UFC 3-280-02A Hazardous Waste Land Disposal/Land Treatment ...
UFC 3-280-02A Hazardous Waste Land Disposal/Land Treatment ... UFC 3-280-02A Hazardous Waste Land Disposal/Land Treatment ...
carry water from the drainage layer to surface drainagefacilities may be a better alternative than granulardrainage discharge areas.(5) The soil layer for vegetation should be a highquality topsoil at least 2 feet thick, and capable ofsustaining vegetation.(a) The vegetation must be a persistent butshallow-rooted species which will minimize erosion, whilenot penetrating below the vegetative and drainage layers(EPA SW-867 and EPA 600/2-79-165). The vegetatedsoil layer must also have an erosion rate of < 2.0 tonsper acre per year using the US Department of AgricultureUniversal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). This equation anddata for its use are described in EPA SW-867 and EPA600/2-79-165.(b) As noted, steeper perimeter slopes must beprovided with surface drainage systems capable ofconducting run off across the slope without damaging thevegetated soil cover. Stability against slippage undersaturated or seismic conditions must also bedemonstrated.c. Design considerations. Because hazardouswaste fills can undergo settlement, and any damagingeffect of settlement on final cover must be repairedduring the post-closure period, the designer shouldassess the potential for uniform settlement of the wastefill, recommend operating practices which minimizedifferential settlement, and select construction slopeswhich minimize the damaging effect of settlement.(1) Settlement of waste fills generally occur due to(a) Mechanical consolidation: a decrease in voidspace related to applied load(s) of the fill and soil coverand their depth.(b) Biological decomposition: a decrease involume by loss of solids.(c) Displacements: differential settlementswhich result from liquefaction of saturated layers, creepof the waste fill, and/or collapse of drums placed prior tothe ban of such practice.(2) In new facilities, where design proceduresminimize foundation settlement, and placementprocedures minimize differential settlement of the fill,consolidation of the waste fill will be the primary sourceof settlement. The potential for settlement should beanalyzed for the following conditions: compression of thefoundation and compression of the waste due todewatering, liquefaction, primary and secondaryconsolidation, biological oxidation of organics, * andchemical conversion of solids to liquids. EPA SW-873provides current state-of the-art design information todetermine settlement, and additional studies are beingperformed for EPA.(3) The following provisions should beconsidered to minimize damage by anticipatedsettlement:* Calculate assuming one pound of organic matter will bedestroyed for each two pounds of oxygen consumedin a BOD5 test.6-25TM 5-814-7(a) Selecting design slopes which will minimizethe damaging effect of settlement, i.e., use 4 percentconstruction slopes for upper surfaces over fill areaswhere settlements can be expected to be uniform, due toplacement procedures and a uniform depth of fill, anduse 10 to 33.3 percent slopes (10:1 to 3:1 horizontal tovertical slopes) over perimeter and interim fill areas,where the depth of fill increases significantly due to theperimeter excavation, and can result in settlementswhich decrease the construction slope by 10 percent ormore (see figure 6-10).(b) Using uniform fill placement and solidificationprocedures which minimize differential settlement andenable prediction measurements for the order ofsettlement that can be expected after closure.(c) Staging final closure to delay placement offinal cover where substantial settlement is expected(may require an extension in the 180-day limit forclosure, and placement of an expendable interim cover).(4) Design slopes should be selected to allow forany settlement. Final slopes should be at least 3 percentto prevent ponding due to irregular surface areas, butless than 5 percent to prevent excessive erosion.Perimeter slopes may be steeper, but must be providedwith surface drainage systems capable of conducting runoff across the slope without forming erosion rills andgullies. Steeper slopes must be evaluated for stabilityagainst slippage under saturated or seismic conditions,and for acceptable resistance to erosion.6-8. Special design elementsa. Regulatory requirements. Regulations withinsections of 40 CFR 264 establish design, constructionand maintenance requirements for structural integrity ofimpoundment dikes, overtopping controls, and winddispersal controls. Requirements related to airemissions have not been established, but are expectedto be developed in the future by EPA. The specificregulations are summarized in table 6-7.b. Design considerations for dikes. Since dikesare the principal containment components of surfaceimpoundments and are partially or completely aboveground, it is essential that they be designed, constructedand maintained with sufficient structural integrity toprevent failure. Dike slopes must be stable at all times,especially during rapid drawdown of waste liquids; theymust also be protected against erosion due to waveaction, wind, rain or animal intrusion. Dikes must bedesigned so that excessive stresses are not put on thefoundation.(1) To accomplish these goals, the designersmust evaluate the materials of construction, liner type(s),weather factors, loads imposed by wastes, drainagesystems, and the hydrologic and geotechnicalcharacteristics of the site. Analyzing the stability of thepro-CANCELLED
