Soils of the Bay of Exploits Area, Newfoundland - Agriculture and ...

Soils of the Bay of Exploits Area,NewfoundlandReport No . 16 Newfoundland Soil SurveyGOVERNMENT OFNEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADORDepartment of Forestry and AgricultureSoil and Land Management Division

Soils of theBay of Exploits Area,NewfoundlandReport No . 16 (Interim)Newfoundland Soil SurveyJ .W. van de HulstSoil and Land Management DivisionDepartment of Rural, Agricultural and Northern DevelopmentSt . John's, NewfoundlandAgriculture BranchDepartment of Forestry and Agriculture1993

Copies of this publication are available from :Soil and Land Management DivisionDepartment of Forest Resources and AgrifoodsProvincial Agriculture BuildingP.O . Box 8700Brookfield RoadSt . John's, NewfoundlandAlB 4J6

CONTENTSPAGEACKNOWLEDGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiSUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiiINTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PART ONEGENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Location and extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3History and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Topography and drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Geology and parent materials ofthe soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Vegetation and land use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .SOIL DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Soil formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . 15Soil development and classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Mapping procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-17DESCRIPTION OF THE MAP UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .Alderburn map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Alderburn-Burnt Arm map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Alderburn-Northern Arm map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Barry's Pond-Bulley's Cove map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Brown's Arm Brook map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 30Burnt Arm map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . '31Burnt Arm-Mill Pond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *33Burnt Arm-Norris Arm map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Coopers Pond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Coopers Pond-Michael's Harbour map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Dead Wolf Pond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 40

CONTENTS PAGE(Cont'd1..Evan's Point-Lower Sandy Point map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Gander-Wing Pond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43High Point map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44'Jéssé Cove map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Kite Cove map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Michael's Harbour map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Michael's Harbour-Muddy Hole Brook map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Mill_ Pond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Mill Pond-Dogberry Brook map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Milord Arm map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Milord Arm Brook map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Mint Pond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Norris Arm map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Norris Arm-Alderburn map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Norris Arm-Dogberry Brook map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Norris Arm-High Point map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Northern Arm-Alderburn non-stony phase map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Peters Arm map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Peters Aran-Milord Arm map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71'Peters Pond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Phillips Head map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Pitts Pond map ùnit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Point Leamington-South West Arm map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Porters Cove map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Red Cliff Pond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79SharronsPond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Turtle Creek-New Bay River map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Whetstone Hill map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Wiseman Head map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Wiseman Head-Barry's Pond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 .`Wiseman Head-Coopers Pond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Wiseman Head-Michael's Harbour map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89. Wiseman Head-Turtle Creek map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90PART TWO. INTERPRETATION OF MAP UNITS FOR VARIOUS USES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Suitability ratings system ofmineral soil map units for farmland,woodland, recreation and source ofmaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Use of the soil suitability tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Limitations ofthe soil suitability interpretations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

.-iu-CONTENTS (Conta)PAGE.... .Soil suitability for farmland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Soil suitability for manure and food processing wasteapplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic .areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Soil suitability as a source for topsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Soil suitability for woodland uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Access road construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Equipment use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Soil susceptibility to windthrow hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 139Soil susceptibility to erosion and frost action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 141Soil susceptibility to erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Soil susceptibility to frost action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Soil suitability rating system of organic soil map units foragriculture and mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 .Development difficulty oforganic soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Soil suitability oforganic soils for agriculture,horticultural peat and fuel peat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . :1.56PART THREESOIL PROFILES - DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163...Explanation of terms used in the description of ;soil profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .163 .Explanation of the chemical and physical soil analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = . 164 .Soil profiles - Alderburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. : 170Barry's Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Brown's Arm Brook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Bulley's Cove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Burnt Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,180Coopers Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183Dead Wolf Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186'Dogberry Brook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Gander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . 191Gills Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 194High Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Lower Sandy Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 200Michael's Harbour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 202 " . .Mill Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2U3Milord Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

-iv-CONTENTS (Conta)PAGE.Milord Arm Brook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Mint Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Muddy Hole Brook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213New Bay River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Norris Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Northern Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Peters Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Peters Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Phillips Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Pitt's Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Point Leamington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234Porters Cove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Purbeck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Red CliffPond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243SharronsPond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Wing Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Wiseman Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248APPENDIXAdditional soil profile descriptions and analyses for selected soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES OF TREES, SHRUBS AND PLANTS . . . . . . 295-LIST OF TABLES.1. - Average daily temperatures, total precipitation and snowfall forBotwood and Rattling Brook- Norris Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Average dates of frost and number offrost-free days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Degree-days above 50C for Botwood and RattlingBrook-Norris Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8_Classification ofthe soils ofthe Bay of Exploits Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Areas of the map units and percentages ofthe total land area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Degrees of soil suitability for forage crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Suitability ofmap units for forage crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Degrees of soil suitability for potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98. Suitability ofmap units for potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Degrees of soil suitability for cole crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101. .. Suitability of map units for cole crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Degrees of soil suitability for carrots and parsnip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Suitability ofmap units for carrots and parsnip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

LIST OF FIGURES1 ., . Outline map of Newfoundland and map ofthe Botwood areashowing the location ofthe Bay of Exploits survey area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . Topography and drainage ofthe Bay of Exploits survey area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 . Bedrock geology ofthe Bay of Exploits area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 . Glacial striae and moraine topography in north-easternNewfoundland (after Lundgvist,1965 and Jenness,1960) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 . Vegetation and land use ofthe Bay of Exploits survey area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 . Geographical locations of cross-sections, depicting soil-landscaperelationships ofmap units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 . Soil profile ofan Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, Alderburn soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 . Soil profile of a Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol,Burnt Arm soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 . Soil profile of an Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, Peters Arm soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5710 . Vegetation ofa sedge-slope fen, Mint Pond map unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5811 . Soil profile of an Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, Northern Arm soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5812. . . Erosion potential of soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14313 . A diagram showing the ranges in percentages of sand, silt and clayin the soil textural classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis survey was jointly funded by the Government of Canada, Department of Regional,economic Expansion and the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Rural,Agricultural and Northern Development.The field work was carried out by the author, with the assistance of J . Whalen andR. St. Croix .The author wishes to express his appreciation to the soil survey staff of the Soil and LandManagement Division, Department ofRural, Agricultural andNorthenDevelopmentfor supportanduseful discussions, and, in particular, to R . Ricketts for reviewing part of the manuscript.Thanks go to the following persons ofthe Soil and Land Management Division, Departmentof Rural, Agricultural and Northern Development : Ms . D. Blackmore, who typed the manuscript ;A. Webber and B . Fardy for drafting the manuscript, soil map and report figures ; R. Pound whoperformed laboratory analyses on many of the organic soil samples .The author is indebted to the following persons of the Land Resource Research Institute,Agriculture Canada : D . Kroetsch for reviewing and editing of the report; B . Edwards and hiscartography staff for producing the final soil map ; B . Sheldrick and his staff for performinglaboratory analyses on the soil samples .

SUMMARYThe Bay ofExploits soil survey area covers the land on either side ofthe lower part ofthe BayofExploits . The total land area ofthe survey area is approximately 19,000 ha.The area was first occupied by the Beothuck Indians . By the late 1800's, the area was settledby white settlers who established several fishing communities, exploiting the salmon, herring andseal fisheries and the excellent timber stands found in the area . However, significant growth of thecommunities did not occur until logging and papermaking got underway with the establishment ofthe Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company in 1905 .The climate of the area is strongly influenced by the ocean . The cold Labrador current has ayear round cooling effect, resulting in a short (3 to 4 months), cool growing season and a highlyvariable daily microclimate . Average monthly temperatures during the growing season range from120 to 17 .50C . The mean annual precipitation is about 1000 to 1100 mm, with a total precipitation ofapproximately 200 to 330 mm during the growing season.The topography ofthe study area is fairly rugged . Elevations on the east side ofthe estuary aregenerally below 90 m, while elevations of the land on the west side of the estuary are generallybelow 120m . Differences in resistance ofthe tightly folded, heterogeneous bedrock stratato erosionand glaciation resulted in protruding, steep sided hills, ridged and hummocky topography and arandom drainage pattern .Most of the survey area is under forest cover and only minor tracts ofland along the coast areused for agriculture and residential areas . The most common trees are balsam fir and black spruce,with occasional tamarack and white birch . Mountain alder is common, while speckled alder is foundon wet sites and along brooks .During the Pleistocene era the area was glaciated by an ice sheet. Melting of this ice sheet lefta relatively sorted ground moraine, consisting of materials largely of local origin and occurring asa thin veneer over bedrock . Few small end moraines, drift ridges, eskers, kames and large patchesofglacial outwash occur throughout the area. On the basis ofthe lithology, three different tills havebeen identified in the ground moraine . Tills that have been derived predominantly from reddishsandstone with varying amounts ofgranites, shale, slate and pyroclastic rocks are moderately coarsetextured and usually very stony . The major soils developed on these tills are : the deep, well drainedAlderburn soils, the imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils, the shallow and imperfectly drainedCoopers Pond soils, the Dogberry Brook soils consisting of up to 60 cm of peat over till, andNorthern Arm soils which are under- lain by washed till or outwash sands and gravel . Soils whichhave developed in tills derived from shale, slate, siltstone, mudstone and, pyroclastic rocks aregenerally medium textured and slightly to moderately stony . The most common soils developed onthese tills are the deep, moderately drained Gander, imperfectly drained Wing Pond soils and thevery shallow, moderately well drained Barry's Pond soils . Tills, predominantly derived frommedium grained granites, granodiorites, diorites and pyroclastic rocks, are generally moderatelycoarse textured and very stony . The dominant soil developed in this till is the Brown's Arm soil .The well drained Peters Arm and the imperfectly drained Milord Arm soils are generally moderately

coarse to coarse textured stratified soils developed on glaciofluvial or outwash deposits . The majorsoils developed on organic deposits are the DeadwolfPond soils occurring on domed and horizontalbogs, and Mint Pond and Michael's Harbour soils occurring on fens .The Alderburn, Northern Arm, Gander and Peters Ann soils are generally suitable for a rangeof field and horticultural crops, while the Burnt Arm, Coopers Pond, and Milord Ann soils are bestsuited for pasture and forage, together with a number ofminor occurring soils such as Brown's AnnBrook, Milord Arm Brook, Norris Arm, Peters Pond and Philips Head soils . Of the organic soils,the Dead Wolf Pond soils show some potential for peatland agriculture . The accompanying mapshows the distribution of the soils rated as suitable for field crop and vegetable production and forforage production . A total ofapproximately 4000 ha is suitable for a range of field and horticulturalcrops and a total of approximately 900 ha is best suited for pasture and forage only .

INTRODUCTIONThe soil survey report ofthe Bay ofExploits Area is the second in a series ofsemi-detailed soilsurveys which were undertaken to provide information on the type, extent and distribution ofthe soilresources in regions designated as potential agricultural development areas . This survey wasjointlyfunded by the Government of Canada, Department of Regional Economic Expansion and theGovernment of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Rural, Agricultural and NorthernDevelopment .The field work was started in the summer of1980 and completed during the summer of 1982 .Soil correlation and spot checking were carried out during the field seasons of 1983 and 1984 . Thesoils and the map units have been correlated with those of the Comfort Cove Peninsula soil surveyreport (Report No. 15) .This report is divided into three parts . The first part ofthe report gives a general descriptionofthe area, deals with soil development, classification and mapping methods, and describes the soilresources of the area. The second part of the report deals with the interpretation of soils and mapunits for various uses, suchas farmland, woodland, recreation and source ofmaterials . The third partofthe report contains detailed soil descriptions and chemical and physical analytical data.

Figure 1. Outline map of Newfoundland and map ofthe Botwood area showing the locationof the Bay of Exploits survey area .

