Table 3-2. Design/Operational RequirementsImposed by Hydrogeologic ConditionsTM 5-814-7Unfavorable Hydrogeologic ConditionsGround WaterHigh ground-water tableHigh permeability soilsRequirementsPlacement of impermeable liners; dewatering systems to lower groundwater; increased monitoring.Surface WaterWithin flood plainConstruction of perimeter dikesnevees; liners to interrupt connectionbetween ground and surfacewaters; construction of drainage diversion facilities.Inter-related to shallow groundwater beneath facilityExtensive upgradient watershedFaultsLocation of facilities outside of a fault buffer zone.SoilsInadequate soils for cover orImportation of soils that meet regulatory requirements.impermeable barriers*Active Karst ZonesSinkhole-prone areasLocation of facilities outside of active Karst zones is recommended.Solution channels*As used here, inadequate means either (1) unable to meet regulatory requirements for soil type and permeability, or(2) insufficient quantities to meet design/operational needs.US Army Corps of Engineers3-6CANCELLED
CHAPTER 44-1. Impact of the waste stream on selection ofdisposal type.a. The physical state of the hazardous waste andthe chemical characteristics of the waste are the twomost important factors to be evaluated in selecting theappropriate disposal option. With respect to physicalstate, disposal options at Army installations for bulk liquidhazardous wastes and sludges with leachable liquids arelimited to surface impoundments and, in certain specialcases, injection wells. The latter, rarely used because ofthe hydrogeologic constraints inherent in their siting, aresuitable for large quantities of aqueous wastes, includingacids, alkalies, inorganic brines and oily waste waters(see chapter 5).b. Most solid hazardous wastes are disposed of inlandfills; however, small quantities of semi-solid and solidhazardous wastes such as mine tailings are stored ortreated in waste piles. It is important to note that RCRAregulations stipulate that waste piles may not be used asan ultimate disposal method; if the owner/operator of awaste pile wants to dispose of the accumulated wastes,he must obtain a landfill permit and manage the pile as alandfill.c. The second major factor concerning the wastestream that impacts selection of disposal type is thechemical/physical characteristics of the waste.Restrictions based on these characteristics are thatignitable or reactive wastes may not be placed in afacility unless the waste is rendered non-ignitable or nonreactiveand incompatible wastes may not be placed inthe same facility.4-2. Design and handling constraints imposed bywaste compositiona. The physical and chemical characteristics of aparticular waste impose the primary constraints inmanaging these wastes. Characteristics which must beconsidered include ignitability, reactivity, corrosivity,compatibility and physical state (liquid or a solid). Othercomposition factors which must be evaluated are thechemical makeup of the waste, its mobility in soil (andwater), metal concentrations and, indirectly, thecontainerization method.b. Ignitability and reactivity are defined in 40 CFR261. These definitions, in combination with the federalrequirements given in the <strong>Hazardous</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> PermitProgram outline the requirements and waste compositionconstraints for individual hazardous waste facilities;surface impoundments, waste piles, land treatDISPOSAL AND HANDLINGCONSTRAINTS IMPOSED BY WASTE COMPOSITION4-1TM 5-814-7ment and landfills. In general, ignitable or reactive wastemust not be placed in a hazardous waste facility unless"the waste is treated, rendered, or mixed before orimmediately after placement so that the resulting waste,mixture, or dissolution of material no longer meets thedefinition of ignitable or reactive waste" (40 CFR 264).c. Incompatible wastes may not be treated ordisposed of unless the owner or operator takesprecautions to prevent reactions which: (1) Generateextreme heat or pressure, fire or explosions, or violentreactions.(2) Produce uncontrolled toxic mists, fumes,dusts, or gases in sufficient quantities to threaten humanhealth or the environment.(3) Produce uncontrolled flammable fumes orgases in sufficient quantities to pose a risk of fire orexplosions.(4) Damage the structural integrity of thedevice or facility.(5) Threaten human health or the environmentthrough similar means.d. The owner or operator of a waste pile must alsophysically separate any pile containing wastes potentiallyincompatible with materials stored nearby in containers,open tanks, etc., by means of a dike, wall, berm, orsimilar means.e. Chemical composition may also impose somehandling/disposal constraints. For example, if the wastematerial is defined as toxic by the EPA ExtractionProcedure Toxicity Characteristic (40 CFR 261.24) or theAcute <strong>Hazardous</strong> <strong>Waste</strong> Designation [40 CFR261.11(2)], special handling or disposal methods may berequired. Another impact the design engineer shouldconsider is the potential effect of toxic organic emissionsfrom the treatment/disposal of selected halogenatedorganic compounds; several states are now consideringthe elimination of disposal of these materials.4-3. <strong>Waste</strong> analysis plana. 40 CFR 264, subpart B, requires that owners oroperators of all hazardous waste management facilitiesobtain a chemical and physical analysis of arepresentative sample of all waste to be managed bytheir facilities. At a minimum, the analysis must containall the information necessary to treat, store, or dispose ofthe wastes properly in accordance with part 264.b. The analysis may include data from part 261CANCELLED
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