UFC 3-280-02A Hazardous Waste Land Disposal/Land Treatment ...
UFC 3-280-02A Hazardous Waste Land Disposal/Land Treatment ... UFC 3-280-02A Hazardous Waste Land Disposal/Land Treatment ...
ial. All facilities must be designed for specialized problemssuch as seismic shaking in seismically active areas, oexpansive soils.3-4. Climatic elementsa. Climatic conditions, particularly precipitation,evaporation, temperature, and wind, can significantly influencethe selection, design and operation of land disposal facilities.Adverse climatic conditions can, for example:(1) Prevent use or operation of• Surface Impoundments practicing evaporativedisposal of wastes, if annual precipitation is greaterthan annual evaporation.• Land Treatment facilities, if soils in the treatment areaare frozen or saturated.(2) Restrict operation of—• Surface Impoundments, where heavy rainfall reducesstorage capacity.• Land Treatment facilities, where lower temperatureswill decrease biodegradation rates.• Landfills, where (1) freezing soil or wastes interferewith proper placement of compaction of wastes, soilcover or earthfills, (2) accumulation of snow mayrequire clearing, or (3) snow melt may increase themoisture content of the waste.(3) Impact closure practices at impoundments andlandfills• Disruption of the compacted soil zone through frostheave (water migration and freezing in layers, lensesor veins of ice).• Sliding resulting from thawing of a shallow, saturatedzone of soil cover.• Rainfall erosion of the soil cover.b. Generalized climatic data are available from theNational Climatic Center of the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration and the National Weather Service.Local meteorological data is often available at Armyinstallations that have air fields. In addition, some states haveofficial weather observation stations that offer climatic data.Selected publications which provide recorded data, frequencyand duration analyses, and general charts for various climaticelements are listed in the references (appendix A).c. Another source of information is the US WeatherBureau, whose 300 first-order weather stations provide dataon:• Daily and monthly temperature• Dewpoint• Precipitation• Pressure• Wind• Sunshine and cloud cover• Solar radiationd. Weather stations also publish climatic tables of3-4TM 5-814-7normal, mean and extreme values for long periods of recordand climatic maps of the United States. Design data directlyavailable from the US Weather Bureau include isobars for 24-hour rainfalls and for average annual lake evaporation.e. In addition, numerous theories, empirical correlations,modeling procedures and charts have been developed fordefining and predicting the impact of climatic elements ondesign. Those useful in designing land disposal facilitiesinclude equations for infiltration and run off, rainfall and winderosion, and wind waves; depth of freezing indices; andevaporation/evapotranspiration calculations. State and localagencies have used available climatic data to develop chartsand tables which can be used in these predictive calculationsincludingthe rainfall and storm recurrence tables and rainfallintensity/duration charts used for run-off calculations.3-5. Impact of site conditions on selection of disposalmethoda. Most regulations dealing with disposal to land clearlyreflect the sensitive relationship between waste type, disposalmethod, and potential for natural or engineered protection ofthe environment at the proposed disposal facility. Sites thatare designed to accept only solid, generally inert substances,obviously require fewer natural containment features than dothose intended for liquid hazardous waste. Similarly, siting ofwaste piles or land treatment facilities may be far lessrestrictive than siting of impoundments.b. Site conditions which obviously prohibit developmentof a disposal site of any type are wetlands and locations incritical aquifer recharge areas. Site conditions that impactselection of disposal methods fall into three basic areas (1)ability for ground-water protection, (2) potential for surfacewater contact with wastes, and (3) availability of materialsrequired by each disposal method. Almost any negative sitecondition can be overcome by engineering designs; however,these engineering solutions can often result in unacceptableeconomic impacts and/or regulatory monitoring requirements.(1) In selecting a disposal method, two key elementsregarding ground-water protection must be considered: (1)vertical separation of wastes from the uppermost groundwater,and (2) permeability of the subsurface materialproviding the hydraulic separation. These two elements areinterrelated. Far less separation between waste and groundwatercan be tolerated in a low permeability clay environmentthan in a site underlain by sand and gravel. However, designconsiderations of the natural ground-water setting can begreatly influenced by regulations mandated by 40 CFR 264requiring the placement of impermeable liners beneathlandfills, impoundments and waste piles.CANCELLED