PART ONEGENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREALocation and extentThe Bay ofExploits soil survey area encompasses about 19000 ha ofland onthe northeast coastof the island ofNewfoundland (Fig . 1) . It covers the land on either side ofthe lower part of the Bayof Exploits, with the Northern Arm Brook and the Norris Arm as boundaries on the south, the NewBay River on the west, Point Leamington and Milord Arm on the north and east . It lies roughlybetween latitude 49005' and 49021'N and longitude 55010' and 55030'W. Communities within thesurvey area are Brown's Arm, Porterville, Laurenceton and Alderburn (Norris Arm North P.O.) onthe east side of the Bay of Exploits and Northern Arm, Phillips Head and Point Leamington on thewest side of the Bay of Exploits . The nearest towns are Botwood and Lewisporte .History and developmentThe Bay ofExploits area has traditionally been considered to have been the summer domicileofthe Beothuk Indians, who were attracted by the salmon fishing . One ofthe earliest references toEuropean habitation in the Bay of Exploits dates from 1790, when a John Peyton had a salmonfishery just south ofBotwood . Little mention is made ofthe area until 1845 when a total populationof 38 was reported living on the Exploits River, probably in the vicinity of Peyton's original wharf(Decks Awash, 1981) . By the late 1800's, several fishing communities had been established in thearea, exploiting the salmon, herring and seal fisheries . The excellent timber stands attractedsawmillers and ship builders, and saw mills and boat building yards were established in Botwood,Northern Arm, Phillips Head and Point Leamington. However, significant growth of thecommunities did not occur until logging and paper making got underway with the establishment ofthe Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company (A.N.D .) in 1905 . Employment for local menbecame available in the woods camps, in the paper mill in Grand Falls and on the transportationsystem .The two larger population centers associated with the study area are Lewisporte and Botwood .Both towns owe much of their development to the transportation system . Lewisporte grew out ofa small settlement at Burnt Bay . Settlers from the islands of Twillingate, Fogo and New World inNotre Dame bay, attracted by the good forest stands, used this area as their winter domicile . Aboutthe year 1870, the first permanent, all year settlers established themselves in Burnt Bay at the site ofwhat is now Lewisporte . Large scale woods operations in the nearby interior provided winteremployment, good soil was available for agriculture, and an adequate harbour was available for thefishing fleet . However, significant growth did not occur until 1898, when a railway branch line wasbuilt from Notre Dame Bay junction to Lewisporte . From that date the community developed intoa distribution, shipping and supply center supplying the outport communities inthe Notre Dame Bayand Labrador (Sim,1952) . Botwood, or Ships Cove as it was called at that time was settled by fourfamilies by 1880 . By 1890, the community, then renamed Botwoodville, became one ofNewfoundland's principal sawmill centres . With the arrival of the Anglo-Newfoundland

Development Company, who built the paper mill in Grand Falls in 1909, Botwood became theprincipal export base and shipping center for the paper manufactured in the Grand Falls mill(Smallwood,1981) .A number of fishing-lumbering communities became established in the study area . NorthernArm, one ofthe oldest communities in the area, had a population of220 in 1891 . It had the largestof a series ofboat building yards established in the Bay by John Purchase from England. However,this business suffered after 1905 when a forest fire consumed much of the good boat buildingmaterial . By 1921, two saw mills were producing and approximately 60 ha were under cultivation(Decks Awash, 1981) . Phillips Head became settled in the 1880's . By 1921 sawmilling and schoonerbuilding,started by John Purchase of England, were the major occupation ofthe local men (DecksAwash, 1981) . Point Leamington was settled in the 1880's, as were most other communities in theregion . In 1890, the Nova Scotia lumber and sawmill pioneer, George Leamington Philips, came tothe community ofSouth West Arm, as it was called at thattime, to establish a water turbine sawmill .The community continued to run a numberoflocally owned sawmills that shippedpine by schooner .In 1907 the Newfoundland Pine and Pulp Co . established a steam-generated mill that operated untilthe timber stands were destroyed by a forest fire in 1919 . By 1921, three sawmills were in operationand approximately 20 ha of land were under cultivation . The principal employment in the towncontinues to remain in the lumber industry . A hog and poultry farm has been established since 1965,and small areas produce vegetables for local consumption. Brown's Arm, although it was known asan excellent salmon and lobster fishing location in the late 1800s, was not settled until the early1900's. Initial settlement was based on the inshore fisheries and a lobster factory was operationalbetween 1901 and 1911 . Withthe proximity ofexcellent stands oftimber and the new lumbering-boomcommunities nearby, lumbering increasingly became the major employment . In 1930 Brown's Arm-Porterville was the site of one ofthe Governments farmland development schemes . New settlerscame from Lamaline.on the Burin Peninsula following the great tidal wave of1929 . These settlerswere given five acres of land and an additional fifteen in reserve . The war and the lumber industryenticed settlers away from agriculture and today the original lot layout resembles a subdivision withjust a few scattered gardens . However, agriculture has continued in the community of Porterville,just west ofBrown's Arm, withapproximately 50 hectares, mostly under vegetable production . Morerecently, land has been cleared for agriculture east of Brown's Arm along the road to Lewisporte .The communities of Laurenceton and Burnt Arm were first settled in the 1850's by fishermen fromSeldom, Fogo, Change Island and Port de Grave ; who were attracted by the salmon and herringfisheries . By the early 1900's, newlogging enterprises attracted more people and the logging industrybecame the dominant employment. The population started to decline after 1921 when full timeemployment in the large lumbering centres ofLewisporte, Botwood, and Grand Falls drew workersand families away from the small communities . However, in the early 1940's people were stillinvolved in logging and four saw mills existed in Laurenceton . By 1960 the community of BurntArm was abandoned when the last two households moved under the Fisheries HouseholdResettlement Program.Besides some inshore cod and lobster fisheries, some logging and piivate saw milling andlimited agriculture, most ofthe present work force commutes to the towns ofBotwood, Lewisporteand Grand Falls for employment . Traditionally agriculture was limited to subsistence farming,scattered along the coast. Presently a number of agricultural enterprises are concentrated aroundBrown's Arm and around Point Leamington .

ClimateThe climate ofNewfoundland is classified as moderately cold Cryoboreal with perhumid andsubaquic moisture regimes . This classification indicates a climate that has cool annual and summertemperatures with a growing season of less than 220 days (mean daily temperature of 5oC or more)and between 1110 and 1250 growing degree days with base temperature of 5oC . Soils are moist allyear, and are saturated for short to moderately long periods . The Bay of Exploits Area lies withinthe Central Newfoundland Pedoclimatic Zone as defined by Heringa (unpublished, 1984) . Thispedoclimatic zone has a growing season ofabout 150 days and more than 1200 degree-days above5oC. There are 50 to 70 days with a maximum temperature of more than 200C. The mean annualprecipitation is less than 1100 mm, and the mean annual potential evaporation is around 350 mm . Nosignificant water deficits occur during the growing season . The ocean is the largest single factor thatinfluences the climate of the Bay of Exploits area, by providing a moderating effect by reducingextremes in seasonal temperatures . The cold Labrador current, which carries sea ice towards thenortheast and east coast, has a year round cooling effect on the climate, resulting in a short, coolgrowing season and a highly variable daily microclimate . Icebergs can often be seen lying off thecoast during much ofthe summer. Table 1 shows the monthly mean temperatures, total precipitationand snowfall for the Botwood and the Rattling Brook-Norris Arm meteorological stations . The datafor the Botwood station are adjusted normals based on data collected during the years 1934 to 1950and 1972 to 1980 ; the normals for the Rattling Brook-Norris Arm station are based on data collectedbetween 1956 and 1980 . Very little difference exists in the mean daily temperatures and precipitationdata for the two stations . The Rattling Brook, Norris Arm station generally shows slightly highertemperatures and slightly more precipitation . Frost data show an average frost-free period from lateMay or early June to sometime in September (Table 2) resulting in a 3 to 4 months growing season .This is somewhat less than what is indicated for the Central Newfoundland Pedoclimatic Zone .Average daily temperatures during the growing season range from 12 .00C to 17 .70C with dailyminimum temperatures ofaround 70C and daily maximum temperatures ofaround 230C . Durationofthe growing season and temperatures during the growing season are adequate for most root andcole crops . A measure ofthe effectiveness oftemperature conditions during the growing season forplant growth are the growing degree-days, which measures the amount ofgrowth producing heat aplant receives . Growing degree-days are calculated by accumulating the values obtained whensubtracting the base minimum temperature, below which a plant will not develop, from the meandaily temperature . Growing degree-days for the Botwood and the Rattling Brook- Norris Armstations forthe growing season (June 1-September 30) have beencalculated to be approximately 1150days and 1200 days respectively (Table 3), for a base temperature of 5oC, which is the temperatureat which microbial activity and therefore plant growth begins .Mean annual precipitation for the Botwood and Rattling Brook-Norris Arm stations is around1000 to 1100mm. Approximately 20 to 30% ofthe total precipitation falls during the growing season(200 to 330 mm) . The number of days of measurable precipitation indicates that the monthlydistribution of precipitation during the growing season is very uniform. Precipitation increases inautumn and early winter. Snowfall occurs from the latter part of October until early May and isheaviest from January to March.Mean annual evapotranspiration is estimated to be between 350 to 400 mm (AgricultureCanada, 1976) . Withan annual precipitationofapproximately 1000 to 1100 mm, this results in awater

surplus ofabout 600 to 750 mm, which is available for soil water storage and surface runoff. Thewind is an important factor affecting precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration. Overlandwinds generally provide relatively dry, warm conditions, while moisture-laden onshore winds resultin cooler temperatures and more precipitation . Average monthly windspeeds are estimated to rangefrom 20 km/h in May to about 30 km/h in November . Prevailing wind direction is from thesouthwest .Topography and drainageReliefand drainage are shown in Figure 2 . The study area lies in the Notre Dame Bay Basinphysiographic region (Twenhofel and MacClintock,1940) and borders the upper part ofthe ExploitsRiver estuary .The topography is fairly rugged . The elevations on the east side of the estuary are generallybelow 90 m, while elevations ofthe land on the west side ofthe estuary are generally below 120 m,and although occasionally as high as 250 m above mean sea level many of the hills are small withsteep sides, resulting in a hummocky topography . Along the coast of the estuary the landformbecomes ridged. Bogs and fens are widespread throughout the area . The ruggedness ofthe area isa result of glaciation which occurred during late pleistocene time and differential erosion oftightlyfolded heterogeneous strata .Drainage ofthe area is unsystematic and in a youthful stage ofdevelopment . It consists of asystem ofstreams and lakes or ponds whose general trend reflects the northeasterly structural trendsofthe underlying bedrock. The two largest streams in the area are the northeast flowing New BayRiver and the easterly trending Northern Arm Brook . These also form the westerly and southerlyboundary respectively, for the survey area east ofthe Exploits River estuary . Smaller streams suchas the Dogbeny Brook, Charles Brook, Two Mile Brook and Brown's Arm Brook often consist ofa string of interconnected small lakes and ponds . Numerous, peat-infilled drainage channels occur,which contain intermittent streams. These serve as the tertirary drainage system .Geology and parent materials of the soilsThe study area is part ofan areathat can be considered to be essentially an Ordovician-Ilurianvolcanic island complex built upon Cambro- Ordovician oceanic crust and intruded by a variety ofigneous rocks ranging in age from Ordovician to Jurassic (Dean, 1977) . Faulting is widespread, withthe major faults striking northeast . One major fault (Fig . 3) constitutes the Northern Arm Brookvalley and continues through Brown's Arm and Lewisporte . Ordovician rocks belonging to theExploits group, New Bay formation, Shoal Arm formation and Penny's Brook formation lie to thenorth and west of this fault, while Silurian rocks belonging to the Wig Warn formation andLawrenceton formation lie to the-south and-east ofthis fault .

Table 1 . Average daily temperatures, total precipitation and snowfall for Botwood and Rattling Brook-Norris ArmTemperature, °C Total Precipitation, mm Snowfall, cmRattling Brook Rattling Brook Rattling BrookMonths Botwood Norris Arm Botwood Norris Arm Botwood Norris ArmJanuary -6 .2 -6 .7 95 .7 108.5 67 .7 73 .5February -6 .9 -7 .4 91 .3 89.0 70 .0 70 .2March -3 .2 -3 .1 94 .1 116.8 55 .7 69.6April 1 .5 1 .8 77 .8 79.8 32 .3 36 .5May 6.8 7.2 61 .9 75 .3 3.0 5.6June 12 .3 13 .0 71 .9 82.8 0.1 0.2July 17 .1 17 .7 61 .9 74.0 0.0 0.0August 16.2 16 .6 88 .3 98 .8 0.0 0.0September 11 .9 12 .0 68 .8 75.9 0.0 0.0October 6.5 6.8 98 .5 106.6 3.9 5.5November 2.4 2.5 86 .7 107.5 18 .9 21 .8December -3.6 -3 .5 88 .4 109.0 53 .8 61 .5Year 4.6 4.7 984.7 1124 .0 305.2 344.4Source : Canadian Temperature and Precipitation Normals,1951-1980 ; Atmospheric Environment Service, Dept. of the Environment .