Table 6- 7. Requirements for Special Design ElementsSection of 40 CFR 264 Describing RequirementsTM 5-814-7K L M NDesign Requirements Surface Impoundments Waste Pile Land Treatment LandfillDikesDikes are designed, constructed, and maintainedwith sufficient structural integrity to preventmassive failure of the dikes. In ensuring structuralintegrity, it must not be presumed that the linersystem will function without leakage during theactive life of theunit. 264.221(d) NA NA NAWeekly inspection for severe erosion or other signsof deterioration indikes. 264.226(bX4) NA NA NA*OvertoppingThe unit must be designed, constructed,maintained, and operated to prevent overtoppingresulting from normal or abnormal operationsoverfilling; wind and wave action; rainfall; run- on;malfunctions of level controllers, alarmsand other equipment; and human error. 264.221(c) NA NA NAWeekly inspections to detect evidence ofdeterioration, malfunctions, or improper operationof overtopping controlsystems. 264.226(bXl) NA NA NAWind DispersalIf the unit contains any particulate matterwhich may be subject to wind dispersal, the owneror operator must cover or otherwise manage theunit to controlwind dispersal. NA 264.250(cX3) 264.233(f) 264.301(f)Inspected weekly and after storms for properfunctioning of wind dispersal lcontrol systems,) NA 264.254(bX3 264.273(gX2)) 264.303(X)(3where present.* No standards or requirements established.Adapted from 40 CPFR 264posed or existing dike system is of primary importance;slope failure due to saturation, earthquake or poorconstruction could result in extensive environmental,property and human damage.(2) Stability assessments should utilize in situproperties of the dikes and foundations and pertinentgeologic information. Assessment methods andevaluative criteria are presented in NAVFAC DM 7.1 andEPA SW-873. Evaluations and monitoring must berepetitive to ensure structural integrity and containmentof liquids.c. Prevention of overtopping. Surfaceimpoundments must be designed, constructed,maintained and operated to prevent overtopping.Designing impoundments with significant freeboard,establishing operating practices to monitor and regulateliquid levels, using automatic liquid level controllers,and/or using alarms can prevent overtopping.(1) Specific guidance requirements to preventingovertopping include:* For stormwater: design and operatingprovisions which can withstand, at aminimum, the flow generated by a 24-hour,100-year storm.264.280(aX5)*For flow-through units: adequately sizedspillway or weir-type dischargestructures which can maintain a constantliquid level and freeboard.-pipes with valved intakes and outlets forregulating flows.-pumping systems for control of inflowsand outflows.· For units without outlets: provisions toassess the freeboard level and regulateinflow to prevent overtopping.(2) A 2-foot freeboard is documented asproviding sufficient protection against overtopping due toinflow fluctuations or wave action; however, whenmanual operation is involved, greater freeboards may benecessary to ensure protection.(3) Water balance studies must be performed forevaporation surface impoundments. The summation ofliquid wastes volume and precipitation inflows, minus theevaporation losses, determines the anticipated liquidlevels. The EPA believes stormwater should be divertedfrom surface impoundments. The guidelines toaccomplish this are that structures be designed to di-CANCELLED6-26
- Page 5 and 6: TM 5-814-7LIST OF FIGURESPageFigure
- Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 2TM 5-814-72-1. Federal reg
- Page 10 and 11: Table 3-1. Composition and Quantity
- Page 12 and 13: ial. All facilities must be designe
- Page 14 and 15: Table 3-2. Design/Operational Requi
- Page 16 and 17: (Identification and Listing of Haza
- Page 18 and 19: TM 5-814-7Figure 5-1. Illustrative
- Page 20 and 21: 5-4The structure should be designed
- Page 22 and 23: c. Procedures. Impoundment of hazar
- Page 24 and 25: particular soil, the compatibility
- Page 26 and 27: d. Design elements. Design requirem
- Page 28: (3) Basic equipment for subsurface
- Page 33 and 34: TM 5-814-7of preventing migration o
- Page 35 and 36: priate coatings would be a suitable