(a) Surface impoundments should be sited anddesigned with maximum protection of ground waterprovided by liners, low permeability clay (10-8 cm/sec)underlying soils, and maximum separation. Thehydraulic head formed in the impoundment provides for ahigh potential for liquid seepage and subsurfacemigration.(b) Since potential for buildup of hydraulic headin landfills and waste piles is much less than forimpoundments, siting criteria can be somewhat relaxedfor these facilities. With liners beneath the waste, soilswith permeabilities in the vicinity of 10-6 cm/sec (silts,silty clays) may be acceptable separation materials.(c) In land treatment facilities little or nohydraulic head buildup is created; however, strictoperational criteria are required by RCRA to ensure theirprotection. Such facilities can be located in most localesthat provide a minimum separation from groundwater ofapproximately 10 feet, and moderately low permeabilitysoils (10-4 to 10-5 cm/sec-silty sands, silts).(d) Limitations in locating injection wells arediscussed in paragraph 5-5.(2) Isolation of wastes from surface water is a majorconcern in the design and locating of all disposalmethods. It is highly recommended that disposal unitsbe located out of a 100-year flood plain and away fromtopographic areas prone to flash flooding and/or severeerosion; avoidance of flood plain areas may bemandatory for certain types of hazardous wastes. Alldisposal modes (landfills, impoundments, etc.) should bedesigned with drainage diversion and surface run onprotection and isolation facilities (i.e., berms, dikes, etc.).High design and construction costs may be associatedwith sites located within flood areas and/or in areasrequiring diversion of surface runoff from largeupgradient watersheds. With proper facility design,surface water conditions should not be a major factor inselection of a disposal type, but only in selection ofdesign criteria.3-5TM 5-814-7(3) Each disposal type has its own soil requirementsfor construction and operation. Although all materialscan be imported from off-site sources, project costs can,as a result, become prohibitive. In sites located in areasunderlain by shallow cemented bedrock, nearly all soilmaterials may need to be imported; as a result, costs forlandfilling in such areas can be prohibitive. Sitesunderlain by clay deposits significantly reduce the cost ofconstruction of all types of disposal facilities. Below is asummary of soil needs for different disposal methods:Disposal TypeLandfillSurfaceImpoundmentsWaste PilesLand TreatmentSoil NeedsDaily and intermediate cover;a variety of soil types areacceptable.Final cover soils must be lowpermeability clays.Liner soil must be clay.Liner soil must be lowpermeability clay.Liner soil must be low permeabilityclay.Treatment zone must haveminimum of 5 feet of suitablesoil, as described in section5-4 b (2).3-6. Design requirements imposed by hydrogeologicconditionsLess than ideal hydrogeologic conditions can beovercome by engineering designs in all but the mostextreme conditions. However, the site owner/operatormust be aware that great expense may be involved inthese engineering solutions, and may make the projecteconomically unfeasible. Table 3-2 summarizes themajor design/operational requirements imposed byunfavorable hydrogeologic conditions.CANCELLED
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- Page 5 and 6: TM 5-814-7LIST OF FIGURESPageFigure
- Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 2TM 5-814-72-1. Federal reg
- Page 10 and 11: Table 3-1. Composition and Quantity
- Page 14 and 15: Table 3-2. Design/Operational Requi
- Page 16 and 17: (Identification and Listing of Haza
- Page 18 and 19: TM 5-814-7Figure 5-1. Illustrative
- Page 20 and 21: 5-4The structure should be designed