Table 2 .Average dates of frost and number of frost-free daysFrost-free PeriodStation Average Dates Average No. of Days Longest No. of Days Shortest No . of DaysBotwood (9 years) May 31 - September 27 118 138 62Rattling Brook - NorrisArm 12 earsJune 3 - September 6 94 117 47Table 3 .Degree-days, above 5°C For Botwood and Rattling Brook-Norris ArmNumber of Growing Degree-DaysMonths Botwood Rattling Brook - Norris ArmJanuary 0.1 0.3February 0.1 0.4March 1 .3 2.7April 8.7 10 .2May 81 .1 90 .0June 221 .5 242.2July 375 .6 394.5August 346.3 359.0September 205 .8 209.4October 70 .8 79.1November 22.9 24 .8December 2.9 4.4Year 1,337.3 1,417.0

WnwWWANW50met.,ONV77RSIQN SCAU~ =CRFLIEVATIONS3 0 2r, 1 10 050 1100 metres~Y+1 41100 50 0 1D0 200 300 Y~eeiFigure 2 .Topography and drainage of the Bay of Exploits survey area.

- 1 0-North of the Northern Arm fault, rocks belonging to the New Bay formation are the mostdominant . They occur roughly east ofan are leading from Point Leamington through Mill Pond toPhillips Head and they consist ofbuff weathering-graded sandstones and conglomeratic turbidites,dark grey silty shale, thinly bedded and laminated red and green agrillite and tuff, tufaceoussandstone, greywacke and conglomerate . These also occur north of a line through Brown's Arm toLewisporte . East of the are through Point Leamington, Mill Pond and Phillips Head, PointLeamington greywacke of the Exploits group, consisting of medium grey to black, thinly beddedgreywacke and silty argillite ; rocks ofthe Shoal Arm Formation consisting ofred to green and blackdiert, black carbonaceous argillite and argillaceous siltstone, with minor siliceous tuff; and rocks ofthe Penny's Brook Formation, consisting ofred and green thin bedded tuff, green thick bedded lapillituff, tufaceous sandstone, greywacke, argillite and chert are found in succession .Rocks belonging to the Botwood group are most common south and east ofthe Northern ArmBrook fault. The Wigwam formation, consisting of red, brown and green, and green micaceoussandstone, siltstone and quartzite, occurs south east of Burnt Arm and on the Burnt Arm peninsula.They also occur along the Northern Arm fault between Brown's Arm and Lewisporte . TheLawrenceton formation, consisting of coarse acidic to intermediate agglomerate, crystal and lithictuff, and purple, red, green and black amygdaloidal lava is mainly found north and east of BurntArm. Rocks ofthe Devonian age and consisting oflight grey to light greenish grey, medium graineddiorite, quartzdiorite, granodiorite and gabbro can be found at lesser or greater depth immediatelynorth of the Northern Arm Brook and west ofPhillips Head.During the Pleistocene era the area was glaciated from the south by an ice sheet whichpresumably had its centre in the interior ofthe island. Melting of this late Pleistocene ice sheet lefta semi-circle of glacial deposits around the coast ofeastern Newfoundland, marking the maximumposition ofthe ice front with a series ofdiscontinuous end moraines (Figure 4), thus creating an innerdrift zone and an outer drift zone (Jennes,1960) . This line is fairly distinct east of the NorthwestGander River but becomes diffuse and nearly impossible to trace west of Gander Lake. This isprobably due to the influence of a second minor centre ofoutflow located near the upper reaches ofthe Northwest Gander River. The soil survey area lies entirely in the outer drift zone . Most of theglacial deposits in the outer drift zone are the products of advancing ice . They consist mostly ofrelatively sorted ground moraine, largely of local origin, but include a few small end moraines, driftridges, esters, kames, kame terraces, and large patches ofglacial outwash trending seaward from themargin ofthe inner drift zone . Most ofthe outwash deposits terminate as elevated deltas at the coast .The eskers, kames, kame terraces and outwash deposits are younger than the ground and endmoraines .The ground moraine is the principal glacial material in the survey area . It is generally a thinveneer over bedrock and oflocal origin. On the basis ofthe lithology, three different tills have beenidentified in the ground moraine . Tills that have been derived predominantly from sandstone withvarying amounts of granites, shale, slate and pyroclastic rocks are grouped under the Alderburn soilassociation and originate from the Wigwam, Pennys Brook and New Bay bedrock formation . Soilswhich belong to the Gander Soil association have developed on till material derived from shale,slate, siltstone, mudstone and pyroclastic rocks which have their origin in the Point Leamington

00f0point Leamington Greywacke-Mediumgreylo b1aCk,thinly bedded greVwackeand silty ai-gillite .slumped .0000000000OOU00Pennys Brook Formation - Red andgreen thinly BeJJeJ tuHlapillitufl,tufiace0us >anestOnz, grzywaoke,argillrtc and chart .light greyto light greenish grey,medium grahee diorite, quartz dioritegranodi0dte and gabbro .U4 OOG`V6io0^JOc O\ -~ O 000 (000000O 00000 000 S ,,0C 00000 0000 \,f~00000000000001000000000000!0 000~ aOaOOGO oo 000cac >0%O 0 00. 0O C00 000,1>, o00000000 0 ,00000000000000-.00.0 0`000000000000 .0 OG0000000000000o00o0a0oCOOOOOOOOOGGC' OV',. . .00000000000 O:~O0 OO00 O 00 O0 0 0 0000a 0000 00v10000,0000,^GOGC 00~ d\"'".000(QLLL^ O0000000c ~0 >OOG'a00010000000000 '000000000000000000 0 "" 000OOOO000OGOGGGC 0',00000000000000 OG 000" GGG00000000 0000 00

- 1 2-greywackes, the Shoal Arm Formation and the Lawrenceton Formation . Soils belonging to the NewBay soil association have developed from till derived predominantly from medium grained granites,granodiorites, diorites and pyroclastic rocks such as those found in the Devonian rock formationsoccurring immediately north of the Northern Arm Fault . Most of the till has not been transportedfar, although granitic boulders are often found up to 2 kilometers away from granitic rock outcrops .Zones of rock knobs, crag-and-tail hills and patches of thin till are prevalent in most of the surveyarea, while areas with thicker streamlined till, plastered on both up-and-down ice flanks ofbedrockoutcrops, exist . On valley sides the till and interspersed bedrock knobs are often deeply dissectedand channelled by former streams of glacial melt water. Wider valleys are occupied by fields ofhummocky or ridged disintegration moraine . These valleys often have more exposed bedrock andthinner till cover, while the bedrock outcrops are flanked by deeper till cover (Hornbrook et . al .,1975) .A large outwash deposit is situated in the Northern Arm Brook valley. This outwash depositis one of many that radiate from the margin ofthe inner drift zone outward across parts of the outerdrift zone . These coastward trending river valleys terminate as ice-contact deltas at the coast. TheNorthern Arm Brook deltaic deposit differs from other contemporaneous deltaic deposits in that itis believed to have been deposited in salt water, rather than in a large, freshwater, ice-blocked lake,as indicated by the presence of marine fossils which were found approximately 5 km east ofNorrisArm (MacClintock and Twenhofel 1940) . Marine shells have been reported in clay deposits at depthalong the Exploits River at Bishop's Falls, (Coleman, 1926) which Jenness (1960) surmised to bedelta bottom-set clays . Clays have been reported to be at greater depth underlying the sand andgravel deposits at Brown's Ann (personal communications) while the author found evidence ofclaydeposits along the Northern Arm Brook and in the upper reaches ofNorris Arm .Other prominent glaciofluvial deposits occur at Laurenceton and Brown's Arm . These couldbe regarded as remnants of a high deltaic deposit, and are thought to be part of a system ofglaciofluvial terraces trending in a northeasterly direction from Botwood through Laurenceton,Brown's Arm, Lewisporte and as far as Port Albert. Eskers, usually too small to be recognized,occur in the survey area . One has been mapped just south of Rowsell's Lake . Southeast of MillPond a relatively large outwash deposit occurs, which could be regarded as the remnants of aprobable kame terrace, since heavily eroded and dissected. Along the coast, marine sediments,usually overlain by glaciofluvial deposits, are dominant . Here, marine sediments cling to the rockslopes and in lower reaches of coastal valleys such as the South West Arm near Point Leamington,tongues ofemerged estuarion and glaciomarine sediment, consisting ofsands and gravels over stonyfine textured sediments, are found . Inland, these marine sediments intertongue and are overlappedby small glacial fans and post glacial alluvial deposits (Hornbrook et . al ., 1975) .

StriaeItriat,with unknownirec ion0 Drumlinoid landscape"..Ridged ablation moraineSul)?SseO line ofFigure 4. Glacial striae and moraine topography in northeastern Newfoundland (afterLundquist,1965 and Jennes,1960.)

- 14-Vegetation and land useMost ofthe Bay ofExploits soil survey area is under forest cover, and only minor tracts ofland along the coast are used for agriculture and residential areas . The forests of the area areincluded in the Grand Falls section ofthe Boreal Forest Region according to Rowe (1972), while thecoastal zone within the study area is more likely to conform with the Northern Peninsula section(B29) of the Boreal Forest Region . . The vegetation types that occur in the study area have beendescribed in some detail by Damman (unpublished, 1975) as typical for the north central district ofthe Central Newfoundland Ecoregion. In general Damman describes the vegetation as consistingdominantly of black spruce (Picea mariana) and balsam fir (ANes balsamea) . The Hylocomiumbalsamfir forest type is the predominant forest type in undisturbed areas. Due to higher summermaximum temperatures, lower rainfall and prolonged dry spells as compared to other eco-districts,forest fire frequency is high. Fire- succession black spruce-moss forests consisting ofblack spruce(Picea mariana) and white birch (Betulapapyrifera) cover large areas . The coastal areas have beendescribed by Damman as being part of his North Shore Ecoregion, which is basically similar to thepreviously described Central Newfoundland Ecoregion, but which differs in some respects :trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) is not found in this ecoregion and mountain alder (Alnuscrispa) is the common or dominant species in the alder swamps . Speckled alder (Alnus rugosa) arefound on wet sites along brooks, but are generally poorly developed . The Hylocomium andPleurozium-balsam fir forests are dominant south and west of Phillips Head and south of Brown'sArm (Fig . 5) while the black spruce-moss forests are dominant north and west ofPhillips Head andnorth east ofBrown's Arm. Most of the forest stands can be considered as productive, consistingof mature stands with more than 25% crown density and tree heights of more than 6 .5 m .Unproductive stands occur mostly in black spruce stands north ofRowsell's Lake and west ofBurnt_. .Arm on the Burnt Arm peninsula.The Hylocomium-, and Pleurozium-balsam fir forests consist ofdense balsam fir forests withscattered black spruce and white birch. The Pleurozium-balsam f r forest is characterized by thedominance of Pleurozium schreberi in the moss layer. This forest type generally occurs on welldrained soils without seepage . Most of the balsam fir forests in the survey area belong to theHylocomium-balsam fir forest type. This type has a moss layer dominated by Hylocomiumsplendens . This forest type occurs mainly on seepage slopes in areas with a rugged topography . Theblack spruce-moss forests usually originate after fire . They consist of a black spruce stand withscattered balsam fir and white birch and occupy sites which, under undisturbed conditions, areoccupied by the balsam fir- white birch forests . Pleurozium schreberi is the most abundant mossin this forest type . This forest type occurs on a wide variety of soil conditions . The black spruceforests on shallow soils over bedrock are usually not a fire type . These stands generally consist ofpoorly developed black spruce with very little balsam fir . The black spruce originates mainly fromlayers . Small stands dominated by white birch occur throughout the soil survey area. These arethought to be a fire succession ofthe Hylocomium-balsam fir forest type .Many areas throughout the survey study have little forest cover due to logging, fire or insectdamage .

