy to identify <strong>and</strong> disrupt theactivities of sexual predators be<strong>for</strong>e they are able to victimize additional children. In conjunctionwith those country authorities, as well as interested NGOs, the CST Initiative employs the use ofboth undercover employees <strong>and</strong> confidential human sources to identify predatory individuals <strong>and</strong>groups operating in high threat areas <strong>for</strong> child sexual exploitation. Furthermore, its purpose is tocollect evidence against these predicated targets <strong>and</strong> facilitate their arrest/prosecution by hostcountry authorities as well as the United States.103
CEOS has worked with <strong>for</strong>eign law en<strong>for</strong>cement agencies, such as Interpol, Europol, <strong>and</strong>Eurojust, to coordinate international investigations. Some of these investigations begin with theidentification of an offender in the United States, while others begin with the identification of anoffender in a <strong>for</strong>eign country. All, however, are complex cases requiring close internationalteamwork.<strong>The</strong> Criminal Division’s Office of Overseas Prosecutorial Development, Assistance <strong>and</strong> Training(OPDAT), drawing on the expertise of experienced prosecutors from CEOS, the Civil RightsDivision <strong>and</strong> its Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit, <strong>and</strong> the United States Attorney’s Offices,has designed <strong>and</strong> executed technical assistance <strong>and</strong> training programs overseas to strengtheninternational capacity to combat trafficking in persons, including child sex trafficking <strong>and</strong> childexploitation offenses. OPDAT assisted Brazil in the drafting of a child pornography law,enacted in November 2008, which makes possession of child pornography a felony, the first timeit has been so criminalized in Brazil. OPDAT provided technical assistance <strong>and</strong> training toRussia in addressing its serious child exploitation <strong>and</strong> pornography problems. As a result, theRussian MVD (Interior Ministry) agreed to participate in the FBI’s Innocent Images Global TaskForce; Russian child pornography investigations increased tenfold; <strong>and</strong> in July 2009, Russiaenacted legislation with severe penalties <strong>for</strong> crimes against minors, including sexual abuse.Additionally, CEOS, in partnership with OPDAT <strong>and</strong> the State Department, regularly providestraining <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>eign delegates on child exploitation offenses as part of the State Department’sInternational Visitor Program. <strong>The</strong>se training sessions range from providing an overview of U.S.child exploitation laws, including child protection statutes, <strong>and</strong> how to investigate <strong>and</strong> prosecutehuman trafficking cases successfully.From 2007 – 2009, CEOS discussed these issues with delegates from countries such as Albania,Algeria, Austria, Bosnia, Brazil, Cambodia, China, Colombia, Cyprus, Ecuador, Egypt, Finl<strong>and</strong>,France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, Icel<strong>and</strong>, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,Kosovo <strong>and</strong> Bosnia, Laos, Latvia, Macedonia, Malta, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines,Pol<strong>and</strong>, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Switzerl<strong>and</strong>, Syria, Tajikistan, Thail<strong>and</strong>, Turkey, theUkraine, <strong>and</strong> the United Arab Emirates.Moreover, CEOS trial attorneys regularly per<strong>for</strong>m extensive overseas training programs. Forexample, CEOS team members have travelled to several cities throughout Latvia to train anaudience of Latvian judges, police, <strong>and</strong> prosecutors on numerous topics related to humantrafficking. <strong>The</strong>se topics included an overview of U.S. laws, a discussion of appropriateinvestigative techniques, <strong>and</strong> a primer on the international response to human trafficking,including a discussion of relevant international treaties. CEOS attorneys have conducted similartraining programs in Cambodia, Nepal, Thail<strong>and</strong>, Morocco, Nigeria, Armenia, <strong>and</strong> Indonesia. In2009 alone, CEOS attorneys went to the Philippines, Panama, Morocco, Brazil, Colombia, <strong>and</strong>the Dominican Republic <strong>for</strong> child sex tourism trainings.As outlined above, CEOS contributes to policy developments at the international level, workingwith such bodies as the G8, the United Nations, <strong>and</strong> the Council of Europe. For example, toaddress a lack of consensus concerning the danger posed by child pornography collectors tochildren, CEOS proposed, developed <strong>and</strong> delivered, through the G8 Law En<strong>for</strong>cement Projects104
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U.S. Department of Justice
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4. UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFIC
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V. CONCLUSION .....................
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amount of information, including: (
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assisting state, local, tribal and
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goals that can provide some measura
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State and federal investigators and
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a. Available indicators suggest chi
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These two applications (Fairplay, R
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The Figure below shows the number o
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For FY 2008, ICAC Task Forces repor
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Some researchers suggest that viewi
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interests in children and their des
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could later bediscovered by lawenfo
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domains are commercial purveyors of
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• The offender communicates with
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1. Online enticement complaints are
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elationship. After the child has ga
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Influenced and Corrupt Organization
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D. Child Sex TourismChild sex touri
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Exploitation of Children Today (PRO
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A task force model often is employe
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The United States Attorney’s offi
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FBI and CEOS, in conjunction with N
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The effects of child sex tourism re
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352 investigations and 162 charged
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• CEOS worked closely with NDIC i
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- Page 75 and 76: State Agency FY2008#AZCACACACACACOC
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- Page 133 and 134: TABLE 2: SAMPLE OF PRIVATE NONPROFI
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Over the course of their communicat
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An ICE investigation resulted in th
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U.S. v. RichardsonICE PRESS RELEASE
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APPENDIX C THREAT ASSESSMENT: ACADE
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Selected Quotes from Appendix C of
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* * * “Sheldon and Howitt (2007)
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McCarthy, J. and Gaunt, N. (2004).
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high-profile jobs. Some seemed isol
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Trends 2008, http://www.iwf.org.uk/
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Source: National Center for Missing
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FB
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scientific survey process, but rath
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• 42 percent of respondents repor
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The Effect of the Lack of Internet
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• 44 percent of respondents repor
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• 24 percent of respondents repor
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ONLINE ENTICEMENTExtent of Online E
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• 37 percent of respondents repor
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• 8 percent of respondents report
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SEX TOURISMNature and ExtentAmong N
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• 50 percent of respondents repor
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Average Federal and State Sentences
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SOURCESNumerous federal, state, and
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FB
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Southern Texas Utah VermontVirginia
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APPENDIX EDEPARTMENT-FUNDED RESEARC
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victimization. The project has four
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APPENDIX FSYNTHESIS OF MAJOR STUDIE
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17 that among the participants who
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authors, extrapolating survey data,
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officials can gain greater awarenes
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Moessner, Chris. “Cyberbullying.
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The authors of this chapter in a bo
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Wells, Melissa, David Finkelhor, Ja
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The article reports the results of
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system ۛincluding perspectives of
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etween 42 and 44 percent of pornogr
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Reporting the demographic, psycholo
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predator with a victim took place i
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1 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent
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conducted between September 1999 an
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with each grade level, with the per
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Understanding Online Child Pornogra
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focusing on violent (including sexu
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their offending than did Internet o
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trafficking, rape and sexual assaul
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States Postal Inspection Service, 8
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Getting to Grips with Sexual Groomi
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Child Seduction and Self-Representa
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Annotated Bibliography: Child Explo
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Abstract The author discusses teach
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implications for nursing practice i
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providers assisting child victims,
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Problematic Internet Experiences: P
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Online Requests for Sexual Pictures
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Sheldon Kennedy and a Canadian Trag
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people involved in prostitution and
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debates about child labour, exploit
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Abstract The article presents the v
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dealing with sexual offenses agains