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- Page 24 and 25: particular soil, the compatibility
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- Page 35 and 36: priate coatings would be a suitable
- Page 37 and 38: TM 5-814-7Figure 6-3. Base liner de
- Page 39 and 40: Table 6-2-Summary of Liner Types-Co
- Page 41 and 42: TM 5-814-7Figure 6-4. Typical clay
- Page 43 and 44: Table 6-4. Requirements for Leachat
- Page 45 and 46: conductivity of the drainage layer
- Page 47 and 48: TM 5-814-7Figure 6-6. Typical run-o
- Page 49 and 50: TM 5-814-7Figure 6-8. Typical run-o
- Page 51 and 52: TM 5-814-7Figure 6-9. Run-on sedime
- Page 53 and 54: tems is the gas flow rate. Flow rat
- Page 55 and 56: 6-24sure covers is provided in EPA
- Page 57 and 58: Table 6- 7. Requirements for Specia
- Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 7OPERATIONS AND CONTINGENCY
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(a) Surface impoundments should be sited anddesigned with maximum protection of ground waterprovided by liners, low permeability clay (10-8 cm/sec)underlying soils, and maximum separation. Thehydraulic head formed in the impoundment provides for ahigh potential for liquid seepage and subsurfacemigration.(b) Since potential for buildup of hydraulic headin landfills and waste piles is much less than forimpoundments, siting criteria can be somewhat relaxedfor these facilities. With liners beneath the waste, soilswith permeabilities in the vicinity of 10-6 cm/sec (silts,silty clays) may be acceptable separation materials.(c) In land treatment facilities little or nohydraulic head buildup is created; however, strictoperational criteria are required by RCRA to ensure theirprotection. Such facilities can be located in most localesthat provide a minimum separation from groundwater ofapproximately 10 feet, and moderately low permeabilitysoils (10-4 to 10-5 cm/sec-silty sands, silts).(d) Limitations in locating injection wells arediscussed in paragraph 5-5.(2) Isolation of wastes from surface water is a majorconcern in the design and locating of all disposalmethods. It is highly recommended that disposal unitsbe located out of a 100-year flood plain and away fromtopographic areas prone to flash flooding and/or severeerosion; avoidance of flood plain areas may bemandatory for certain types of hazardous wastes. Alldisposal modes (landfills, impoundments, etc.) should bedesigned with drainage diversion and surface run onprotection and isolation facilities (i.e., berms, dikes, etc.).High design and construction costs may be associatedwith sites located within flood areas and/or in areasrequiring diversion of surface runoff from largeupgradient watersheds. With proper facility design,surface water conditions should not be a major factor inselection of a disposal type, but only in selection ofdesign criteria.3-5TM 5-814-7(3) Each disposal type has its own soil requirementsfor construction and operation. Although all materialscan be imported from off-site sources, project costs can,as a result, become prohibitive. In sites located in areasunderlain by shallow cemented bedrock, nearly all soilmaterials may need to be imported; as a result, costs forlandfilling in such areas can be prohibitive. Sitesunderlain by clay deposits significantly reduce the cost ofconstruction of all types of disposal facilities. Below is asummary of soil needs for different disposal methods:<strong>Disposal</strong> Type<strong>Land</strong>fillSurfaceImpoundments<strong>Waste</strong> Piles<strong>Land</strong> <strong>Treatment</strong>Soil NeedsDaily and intermediate cover;a variety of soil types areacceptable.Final cover soils must be lowpermeability clays.Liner soil must be clay.Liner soil must be lowpermeability clay.Liner soil must be low permeabilityclay.<strong>Treatment</strong> zone must haveminimum of 5 feet of suitablesoil, as described in section5-4 b (2).3-6. Design requirements imposed by hydrogeologicconditionsLess than ideal hydrogeologic conditions can beovercome by engineering designs in all but the mostextreme conditions. However, the site owner/operatormust be aware that great expense may be involved inthese engineering solutions, and may make the projecteconomically unfeasible. Table 3-2 summarizes themajor design/operational requirements imposed byunfavorable hydrogeologic conditions.CANCELLED
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