- 1 5-SOIL DEVELOPMENT, CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPINGSoil FormationSoil formation is a function of climate, vegetation, topography and drainage acting on theparent material over a period oftime . These factors have been discussed previously but their effecton soil formation will be briefly outlined in the following paragraphs .Climate and microorganisms act on rock and the parent material derived from rock to producesoils . Moisture and temperature are the two main factors that influence chemical, and to a minorextent physical, reactions involved in soil formation . The chemical reactions are more rapid athigher temperatures, and they depend on the availability ofmoisture to bring elements into solution .Frost churning and frost heaving are brought about when moisture forms ice lenses at lowtemperatures . The amount ofprecipitation determines the rate at which the products ofweathering,including plant nutrients and organic materials, are leached out of the upper part of the soil .The cool and humid climate ofNewfoundland favours rapid leaching, but slow replacementby weathering . It is also responsible for the accumulation of soil organic matter, which is slow todecompose at the low temperatures prevailing for much of the year. The latter is enhanced by thedominance of coniferous forest, which produces organic litter that is not readily digested bymicroorganisms and consequently slow to decompose . The result is a relatively thick layer ofunincorporated, slightly to moderately decomposed, organic material . Rainwater filtering throughthis layer is rendered acidic, which is even more efficient in leaching out nutrients . Topographyaffects drainage, which in turn affects the oxygen status of the soil . Water tends to run down theslopes and is collected in depressional areas or on concave slopes . Depending on the permeabilityof the soil, depth of ground water and depth of bedrock or other impermeable layers, excess watermay lead to either intense leaching or reducing conditions in the soil . The latter results insolubilization and consequently translocation ofiron and manganese compounds as evident in rustycolored mottles . Excess water also induces the growth ofhydrophytic vegetation . Accumulationof dead hydrophytic vegetation under wet conditions results in the build up oforganic soils .Texture ofthe soil and mineralogy are determined to a large extent by the parent material andthe kind of rock from which it is derived. The parent material, therefore, partly determines internaldrainage conditions, stone and cobble content, color and soil fertility .Rate ofweathering depends largely on the resistance ofminerals which are dominant in theparent rock. Given time, even the most resistant minerals are broken down and the soils becomefiner textured and reach greater depths .Soil development and classificationA visual indication of soil forming processes is the development ofparallel layers or horizons,which can be observed in a vertical section of the soil which is commonly called a soil profile . Thehorizons are the result of leaching, accumulations or translocations brought about by soil formingprocesses as they act upon the parent materials . Horizons and layers commonly found in a soil

aoa~~a0100 , 00._ .i~.'° " . .300000~ J~~V~?0000O'000079t000. 3000000 ;000000"D0,o0.:?-,00000'000 0000000'00" 00 . '0000000 OOOOOOOCJ i`\0 Agricultural Land® Fon".stCover-Black Sp.-® F.-tCover-Balsam FirOrganicLittle forest cover die to logging, fire and insect damagePonds-16-0001-Figure 5 . Vegetation and land use ofthe Say ofExploits survey area .

- 1 7-soil forming processes as they act upon the parent materials . Horizons and layers commonly foundin a soil profile are organic layers designated as O or L, F and H, and master mineral horizonsdesignated A, B, C and R. Each of these horizons may have subhorizons with differentcharacteristics . These are denoted by an appropriate subscript added on to the master horizondesignation . L, F and H horizons are organic layers formed from forest litter. The organic matteris not incorporated in the underlying mineral soil . The organic matter is rawin L, partly decomposedin F and decomposed in H . These horizons generally occur under forest vegetation. TheA horizonis the mineral surface horizon . It is dark colored due to accumulation or incorporation of organicmatter such as occurs when the soil is cultivated (Ah), or it is light colored when clay, iron andhumus have been leached out (Ae) . The lower part of the soil in which substances removed fromthe Ae horizon have accumulated is called the B horizon . It may be enriched by iron (Bf), by ironand organic matter (Bhf), or it is altered to give a change in color or structure (Bm) . Ifthe Bfor Bhfis cemented by iron and organic matter (Bfc or Bhfc) the horizon is called "ortstein" horizon . Theunderlying, unweathered parent material is designated as C horizon . This horizon is relativelyunaffected by soil forming processes, except for gleying (Cg) or cementation (Cc). A substratumof unconsolidated bedrock is commonly designated as R.It is the sequence and the presence or absence of these horizons that reflects certain soilconditions and which are used to separate soils into soil map units. Sets ofprofiles with a commoncharacteristic horizon or set of horizons are grouped into great groups and subgroups according tothe Canadian System of Soil Classification (1978), as out- lined in Table 4 .Mapping ProcedureDifferences in parent material, texture, depth to bedrock and drainage were used to separatethe soils. Map units containing a dominant soil or a set ofassociated soils were determined throughaerial photo interpretation and the examination of soil profiles, which were spaced at irregularintervals depending on the topography and accessibility ofthe area . A total of 1163 profiles wereexamined, within walking distance from roads, in pits dug in forested areas and fields and inroadside exposures and gravel pits . An additional 203 profiles were examined in locations visitedby helicopter . Due to poor accessibility, density of examined profiles is low in the eastern part ofthe survey area . Map units were plotted on aerial photographs at a scale of 1 :12500 . Differencesin slope, stoniness and amount of rock outcrops were recorded in order to delineate soil phaseswithin the map units . Note was taken ofthe vegetation, agricultural practices, and the suitability ofthe soils for various uses . Atotal of67 soil profiles were described in detail and samples were takenfor physical and chemical analyses .

Table 4.Classification of the Soils of the Bay of Exploits AreaORDERGREAT GROUP SUBGROUP SOILPodzolic Soils .The well to imperfectly drainedsoils of this order have Podzolic Bhorizons in which the dominantaccumulation product is amorphousmaterial composed mainly ofhurnified organic matter, combinedin varying degrees with AI and Fe .These soils mainly occur underconiferous and mixed forestvegetation but they may occurunder heath and shrub vegetation.Ferro-Humic Podzol .Soils that have a brownish Bhorizon, at least 10 cm thick, thatcontains 5% or more organic Cand 0.6% or more pyrophosphateextractable Fe + Al (0.4% forsands) .Humo-Ferric Podzol .Soils that have a brownish Bhorizon with less organic matterthan the B horizon of Ferro-Humic Podzols. They lack Bh orBhf horizons at least 10 cm thick.The Bf horizon contains 0.5 - 5%organic C and 0.6% or morepyrophosphate extractable Fe + AI(0.4% for sands).Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .Profile type: LFH, Ae, Bhf,Bf, BC, CGleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .Profile type: LFH, Aegj,Bhfsi, BCg, CgOrthic Huma-Ferric Podzol .Profile type : LFH, Ac, .If,BC, CGleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.Profile type : LFH, Aegj, Bfei ,BCg, CgBang's Pond, Pitts PondBrown's .Arm BrookAlderburn, Coopers Pond,Crow Cliff, Evans Point,Gander, High Point, KiteCove, Milord Amt Brook,New Bay River, NorthernAmt, Peters Arm, PetersPond, Turtle Creek.Burnt Amt, Gills Point, MillPond, Milord Arm, NorrisArm, Phillips Head, PointLeamington, Porters Cove,Wing Pond .Gleysolic soils .Soils that have features indicative ofperiodic or prolonged saturationwith water and reducing conditions.They have within 50 cm of themineral surface either matrix colorsoflow chroma or distinct toprominent mottles of high chromesGleysol.Soils that do not have welldeveloped mineral - organicsurface horizons .Orthic Gleysol .Profile type : LFH or O,Bg,CgRego Gleysol. .Profile type : LFH or O,SHome Pond, Melvins Point,South WestAmtBulleys Cove, DogberryBrook, Muddy Hole Brook,Two Mile BrookBrunisolic Soils.Soils that have sufficientdevelopment to exclude them fromthe Regosolic order, but lack thedegree or kind of horizondevelopment specified for soils ofother orders. The order includessoils with Ae horizons and weeklyexpressed B horizons ofaccumulation, such as a Bfjhorizon, a Bf horizon less than 10cm thick, or a Bm horizon which isdifferent from the overlying Aehorizon and the underlying parentmaterial. The B horizon is at least 5cm thick.Dystric Brunisol .These are acid Brunisolic soilsthat lack a well developed mineral-organic surface horizon. Theyoccur widely usually on parentmaterials oflow base status andtypically under forest vegetation.Gleyed Eluviated .Dystric Brunisol .Profile Type : LFH,Ae or Aej,Bmgj or Bfiei, Cgj or CgPhillips Head, PurbeckRegosolic Soils .Soils that have a horizondevelopment too weak to meet therequirements ofany other order.Regosol .Soils that do not have a mineral -organic surface horizon at least 10cm thick. They may have buriedmineral - organic layers, but no Bhorizon at least 5 cm thick.Orthic Regosol.Profile Type : CLithic Phases of subgroups :these soils have the generalcharacteristics of the abovesubgroups but also have alithic contact within 1 m ofthe mineral surface.Lower Sandy Point

- 1 9-Table 4.Classification of the Soils of the Bay of Exploits Area (Continued)ORDERGREAT GROUPSUB GROUPSOILOrganic Soils .Soils composed largely of organicmaterials containing 17% or moreorganic C (30% organic matter) byweight and meet the following depthspecifications :Fibrosol .Soils composed largely ofrelatively undercomposed (fabric)organic material. The middle tier(40-120 cm) is dominantly fabric.Ifa ferric or lithic contact occur;between 40-120 cm both middleand surface tier are dominantlyfabric.Typic Fibrisol .Profile type : Of orOm, OfTerric Mesic Fibrisol .Profile type: Of, (orOm), Of,()in . ÇTerric Humic Fibrisol .Profile type : Of (or Ont), Of,Oh CDeadwolf PondMint PondSharrons Pond1 . at least 60 cm if the surfacelayer is undercomposed (fabric)material .2. at least 40 cm if the surfacelayer is moderately decomposed(mesic) or well decomposed(humic) material.3 . at least 10 cm ifa lithic contactoccurs within 40 cm of thesurfaceMesisol .Soils composed dominantly oforganic material in anintermediate stage ofdecomposition (mesic) . Themiddle tier (40-120 cm) is mesic.Ifa terric or lithic contact occursbetween 40-120 cm both middleand surface tier are dominantlymesic.Typic Mesisol .Red CliffPondProfile type : Of or Om, OarTerric Mesisol.Turtle Creek PondProfile type : Om (or Of),Orn,Fabric Mesisol .Michael's HarbourProfile type : OZ Om (or Oh), Red CliffPond0---m Of OmHumisol.Soils composed dominantly oforganic material in the mostadvanced stage of decomposition(humic). These soils have adominantly humic middle tier ormiddle and surface tier if a ferricor lithic contact occurs between40-120 cam.Folisol .Soils composed ofa LFH horizongreater than 40 cm deep ; orgreater than 10 cm deep if directlyoverlying a lithic contact orfragmental material ; or more thantwice the thickness of theunderlying mineral layer if themineral layer is less than 20 cmthick .Typic Humisol .Profile type : Om or Oh,OhTerric Humisol .Profile type: Om (or Oh),Oh CMesic Humisol .Profile type : Ont (or Oh),Oh 0___n OhTypic Hemic Folisol .Profile type : (L), F, H, (M,R)Jesse CoveJessse CoveMichael's HarbourMichael's HarbourWiseman Head

- 20-DESCRIPTION OF THE MAP UNITSThis section presents a general description ofeach map unit . Each description indicates wherethe map unit occurs in the area, its position in the landscape, and a description of the parent material,topography, drainage and vegetation. Range of characteristics of soil profiles is discussed, andassociated soils occurring in the map units are mentioned. Representative profiles for most of themap units have been described and sampled. Profile descriptions and their analytical data arepresented in Part III of the report together with an explanation of terms used in the profiledescriptions and an explanation ofchemical and physical data . Additional profile descriptions usedin the report are presented in the appendix. The map units are named after the most dominant soilwhich occurs in the map unit. Iftwo contrasting soils occur in a map unit and both soils dominateover any other soil, the map unit carries both names . Table 5 gives the areal extent ofeach map unitin hectares .Most of the map units have been illustrated by a series of cross-sections, depicting soillandscaperelationships . These cross-sections can be found on the maps. Figure 6 shows thegeographical location ofthe cross-sections on the map .