- Page 37 and 38: TM 5-814-7Figure 6-3. Base liner de
- Page 39 and 40: Table 6-2-Summary of Liner Types-Co
- Page 41 and 42: TM 5-814-7Figure 6-4. Typical clay
- Page 43 and 44: Table 6-4. Requirements for Leachat
- Page 45 and 46: conductivity of the drainage layer
- Page 47 and 48: TM 5-814-7Figure 6-6. Typical run-o
- Page 49 and 50: TM 5-814-7Figure 6-8. Typical run-o
- Page 51 and 52: TM 5-814-7Figure 6-9. Run-on sedime
- Page 53 and 54: tems is the gas flow rate. Flow rat
- Page 55: 6-24sure covers is provided in EPA
- Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 7OPERATIONS AND CONTINGENCY
- Page 61 and 62: TM 5-814-7tending into the area of
- Page 63 and 64: ing hydrogeologic conditions are de
- Page 65 and 66: TM 5-814-7CANCELLEDFigure 8-2. Moni
- Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 9TM 5-814-79-1. Introductio
- Page 69 and 70: 10-1. Cost Elementsa. Cost elements
- Page 71 and 72: APPENDIX ATM 5-814-7Government Publ
- Page 73 and 74: TM 5-814-7Table B-I. Summary of RCR
- Page 75 and 76: APPENDIX CTM 5-814-7C-1. Purpose an
- Page 77 and 78: TM 5-814-7CANCELLEDC-3
- Page 79 and 80: (c) Based upon these calculations,
- Page 81 and 82: The proponent agency of this public
- Page 83 and 84: CANCELLEDPIN: 057162
- Page 85: UFC 3-280-02A16 January 2004FOREWOR
Table 6- 7. Requirements for Special Design ElementsSection of 40 CFR 264 Describing RequirementsTM 5-814-7K L M NDesign Requirements Surface Impoundments <strong>Waste</strong> Pile <strong>Land</strong> <strong>Treatment</strong> <strong>Land</strong>fillDikesDikes are designed, constructed, and maintainedwith sufficient structural integrity to preventmassive failure of the dikes. In ensuring structuralintegrity, it must not be presumed that the linersystem will function without leakage during theactive life of theunit. 264.221(d) NA NA NAWeekly inspection for severe erosion or other signsof deterioration indikes. 264.226(bX4) NA NA NA*OvertoppingThe unit must be designed, constructed,maintained, and operated to prevent overtoppingresulting from normal or abnormal operationsoverfilling; wind and wave action; rainfall; run- on;malfunctions of level controllers, alarmsand other equipment; and human error. 264.221(c) NA NA NAWeekly inspections to detect evidence ofdeterioration, malfunctions, or improper operationof overtopping controlsystems. 264.226(bXl) NA NA NAWind DispersalIf the unit contains any particulate matterwhich may be subject to wind dispersal, the owneror operator must cover or otherwise manage theunit to controlwind dispersal. NA 264.250(cX3) 264.233(f) 264.301(f)Inspected weekly and after storms for properfunctioning of wind dispersal lcontrol systems,) NA 264.254(bX3 264.273(gX2)) 264.303(X)(3where present.* No standards or requirements established.Adapted from 40 CPFR 264posed or existing dike system is of primary importance;slope failure due to saturation, earthquake or poorconstruction could result in extensive environmental,property and human damage.(2) Stability assessments should utilize in situproperties of the dikes and foundations and pertinentgeologic information. Assessment methods andevaluative criteria are presented in NAVFAC DM 7.1 andEPA SW-873. Evaluations and monitoring must berepetitive to ensure structural integrity and containmentof liquids.c. Prevention of overtopping. Surfaceimpoundments must be designed, constructed,maintained and operated to prevent overtopping.Designing impoundments with significant freeboard,establishing operating practices to monitor and regulateliquid levels, using automatic liquid level controllers,and/or using alarms can prevent overtopping.(1) Specific guidance requirements to preventingovertopping include:* For stormwater: design and operatingprovisions which can withstand, at aminimum, the flow generated by a 24-hour,100-year storm.264.<strong>280</strong>(aX5)*For flow-through units: adequately sizedspillway or weir-type dischargestructures which can maintain a constantliquid level and freeboard.-pipes with valved intakes and outlets forregulating flows.-pumping systems for control of inflowsand outflows.· For units without outlets: provisions toassess the freeboard level and regulateinflow to prevent overtopping.(2) A 2-foot freeboard is documented asproviding sufficient protection against overtopping due toinflow fluctuations or wave action; however, whenmanual operation is involved, greater freeboards may benecessary to ensure protection.(3) Water balance studies must be performed forevaporation surface impoundments. The summation ofliquid wastes volume and precipitation inflows, minus theevaporation losses, determines the anticipated liquidlevels. The EPA believes stormwater should be divertedfrom surface impoundments. The guidelines toaccomplish this are that structures be designed to di-CANCELLED6-26
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