Table 5 .MAP UNIT-21-Areas of map units and percentages of the total land areaHECTARESPERCENTAGE OFSURVEYAlderburn 1,216 6 .4Alderburn - Burnt Arm 282 1 .5Alderburn - Northern Arm 292 1 .5Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove 310 1 .6Brown's Arm Brook 103 0 .5Burnt Arm 893 4 .7Burnt Arm - Mill Pond 56 0 .3Burnt Arm - Norris Arm 412 2 .2Coopers Pond 939 4 .9Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour 100 0 .5Dead Wolf Pond 785 4 .1Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour 1,140 6 .0Gander - Wing Pond 114 0 .7High Point 323 1 .7Jesse Cove 41 0 .2Kite Cove 40 0 .2Lower Sandy Point - Evans Point 28 0 .1Michael's Harbour 1,051 5 .5Michael's Harbour - Muddy Hole Brook 78 0 .4Mill Pond 198 1 .0Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook 556 2 .9Milord Arm 93 0 .5Milord Arm Brook 43 0 .3Mint Pond 760 4 .0Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm 349 1 .8Norris Arm 592 3 .2

-22-Table 5 .Areas of map units and percentages of the total land areaMAP UNITHECTARESPERCENTAGE OFSURVEYNorris Arm - Alderburn 737 3 .9Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook 730 3 .8Norris Arm - High Point 99 0 .5Northern Arm - Alderburn 357 1 .9Peters Arm 865 4 .6Peters Arm - Milord Arm 125 0 .8Peters Pond 380 2 .0Phillips Head 342 1 .8Pitts Pond 256 1.3Point Leamington - South West Arm 113 0 .6II ~ Porters Cove 56 0.3Red Cliff Pond 150 0 .8Sharrons Pond 89 0 .5Turtle Creek - New Bay River 160 0.8IIIWhetstone Hill 83 0.4'I Wiseman Hill 769 4.0, Wiseman Head - Barry's Pond 719 3 .8l' Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond 822 4 .3Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour 567 3.0Wiseman Head - Turtle Creek 132 0 .7Water Bodies 616 3 .3Pits and Quarries . 35 0 .2Total Area 18,996

Figure 6 . Geographical locations of cross-sections, depicting soil-landscape relationships ofmap units .

- 24-ALDERBURN MAP UNIT (1216 ha)LocationAlderburn soils have been recognized in practically every part ofthe survey area . Large tractsof these soils are situated west and northwest ofPhillips Head, between Brown's Arm and MilordArm, and north ofNorris Arm North .Parent MaterialThe soils are developed from deep, coarse textured glacial till derived predominantly fromreddish sandstone, intermixed with various amounts ofmaterial derived from granites, shale, slateand volcanic rocks . Occurrence and amounts of stones and cobbles in these soils variesconsiderably, even over short distances .TopographyAlderburn soils occur on gently undulating to undulating terrain.0 .5 to 5% . Occasionally, small rock outcrops occur.With slopes ranging fromDrainageSurface and internal drainage ofthese soils is generally good, as the soils are deep and friable .Moderately well to imperfectly drained soils occur in localized depressions, on lower slopes, and inareas with compacted till within 50 cm ofthe surface .Vegetation/Land UseThe original forest type on Alderburn soils is Pleurozium-balsam fir. Large areas of this foresttype still exist in the survey area. Most of the Alderburn soils support Pleurozium-black spruceforest which is a succession of the Pleurozium-balsam fir type after logging . This forest typeconsists of a mixture of black spruce, balsam fir and occasional white birch with a 12leuroziumground cover . Hvlocomium ground cover dominates onthe wetter sites . Approximately 300 ha havebeen logged in recent years. These areas have usually been invaded by dwarfshrubs such as chokecherry, dogberry, blueberry, kalmia species and speckled alder.Soil classificationOrthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .Range in characteristicsThickness of the organic surface horizon ranges from 5 to 20 cm, with an average thicknessof10 cm (Fig . 7) . Beneath this is a thin (2 to 10 cm) grayish Ae horizon, often with a distinct reddishtinge . Solum depth generally is around 35 cm but may range from 20 cm to more than 60 cm . Thedeeper soils often have better structure and fewer stones and cobbles in the profile . Solum texture

Associated soils- 25-varies from gravelly coarse sandy loam to gravelly silt loam, with gravelly sandy loam being themost common texture . Textures ofthe Ae and Bfl horizons are usually finer, ranging from gravellyfine sandy loam to gravelly silt loam, than the texture of the underlying Bfl horizon . Occasionallya darker colored Bhf horizon overlies the Bf horizon . This Bhf horizon is usually less than 10 cmthick. Alderburn soils vary greatly in stoniness over short distances . In some areas, the soil profilesare nearly stone-free with most of the stones present on the surface only . Areas with a highoccurrence of these nearly stone-free soils have been mapped as Alderburn - non-stony phase .However, patches with exceedingly stony profiles also occurinthese areas, especially onlower slopepositions and in wetter areas.Imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils and poorly drained Norris Arm soils are associated withthe Alderburn soils, being members of the same catena. Burnt Arm soils are usually found onmiddle and lower slope positions with lateral water movement occurring within 50 cm ofthe surface .These soils usually have faint to distinct mottles within 30 to 50 cm ofthe surface . Norris Arm soilsare gray throughout the profile. These soils can be found in depressional areas and on lower slopepositions where water collects from surrounding areas . Small patches of organic soils are usuallypresent . Properties for these soils have been described in more detail in their respective map unitdescriptions .ALDERBURN-BURNT ARM MAP UNIT (282 HA)LocationThis complex map unit contains both well drained and imperfectly drained members of theAlderburn soil catena. It occurs west ofNorthern Arm and also southwest of Milord Arm .Parent MaterialThese soils have developed in deep (more than 100 cm) coarse textured till which is derivedpredominantly from reddish sandstone and varying amounts of granites, shale, slate and volcanicrocks . The proportion ofstones and cobbles in the profile, as well as on the surface, is usually high.Flagstones often occur immediately under the surface, especially in the Burnt Arm soils.TopographyThe Alderburn-Burnt Arm complex map unit occurs onundulating and hummocky terrain withgentle slopes (6-9%).DrainageThe Alderburn soils are well drained. They generally occur on the upper slope positions andtops ofhummocks . The Burnt Arm soils are imperfectly drained. These soils occupy the middle and

lower slope positions where seepage water accumulates and the watertable is perched on a slightlycemented and compacted subsoil .VegetationBalsam fir forests dominate in this complex map unit. These forests usually have white birchand black spruce as constant subdominant species . Pleurozium moss is the characteristic groundcover on the well drained Alderburn soils, while hylocomium moss is the dominant species on themoist Blunt Arm soils .Soil classificationThe Alderburn soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol and the Burnt Arm soils areclassified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .Range in characteristicsThe map unit generally contains 50% to 60% Alderburn soils . These soils have an organicsurface thickness which ranges from 5 to 20 cm, with an average thickness of 10 cm. Underneath,is a thin (2 to 8 cm) grayish Ae horizon, often with a distinct reddish tinge. Solum thickness rangesfrom 20 cm to sometimes more than 60 cm. Occasionally a darker colored, thin (less than 10 cm)humus-rid Bhfhorizon overlies the Bfhorizon . Burnt Arm occupy generally 40% to 50% ofthe mapunit . These soils differ from the Alderburn soils in that they have faint to distinctly mottled Bhorizons . The mottling usually becomes more prominent just above the compact and slightlycemented subsoil which occurs at a depth ranging from 30 to 60 cm below the surface . Textures ofthe solum for both the Alderburn and the Burnt Arm soils vary from gravelly coarse sandy loam togravelly silt loam, with finer textures occurring in the Ae and upper B horizon . Stoniness variesgreatly, even over short distances . The wetter Burnt Arm soils usually have more stones in theprofile and on the surface . Granitic boulders occur occasionally throughout the map unit.Associated soilsNorris Arm soils occur on the lower slopes and in depressions and on middle slope positionsof long slopes . These soils are the poorly drained member of the Alderburn catena. They arecharacterized by mottled Ae horizons, underneath a relatively thick (15-20 cm) organic surface layerconsisting ofsphagnum and feather mosses . Properties oftheNorris Arm soil are described in moredetail in the Norris Arm map unit description . The underlying B horizons are dull colored withdistinct to prominent mottles . In very poorly drained areas, such as swales and eroded gullies, soilswith a thick (10-60 cm) slightly decomposed moss layer are found . However, these soils only occurto a minor extent.

LocationParent MaterialTopographyDrainage- 27-ALDERBURN-NORTHERN ARM MAP UNIT (292 ha)This complex map unit occurs north of Northern Arm Brook.These soils have developed in coarse textured till which is derived predominantly from reddishsandstone and varying amounts ofgranites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks . The Northern Arm soilsare underlain by coarse textured, poorly sorted and often compacted outwash material of_mixedorigin at depths ranging from 20 to 50 cm .It occupies an extensive kame terrace, with a till overburden ofvarying thickness . The surfaceofthe kame terrace is dissected by numerous smaller and larger erosion gullies, which contain smallbrooks flowing downhill in a southeasterly direction . These gullies give the terrace a ridgedappearance .The soils are well drained due to the pervious nature of the material . Moderately well toimperfectly drained soils occur in depressional areas and areas where the underlying sands andgravels restrict internal drainage due to a large increase in porosity .VegetationOriginally balsam fir and balsam fir-black spruce was the dominant forest cover. However,logging and a forest fire in the summer of 1979 have destroyed most ofthe forest cover of the area,and most ofthe map unit supports a shrub vegetation consisting ofspeckled alder, choke cherry andericaceous shrubs .Soil classificationBoth soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .Range in characteristicsThe Alderburn soils occupy 50% to 60% ofthis complex map unit. These soils have developedin a more than 100 cm thick till overburden over gravelly and sandy outwash material . Thicknessofthe organic surface horizon ranges from 5 to 20 cm when under vegetation . This surface layer hasalmost disappeared on the burnt over areas . Underneath the surface horizon is a thin grayish Aehorizon with a reddish tinge, overlying a reddish Bfhorizon . Solum depth is usually about 35 cm .Solum texture varies from gravelly coarse sandy loam to silt loam ; textures ofthe Ae and upper Bfhorizon are usually finer than the textures ofthe lower horizons .

- 28-Northern Arm occupy 40% to 50% ofthe map unit . These soils have developed in a 20 to 50cm thick till overburden over sandy and gravelly, often somewhat compacted outwash material . Soildevelopment and textures of the upper 20 to 50 cm is similar to that of the Alderburn soils. Thetextures ofthe underlying outwash material ranges from sands and gravels to gravelly loamy coarsesands . Differentiation between the two soils often is difficult where differences between tills andpoorly sorted outwash material are unclear . Stone and cobble content for both soils are generallymoderate to high. Patches with extremely high concentrations of stones, cobbles and sometimesboulders occur throughout the map unit .Associated soilsImperfectly drained Burnt Arm and Mill Pond soils occur on lower slope positions withseepage, while the poorly drained Norris Arm and Melvins Point soils occur in depressional areaswhere water collects from the surrounding higher terrain. Melvins Point soils usually have relativelythick (10 to 20 cm) organic surface horizons consisting ofmosses and sedges, overlying a thick (15to 20 cm), tight grayish, mottled Ae horizon . The underlying B horizons are usually dull coloredwith distinct mottles . The subsoil is gravelly loamy coarse sand or sand, dark gray in color and hasprominent reddish brown mottles . They often have high amounts of cobbles and sandstoneflagstones . Properties of the Burnt Arm, Mill Pond and Norris Arm soils are described in thesections for their map unit descriptions .BARRY'S POND-BULLEYS COVE MAP UNIT (310 ha)LocationThe Barry's Pond-Bulley's Cove map unit occurs northeast ofPoint Leamington and in an areabetween Brown's Arm and Laurenceton.Parent MaterialThese soils have developed in very shallow, medium to moderately coarse textured till veneersover bedrock . The till has been derived predominantly from shale, slate, sandstone and siltstone .They usually contain a large amount ofslaty fragments . The underlying bedrock is oftenfragmented .Stones and cobbles on the surface and in the profile are numerous .TopographyThis complex map unit occupies hummocky and ridged terrain . The topography of the landis entirely controlled by the topography ofthe underlying bedrock, which may be rather smooth and"planed off' in the case of shales and slates, or rugged when more resistant rock is present. Slopesrange from 2% to as much as 30% . Bare rock is exposed in many places, and bedrock covered withmosses and other organic material occurs frequently . These rock outcrops are usually of a moreresistent nature, although shaly and slaty bedrock may be exposed along tops of ridges where thefolded bedrock exposes more resistant strata.

- 29-DrainageThe drainage of this map unit varies widely . The Barry's Pond soils are moderately welldrained . They occupy the tops of hummocks, ridge crests and upper slopes . Internal drainage ofthese soils is hampered by the closeness ofthe bedrock to the surface . However external drainageis good due to their position in the landscape . Bulley's Cove soils are very poorly drained . Thesesoils occupy depressions and swales in between the hummocks and ridges as well as lower slopes .Water from the surrounding, higher areas collects in these positions, becomes stagnant and inducesthe formation ofpeat. Imperfectly drained conditions occur onmiddle slope positions ofsteep slopesand on upper slope positions oflong gentle slopes . Lower slope positions ofhummocky terrain andmiddle slope positions of long, uniform slopes are often poorly drained with seepage over thebedrock .VegetationPleurozium -balsam fir forest is the dominant vegetation type in this map unit . It occurs in areaswhere hummocky topography prevents seepage water from playing an important role resulting inrelatively nutrient poor soil conditions and also where rooting is restricted due to the shallow natureof the soil. The Pleurozium -balsam fir forest is generally unproductive . Black spruce and whitebirch are common occurrences . Black spruce shrub, larch and black spruce-alder swamps arecommon on the poorly and very poorly drained sites. Sphagnum mosses and sedges occur on theshallow and moderately deep slope fens.Soil classificationThe Barry's Pond soils are classified as Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol, shallow lithic phase andthe Bulley's Cove soils are classified as Rego Gleysol, shallow lithic phase .Range in characteristicsSolum thickness, which is equal to the depth to bedrock, varies from 20 to 50 cm for both theBarry's Pond and Bulley's Cove soils . Barry's Pond soils occupy 50% to 60% of the map unit.Thickness of the organic surface layer is usually about 15 cm but may range from 3 cm to 20 cm .Thickness of the underlying leached Ae horizon varies widely, and is often absent . Averagethickness of the Ae horizon, if present, is about 5 cm, with a range of 0 cm to 10 crn, Solumthickness or depth to bedrock is usually about 40 cm. Its textures ranges from gravelly fine sandyloam to very gravelly clay. The average particle size is fine loamy . Occasionally a darker coloredBhf-horizon occurs within the solum . These soils often have faint mottling immediately above thebedrock . Bulley's Cove occupy 40% to 50% of the map unit . They usually have thick (more than15 cm) organic horizons, consisting ofmoderately, decomposed Hvlocomium and sphagnum mosses .Underneath is a gray solum, with or without reddish brown mottles . Mottling is usually absent, dueto the permanent waterlogged condition ofthe soil . Textures are similar to those ofthe Barry's Pondsoils . These soils are usually very stony, with angular rock fragments . Bleached flagstones oftenoccur immediately below the organic surface layer, forming a continuous stone pavement .

- 30-Associated soilsThe Crow Cliff soils, which is the imperfectly drained catena member, occupies middle slopepositions ofsteep slopes and upper slope positions of long gentle slopes. They are characterized bya relatively thick (10-20 cm) organic surface horizon overlying a thin, often discontinuous, grayishleached Ae-horizon . Below the Ae-horizon, often a humus rich, dark brown Bhf horizon occurs .Mottling or evidence ofreduced conditions, such as dark gray to gray colors usually starts between10 to 20 cm below the surface . Textures in solum vary from loam to clay loam, with highproportions ofshaly and slate rock fragments . Michael's Harbour and Mint Pond soils occur in slopefens and, depressions with peat deposits which are more than 40 cm thick . Their properties aredescribed in the sections for the Michael's Harbour map unit and the Mint Pond map unit.BROWN'S ARM BROOK MAP UNIT (103 ha)LocationThe Brown's Arm Brook map unit occurs in Brown's Arm, occupying the flood plain of theBrown's Arm Brook, and it occurs on a small glaciomarine terrace on the north side of Wiseman'sHead, located along the coast southwest of Brown's Arm.Parent MaterialThey have developed in a 20 to 50 cm thick moderately coarse to coarsetextured, glaciofluvialoverburden over medium textured glaciomarine material of mixed origin . The material of theglaciofluvial overburden is derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts ofgranites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks .TopographyThe map unit occupies a low lying marine delta, where the Brown's Arm Brook terminates intoBrown's Arm . This landform is level with moderate to strong mounding (mounds 30 to 100 cm highand 1 to 9 m apart) . Southwest ofBrown's Arm this map unit occurs on a glaciomarine terrace whichinclines towards the coast . The slope ranges from 2% to 5% .DrainageThe soils ofthe Brown's Arm Brook map unit are poorly drained. The low lying marine deltaserves as a drainage channel for water from uplands. This area has high water table . Theglaciomarine terrace southwest ofBrown's Armhas seepage water from upland flowing over the lesspermeable loamy subsoil .VegetationBlack spruce shrub, speckled alder and scattered larch and stunted balsam fir form thevegetation ofthe deltaic deposits ofBrown's Arm . The better drained areas support a good stand of

lack spruce and small plots have been cleared for grazing in these areas . The glaciomarine terrace,where seepage occurs good stands of balsam fir and white birch with trembling aspen up to 20 mhigh occur . Mountain maple is common throughout this area.Soil classificationGleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .Range in characteristicsAlthough these soils occur on two entirely different land forms, their soil properties have beenconsidered similar enough to include them in one map unit. The organic surface horizon generallyconsists of a 10 to 20 cm thick layer ofmoderately to strongly decomposed mosses or woody peatmaterial . The underlying solum is usually dark in color and has either mottles or has reduced graycolors . The solum is usually well stratified with a wide range of textures, sands and gravels to siltloams . The subsoil is usually loamy in texture and reduced due to permanent water loggedconditions. These soils are very stony .Associated soilsThe imperfectly drained Purbeck soils occur throughout the area on mounds and ridges, whichare the areas that have been cleared for grazing. These soils are different from the Brown's ArmBrook soils in that they have a 10 to 15 cm thick mineral-organic layer with relatively highproportions oforganic matter . Mottling is often absent in the upper part ofthe solum, but dull colorsindicate wet conditions . Under forest cover, these soils have a relatively thick (10-15 cm) organicsurface horizon overlying a relatively thin (5-10 cm) brownish gray, leached Ae horizon. Theunderlying B, BC and C horizons are mottled. Textures ofthese soils range from sands and gravelsto gravelly silt loams .BURNT ARM MAP UNIT (893 ha)LocationBurnt Arm soils can be found throughout the survey area. Large concentrations ofthese soilsoccur along the upper part ofthe New Bay River and west ofNorthern Arm.Parent MaterialThe soils are developed on similar parent material as that ofthe Alderburn soils . Deep, coarsetextured glacial till, derived predominantly fromreddish sandstone, intermixed with various amountsof material derived from granites, shale, slate and various amounts of volcanic rocks.

TopographyBurnt Arm soils occur on the subdued slopes and hilltops ofundulating and hummocky terrain .Slopes range from 2% to 5% .DrainageThese soils are imperfectly drained, with a moderate amount of lateral water movement.water table is perched on a slightly cemented and compacted subsoil .TheVegetationThe Hylocomium -balsam fir forest type is common on the Burnt Arm soils. It occurs whereseepage water has enriched the nutrient supply . These forest are often less productive in upper slopepositions, while highly productive stands occuron lower slopes. Black spruce predominate after fire .White birch, maple and other deciduous trees usually dominate logged areas.Soil classificationGleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.Range in characteristicsThe Burnt Arm soils are characterized by a relatively thin (5-10\cm) grayish leached layer witha distinct reddish tinge, which underlies the organic surface layer (Fig . 8) . Underneath this Aehorizon faint to distinctly mottled B horizons occur. Mottling usually becomes more prominent justabove the compact and slightly cemented C horizon . Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 cm .Textures range from gravelly fine sandy loam to loam in the Ae and upper B horizons to gravellysandy loam to coarse sandy loam in the lower B and BC horizons . Structure of these soils isgenerally good above the C horizon . These soils generally are very stony both in the profile and onthe surface, with sandstone flagstones often occurring immediately under the surface . Occasionallylarge granitic bounders occur in this map unit.Associated soilsSmall areas ofNorris Arm and Alderburn soils may occur within the Burnt Arm map unit. Thepoorly drained Norris Arm soils are found in depressional areas at the foot of the slopes or inconcave slope positions . Alderburn soils can be found in better drained upper slope positions andon hilltops . Properties ofthe Norris Arm and Alderburn soils are described in their respective mapunit descriptions .

Location- 3 3-BURNT ARM-MILL POND MAP UNIT (56 ha)The Burnt Arm-Mill Pond map unit occurs in the gullies and small valleys that dissect thekame deposit north ofthe Northern Arm Brook .Parent MaterialBoth soils are developed in coarse textured till, derivedpredominantly from reddish sandstone,intermixed with various amounts ofmaterial derived from granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks .The Mill Pond soils have a substrate at 20 to 50 cm deep ofsands and gravels which are thought tobe of glaciofluvial or washed till origin, with the same lithology as the till overburden .TopographyThese soils occur on the very strong to steep slopes ofnarrow gullies or small erosion valleys,that usually have a brook or stream at the bottom. The slopes ofvalley sides range from 30 to 45%and are sometimes steeper.DrainageThe soils are generally imperfectly drained . Water from the surrounding areas will movelaterally through the soil or over the soil surface as runofftowards the brooks. Due to the steepnessof the slopes water will not collect on the slopes, consequently these soils are influenced by movingwater, rather than stagnant water.VegetationForest vegetation of this map unit consists generally ofbalsam fir or black spruce . The balsamfir forests are usually mature stands, due to seepage of nutrient-rich water through the soils.Scattered white birch and black spruce occur in this forest type . Hylocomium moss forms thedominant ground cover. More or less pure black spruce forests on these soils are most likely a firesuccession of the balsam fir forest . Logging and a forest fire in the summer of 1979 has destroyedthe vegetation ofa part ofthis map unit . Shrub vegetation such as speckled alder, choke cherry andericaceous shrubs has moved in . Blueberry is abundant on the recently burned over areas .Soil classificationBoth soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol and Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.Range in characteristicsThe Burnt Arm soils occupy 60 to 70% ofthe map unit. They are characterized by a relativelythick (5 to 10 cm) grayish leached layer with a distinct reddish tinge, which underlies the organicsurface layer. Underneath the leached layer mottled B horizons occur . Textures range from gravelly

sandy loam to gravelly loamy sand . The Mill Pond soils occupy 30 to 40% ofthe map unit . Thethickness of the till overburden of the Mill Pond soils ranges from 20 to 50 cm . Major soildevelopment occurs in this layer, and is similar to the soil development of the Burnt Arm soils .Texture ofthe till overburden ranges from gravelly sandy loam to gravelly loamy sand . The textureof the subsoil varies considerably even over short distances, ranging from gravelly sandy loam tosands and gravels. Differentiating the two soils often becomes difficult when the texture of theunderlying glaciofluvial material or washed till becomes finer. Cobbles and red sandstone flagstones,are abundant in these soils .Associated soilsNorris Arm and Melvins Point soils occur at the toe of the valley sides and in the valleybottom, where water collects from surrounding areas and upper slope position . The Melvins Pointsoils usually have thick (10-20 cm) organic surface horizons consisting of mosses and sedges,overlying a thick (15-20 cm), dull colored, mottled B horizon. Underneath is a reduced dark gray Chorizon consisting ofsands and gravels, often with prominent reddish brown mottles . Well drainedAlderburn and Northern Arm soils occur on the upper parts of the valley sides . Properties of theNorris Arm, Alderburn and Northern Arm soils are described in their respective map unitsdescriptions .BURNT ARM-NORRIS ARM MAP UNIT (412 ha)LocationThe Burnt Arm-Norris Arm complex map unit occurs largely southeast of Point Leamington.Small areas with these soils can be found west ofNorris Arm North and east of Brown's Arm.Parent MaterialThese soils have developed from deep, coarse textured glacial till derived predominantly fromreddish sandstone, intermixed with various amounts of material derived from granites, shale, slateand volcanic rocks . These soils usually have a high proportion of cobbles and stones .TopographyThis map unit occupies slightly hummocky and undulating terrain with long subdued slopesranging from 2 to 5% . The imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils occupy the upper and middle slopepositions, while the poorly drained Norris Arm soils are found on lower slope positions and indepressions between hummocks .DrainageThe Burnt Arm soils are imperfectly drained . Ground water moves slowly down the slope overa slightly cemented and compacted subsoil . Norris Arm soils, which are predominantly found on

- 3 5-lower slope positions and in depressions, are poorly drained . These soils are in a receiving positionfor ground water and surface runoff coming down the slopes .VegetationThe Hvlocomium-balsam fir forest type is the original forest type on the Burnt Arm soils .However, this forest type occurs on this map unit only in a small area west of Norris Arm North .More often, this forest type has been replaced by a black spruce forest after logging or fire . Whitebirch and balsam fir areconstant but subdominant species in this forest type . The Sphagnum-kalmiablackspruce forest is the dominant forest type on the Norris Arm soils . This forest type typicallyoccurs on soils with stagnation ofnutrient-poor water and on wet sites with considerable seasonalchanges in water level . About one third ofthe map unit has been logged in recent years . These areashave been invaded by white birch, maples and other deciduous trees .Soil classificationBoth soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .Range in characteristicsThe imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils occupy about 50% to 60% ofthe map unit, with theremaining being mapped as Norris Arm soils . The Burnt Arm soils have a 5 to 10 cm thick, organicsurface horizons consisting mainly of mosses and forest litter. Underneath this organic surfacehorizon is a relatively thick (10-15 cm) leached Ae horizon . Mottling usually start in the underlyingB horizons, becoming more prominentjust above the compacted and slightly cemented subsoil . TheNorris Arm soils usually have organic surface horizons which are thicker than those of the BurntArm soils . A 5 to 10 cm thick, often distinctly mottled leached Ae-horizon overlies one or moremottled, dull reddish brown to almost dark grey B horizons . The B horizons merge into a mottledBC- horizon overlying a compact and slightly cemented C horizon with fine, prominent, bright redmottles . Wetter sites may lack mottling in the BC and C horizons due to permanent water loggedconditions . Solum texture for both soils range from gravelly coarse sandy loam to sandy loam in thelower B and BC horizons. Textures of the Ae and upper B horizon are usually finer, ranging fromfine sandy loam to silt loam. These soils are usually very to exceedingly stony with many sandstoneand granitic stones and cobbles concentrated in the upper 50 cm of the profile . Bleached flaggysandstones often lie horizontally beneath the organic surface layer of the Norris Arm soils .Associated soilsWell drained Alderburn soils occur within this map unit on upper slope positions and on hilltops . Properties ofthe Alderburn soil are described in the section of the Alderburn map unit . TwoMile Brook soils are found on very wet sites in the landscape . These have a thick (20-60\cm),slightly decomposed sphagnum moss layer overlying a grayish colored, gleyed subsoil . These soilsare usually exceedingly stony . They support avegetation consisting ofblack spruce shrub and alder .Properties of the Two Mile Brook soils are described in more detail as an associated soil in thesection for the Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour map unit .

- 36-COOPERS POND MAP UNIT (939 ha)LocationCoopers Pond soils occur predominantly in an area trending northeast-southwest betweenPhillips Head and Rowsell Lake . They also occur north and east ofMill Pond .Parent MaterialThese soils have developed in 50 to 100 cm deep, moderately stony, gravelly and channery,coarse textured till, derived from reddish sandstone, shale, slate, volcanic rocks and some granites,overlying bedrock.TopographyThe topography of the Coopers Pond soils is largely controlled by the underlying bedrock.These soils occupy hummocky and inclined terrain with slopes ranging from 2 to 9% . Rockoutcropsare common within the map unit .DrainageThese soils are generally moderately well to imperfectly drained, with bedrock impeding lowsolum drainage.VegetationForest type ofthe Coopers Pond soil is generally the black spruce-moss forest . Balsam fir andwhite birch are common. The trees are usually mature and logging has occurred throughout theseareas .Soil classificationOrthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase .Range in characteristicsThe upper part of the solum resembles that ofthe Alderburn soil . Thickness of the organicsurface horizon varies widely ; beneath this is a relatively thin grayish leached Ae horizon with adistinct reddish tinge . Solum depth ranges from 50 to 70 cm depending on the depth of theunderlying bedrock. Solum texture is avery stony, gravelly and channery . sandy loam, except for theAe and upper B horizons, which often have finer textures . The lower B horizon grades into an oftencompacted BC horizon which overlies the bedrock . These soils usually contain much micathroughout the profile. Surface stoniness is generally high for these soils .

- 3 7-Associated soilsWhetstone Hill soils occur in wetter positions in the landscape, such as depressions and lowerslopes where seepage water, running over the bedrock or compact BC horizons, collects . The veryshallow lithic Peters Pond soils are often found on upper slope positions and on tops ofhummocks.Rock outcrops are usually in the vicinity ofthese Peters Pond soils . Properties ofthe Whetstone Hill_ and Peters Pond soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions .COOPERS POND - MICHAEL'S HARBOUR MAP UNIT (100 ha)LocationThis map unit occurs south of Brown' Arm.Brown's Arm Brook.It occupies the west side of the valley of theParent MaterialCoopers Pond soils have developed in 50 to 100 cm thick glacial till veneer over hummockybedrock. These tills are coarse textured with moderate amounts of stones, gravel and channerymaterial and are derived predominantly from reddish sandstone, shale, slate, pyroclastic and graniticrocks . The Michael's Harbour soils have developed from the growth and decomposition of sedges,grasses, mosses, woody material and other hydrophytic vegetation .TopographyThe topography of this map unit is controlled by the topography of the underlying bedrock .The Coopers Pond soils occupy hummocky, ridged and inclined terrain, while the Michael's Harboursoils occur on slope fens that have developed in depressions and gentle slopes in between thehummocks and ridges . Volcanic bedrock outcrops are common throughout the area .DrainageThe Coopers Pond soils are moderately well to imperfectly drained, with seepage occurringover the bedrock. The organic Michael's Harbour soils are very poorly drained . Water table is ator near the surface for most of the year .VegetationThe black spruce-moss forest is the dominant vegetation type of he Coopers Pond soils .Balsam fir and white birch are common occurrences in this forest type . Dogberry can be found inmore open stands . Vegetation of the Michael's Harbour soils consist dominantly of sedges,reedgrasses and mosses . Zones ofshrub vegetation consisting ofspeckled alder, black spruce shruband ericaceous species such as bog laurel and sheep laurel occur where mineral soil is close to thesurface .

- 38-Soil classificationThe Coopers Pond soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase .Michael's Harbour soils are classified as Terric Fibric Humisol .TheRange in characteristicsCoopers Pond soils occupy approximately 60 to 70% of the map unit. Solum depth of theCoopers Pond soils range from 50 to 100 cm, depending on the depth of the underlying bedrock.Texture ofthe lower solum is usually gravelly fine sandy loam, with high amounts ofstones, cobblesand channery rock fragments . Textures ofthe upper solum and Ae horizon are often finer. Theymay range from loam to silt loam . The Ae horizon is generally thin (less than 5 cm) . Thickness ofthe overlying organic surface horizon varies considerably even over short distances. The lower Bfhorizon grades into a compacted BC horizon which overlies the bedrock. These soils generallycontain much mica throughout the profile . Surface stoniness is relatively high (3 to 15% surfacecoverage) . Michael's Harbour soils occupy approximately 30 to 40% ofthe map unit . They consistof a 40 to 100 cm thick layer of peat material . A thin surface layer of slightly decomposed, fibroussphagnum and sedge peat overlies the strongly to very strongly decomposed sedge and woody peatmaterial . A thin (10-30 cm) mineral layer over bedrock often forms a substratum ofthe peat deposit .Associated soilsThe poorly drained Whetstone Hill soils occur on lower slopes with stagnating ground wateror slowly moving seepage water over the bedrock or compacted BC-horizon. Very poorly drainedDogberry Brook soils occur in depressions and in bog and fen borders . These soils have a thin (lessthan 40 cm) peat layer consisting of moderately to strongly decomposed sedge, grass, moss andwoody peat over the shallow, often extremely cobbly and gravelly till . Vegetation on these soilsusually consists of dense speckled alder or black spruce shrub and ericaceous shrub such as boglaurel, sheep laurel and leatherleaf. Very shallow lithic Peters Pond soils occur on the upper slopesof hummocks and on the tops of hummocks. Rock outcrops usually occur in the vicinity of thePeters Pond soils . Properties of the Whetstone Hill, Dogberry Brook and Peters Pond soils aredescribed in their respective map unit descriptions .DEAD WOLF POND MAP UNIT (785 ha)LocationThe Dead Wolf Pond map unit has been identified on approximately 30 bogs, scatteredthroughout the entire map area. The largest deposits occur north ofNorris Aun, along the New BayRiver, near Mill Pond and along the Northern Arm Brook .Parent MaterialThe Dead Wolf Pond soils have developed from the decomposition of sphagnum mosses,which grow on poorly and very poorly drained sites which are isolated from mineral-influenced

- 39-ground water .present.Small amounts ofmaterial from ericaceous shrubs and from spruce and larch may beTopographyThe map unit occurs mainly on domed bogs . These bogs have surfaces of which at least a parthas grown higher than the surrounding area. They often have characteristic pond development,which are grouped in concentric circles around the highest part ofthe bog . The longest axis oftheseponds is normally perpendicular to the slope . Slopes usually range from 2% to 5% .DrainageThe soils ofthis map unit are generally poorly to imperfectly drained. Depth ofthe water tablevaries from 10 to 30 cm below the surface, but may be deeper in late summer .VegetationThe dominant vegetation ofthis map unit consists ofsphagnum mosses . Ericaceous shrub suchas bog laurel, sheep laurel and Labrador tea can be found on the drier sites . Single larch and blackspruce shrub occur . A domed bog, located along the Northern Arm Brook and just west of thecommunity of Northern Arm has been developed for agriculture .Soil classificationTypic Fibrisol .Range in characteristicsDepth ofthe peatmaterial generally varies from 250to 450 cm, and is occasionally deeperthan600 cm. A 10 to 20 cm thick surface layer consists of undecomposed sphagnum mosses. Theunderlying material is generally very weakly to weakly decomposed, fibrous, sphagnum peat whichranges in color from light yellowish brown to dark reddish brown and is loose and spongy inconsistence, with the entire sphagnum plant readily identifiable. The bottom layer, which ranges inthickness from 20 cm to more than 100 cm, consists ofmoderately to strongly decomposed sphagnumor sedge peat . A layer of water (hydric layer) often occurs above the sedge peat. Texture of thesubstrate varies from gravelly loamy sand to gravelly silt loam .Associated soilsMint Pond soils andMichael's Harbour soils often occur along the periphery ofthe bogs . Theirproperties are described in the sections for the Mint Pond and Michael's Harbour map units .

DOGBERRY BROOK-MICHAEL'S HARBOUR MAP UNIT (1140 ha)LocationThis map unit is found throughout the entire survey area, with the largest concentration ofthiscombination ofsoils occurring on the north halfofthe western map sheet .Parent MaterialThese soils have developed from the growth and decomposition of mosses, sedges, grasses,.shrubs and other hydrophytic vegetation . The subsoil is a coarse textured, sometimes rewashed till,derived predominantly from reddish sandstone, with varying amounts of granites, shale, slate andpyroclastic rocks .TopographyThe Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour mapunit occurs dominantly indepressional areas suchas glacial meltwater spillways, intermittent drainage courses and stream channels . These landformsare generally level to very gently sloping . Slope fens and stream fens are scattered throughout thismap unit .Drainage- 40-Access with this map unit generally serve as collection basins for runofffrom the surroundingupland areas . Hence soils are very poorly drained with much stagnating water . Water tablesfluctuate seasonally but are at or near the surface for most ofthe year. Seepage may occur on gentleslopes . Small intermittent streams or brooks occur frequently in this map unit . Pools are commonon the fens and bogs .VegetationThe dominant vegetation is the sphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forest. This forest type consistsofopen black spruce stands with scattered larch and stunted balsam fir trees . Sphagnum mosses aredominant inthe groundcover, while ericaceous shrubs suchas bog laurel, sheep laurel and leatherleafare dominant in the understory . The open slope fens and stream fens support a vegetation consistingof sedges and sphagnum mosses with scattered larch, juniper or black spruce shrub.Soil classificationThe Dogberry Brook soils are classified as Rego Gleysol-peaty phase .soils are classified as Terric Fibric Mesisol .The Michael's HarbourRange in characteristicsDepth ofpeat material generally ranges from approximately 10 to 100 cm, while deeper peatdeposits occur in some bogs and slope fens . The peat material is usually moderately to strongly

decomposed sedge moss, grass and woody fen peat . The substratum consists ofoften very stony andcobbly, gravelly sandy loam . Bedrock may occurwithin 100 cm ofthe upper boundary ofthe mineralsoil . Approximately 50% ofthe map unit has been mapped as Dogberry Brook soils. The thicknessofthe peat material for these soils ranges from 10 to 40 cm. Often the upper part ofthe peat materialconsists of undecomposed to weakly decomposed sphagnum mosses and sedges, while theunderlying material is moderately to strongly decomposed . At the interface ofthe organic materialand mineral substratum, athin very greasy, organic layer may occur. The gravelly and cobbly loamysand subsoil has a brownish gray to gray color. Mottles are usually absent as these soils are waterlogged for most ofthe year . Michael's Harbour soils have peat deposits that range in thickness from40 to 100 cm. A thin surface layer ofslightly decomposed fibrous sphagnum and sedge peat overliesthe strongly to very strongly decomposed sedge grass, moss and woody peat . Moderatelydecomposed sedge and sphagnum peat occurs in open slope fens and stream fens .Associated soils- 41-Two Mile Brook soils occur extensively in this map unit. These soils have an organic layerof weakly decomposed sedge and sphagnum peat that ranges in thickness from 10 to 60 cm. Theyoften occupy slightly better drained positions in the map unit as well as the more oligotrophic sites .The upper part of the profile usually consists of undecomposed sphagnum and sedge peat, lightbrown to dark brown in color . Underneath is a reddish brown weakly to moderately decomposedlayer of sphagnum mosses, sedges and often woody material . Immediately above the mineral soil,a layer ofblack, greasy, highly decomposed woody peat occurs . This layer may be very thin (lessthan 2 cm) or thick (more than 20 cm) . The underlying mineral material is usually dark grayishbrown to gray in color due to its reduced condition. Texture ofthe material may range from loamysand to silt loam . Mint Pond and Red CliffPond organic soils occur where the organic deposits aredeeper (more than 40 cm and more than 160 cm respectively) . Their properties are described in thesections for the Mint Pond and Red CliffPond map units .EVANS POINT-LOWER SANDY POINT MAP UNIT (28 ha)LocationThe Lower Sandy Point-Evans Point map unit occurs in a small area along the coast of theNorthern Arm.Parent MaterialThese soils have developed on sandy, gravelly and cobbly fluviomarine and marine depositsofmixed origin, which are often underlain by loam to clay loam deposits .TopographyThe map unit occupies a small coastal plain or closed-off estuary, bars and a spit beach . Slopesrange from level to gently sloping . The map unit includes swampy areas, beach ridges and anarrowstrip or dike of sandy clay to silty clay which follows the coast line .

- 42-DrainageThe drainage ofthis map unit varies from rapidly drained to very poorly drained. The coarsetextured spit beach and bars along the shore are well to rapidly drained with good internal drainage,while the area behind these bars and beaches is usually poorly to very poorly drained with peatdevelopment and sometimes more than 50 cm of water above the surface .VegetationThe dominant vegetation type on this map unit is the wet alder swamp, consisting of dense,vigorous alder shrub layer with stunted black spruce . Alder-black spruce swamps occur whereseepage water is present. These consist ofblack spruce with an open layer ofpoorly growing alder.The good to rapidly drained beach deposits support grassland .Soil classificationThe Evans Point soils are classified as Orthic Gleysol-peaty phase.soils are classified as Orthic Regosol and Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.The Lower Sandy PointRange in characteristicsThe very poorly drained Evans Point soils occupy 60% to 70% of the map unit. This soil ischaracterized by a less than 40 cm thick layer of slightly to moderately decomposed sedge andwoody peat overlying generally medium to coarse sands and gravels . Soils with a very toexceedingly stony and gravelly loamy sand to sandy loam texture in the subsoil occur. The latteroccur as low ridges in an otherwise level area . In between the ridges, swampy areas occur with 50to 100 cm ofstanding water over very to exceedingly stony loamy sand to sandy loam material. Thewell to rapidly drained Lower Sandy Point soils general consist of a thin (5-10 cm) dark brownmineral organic surface horizon which grades into a very thin and often discontinuous gray to darkgray leached Ae horizon. This horizon merges into sandy or gravelly C horizons . A very darkgrayish-brown to black, organic rich, B horizon sometimes occurs immediately under the grayishleached Ae horizon . The C horizons are often slightly cemented . The Lower Sandy Point soils arevery stony, containing rounded, beach stones and cobbles .Associated soilsSoils developed in sandy clay to silty clay material occur . These have a thin (10-15 cm) organicmineral surface layer over a massive bluish-gray colored subsoil. Mint Pond soils occur where peatdevelopment is deeper than 40 cm . Their properties are described in the section for the Mint Pondmap unit .

GANDER-WING POND MAP UNIT (114 ha)LocationThis complex map unit consists ofthe well drained and the imperfectly drained members ofthe Gander catena. It occupies an area approximately 5 km southwest of Brown's Arm and an areaimmediately east of Point Leamington .Parent MaterialThese soils have developed in deep medium textured till, derived predominantly from shale,slate, siltstone, mudstone and volcanic rocks . Shaly and slaty rock fragments are often abundantthroughout the profile. In the wetter soils the flaggy stones tend to accumulate immediately belowthe organic surface horizon and sometimes form a continuous stone pavement in the upper part ofthe profile . Boulders are common.TopographyThe landform of the Gander-Wing Pond map unit, located southwest of Brown's Arm ishummocky to ridged, with slopes ranging from 2% to 9% . The well drained Gander soils occupythe knolls, ridge crests and steep slopes while the imperfectly drained Wing Pond soils occur inmiddle slope positions and some lower slope positions. East ofPointLeamington, these soils occupya morainal incline between steep rockland and the shore . The imperfectly drained Wing Pond soilsassociated with poorly drained Home Pond soils, occur on the upper slopes where topography ishummocky and ridged . The lower uniform gentle slopes closer to the shore are occupied bymoderately well to well drained Gander soils .Drainage- 43-The drainage of this map unit ranges widely. It is moderately well to well drained for theGander soils, imperfectly drained for the Wing Pond soils and poorly drained for the Home Pondsoils . Drainage largely depends on the topography, although the finer textures and occurrence ofcompacted and slightly cemented subsoils are important factors . Seepage is usually limited .VegetationThe black spruce-balsam fir forest is the dominant vegetation ofthis map unit. Balsam fir andchoke cherry are a common occurrence . Pleurozium moss ground cover is prevalent on the drierGander soils, while hvlocomium moss and ericaceous species occur on the wetter Wing Pond soils .Speckled alder and black spruce shrub, in the form ofwet alder and alder-black spruce swamps arecommon occurrences on the Home Pond soils .Soil classificationThe Gander soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol and the Wing Pond soils areclassified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.

Range in characteristicsAbout 50% of this map unit consists ofthe moderately well and well drained Gander soils . Theremainder ofthe map unit consists mostly ofthe imperfectly drained Wing Pond soils . The Gandersoils are characterized by a relatively thin (5 cm and less) organic surface horizon over a 2 to 10 cmthick leached Ae horizon, which immediately overlies a strong brown to yellowish red Bfhorizon .The BC and the C horizons are usually friable . However, the upper part ofthe C horizon may becompacted and slightly cemented . Textures for the Gander soils range from silt loam to loam . TheAe horizon usually has a silt loam texture, while BC and C horizons sometimes are fine sandy loamin texture. The imperfectly drained Wing Pond soils have a relatively thick organic surface layerwhich varies from 20 to 30 cm . Underneath is a very thin Ae horizon which is often absent. Ayellowish brown to reddish brown Bfhorizon grades into grayish brown Bfand BC horizons withfaintto distinct mottles . The underlying C horizon is often compact and slightly cemented . Texturesrange from gravelly sandy loam to very gravelly silt loam, with the finer textures occurring in thethin leached Ae horizon and often in the top part of the C horizon .Associated soilsThe Home Pond soil, which represent the poorly drained catena member, occurs frequentlywithin the map unit . It generally occupies lower slope positions and depressions in betweenhummocks and ridges. They possess a relatively thick (5-10 cm) organic surface layer, overlyingmottled light gray B and BC horizons . Stones are very often found in the surface only . The lowerhorizons are usually nearly stone-free. Textures are loams and silt loarns, with fine texturesincreasing towards the surface . These soils are classified as Orthic Gleysols .HIGH POINT MAP UNIT (323 ha)LocationHigh Point soils occur in patches along the coast from Milord Arm to Gills Point near NorrisArm North, and along the coast from Phillips Head to Northern Arm .Parent MaterialThe soils have developed from deep glaciofluvial sands and gravels, derived predominantlyfrom reddish sandstone and minor amounts ofgranites and volcanic rocks. Layers offiner texturedmaterial may occur in the profile .TopographyThese soils occur dominantly on undulating coastal terraces . These terraces often have lowerstrata of marine origin though the predominant mode of deposition is thought to be from glacialoutwash. The surface form of these deposits is gently undulating to level . They are sometimesdissected by streams flowing from upland positions. Similar soils have been recognized on two

glacial outwash deposits south ofPhillips Head and south ofNorthern Arm, and on a small esker ofPeters River.Drainage- 45-These soils are generally well to rapidly drained, with good internal drainage .coastal terraces ponding may occur in depressions .On the flatVegetationThe Pleurozium -balsam fir forest is the dominant forest type for this map unit . It ischaracterized by a dense balsam fir forest with scattered white birch and black spruce . The mossspecies Pleurozium schreberi is dominant in the moss layer. These forests are usually poorlydeveloped and are typical for dry soils where seepage is absent.Soil classificationOrthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .Range in characteristicsOrganic surface horizons ofthe High Point soils are generally relatively thin (5 to 10 cm). Theyhave a thin (1 to 5 cm), often discontinuous Ae horizon overlying a thick (15 to 30 cm) B horizon .Textures of the Ae and B horizons are usually loamy sand . These horizons grade into sometimesweakly cemented sandy and gravelly, BC and C horizons . Massive ortstein layers may occur, butmore often the soils are friable to loose . Soil development is usually deep (60 to 100 cm) . Surfacestoniness of these soils varies considerably and may range from slightly stony to exceedingly stony .Associated soilsThe imperfectly to poorly drained Porters Cove soils and the very poorly drained Muddy HoleBrook soils occur on level to depressional areas whereponding occurs. The Muddy Hole Brook soilshave a 10 to 40 cm thick organic surface layer consisting of moderately to strongly decomposedsedge, grass, moss and woody peat overlying a permanently waterlogged dark gray, coarse texturedmineral subsoil . Properties for the Muddy Hole Brook soils are described in more detail in thesection for the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm complex map unit . Properties for the Porters Covesoils are described in the section for the Porters Cove map unit .JESSE COVE MAP UNIT (41 ha)LocationJesse Cove soils occur northeast ofBurnt Arm and west ofNorthern Arm, on the lower partsof extremely steep slopes where drainage water accumulates .

- 46-Parent MaterialThe soils have developed from the growth and decomposition ofmosses, and forest litter suchas needles, twigs, leaves and wood fragments which have been derived from a dense forest growthon very poorly drained sites, influenced by relatively nutrient-rich ground water.TopographyThe map unit occurs predominantly on the lower parts ofslopes, with slopes ranging from 2%to more than 45% . It also occurs on level to nearly level depressional areas under dense forestgrowth .DrainageThe map unit is generally poorly drained with nutrient-rich seepage water flowing close to thesurface . Often, open water occurs as small shallow pools in depressions formed by the extremelyhummocky forest floor.VegetationVegetationofthismap unit consists predominantly ofablack spruce forest with speckled alder,white birch and mountain maple . Bog laurel and leather leaf form the most common dwarf shrubvegetation. The ground cover consists of sphagnum mosses and sedges . Typical fen vegetationconsisting of grasses and sedges occur in open, wetter areas .Soil classificationTypic and Terric Humisol .Range in characteristicsDepthofthe peat material ranges between 40 and 100 cm and occasionally deeper . The surfacelayer consists of relatively dry moderately to strongly decomposed mosses and forest litter.Underneath, a strongly to very strongly decomposed, very dark grayish brown to black colored,greasy woody peat is found, containing many large roots, branches and often tree trunks . Thesubstrate is either glaciofluvial material or bedrock rubble .Associated soilsMichael's Harbour, soils occur within the map unit in wetter areas under a typical fenvegetation. Muddy hole Brook soils are found where the organic material isless than 40 cm thick.These soils are described in the description for the Michael's Harbour-Muddy Hole Brook map unit.

- 47-KITE COVE MAP UNIT (40 ha)LocationParent MaterialThese soils have developed in a 20 to 100 cm thick loamy sand to sandy and gravelly veneerofglaciofluvial origin over bedrock . The material is derived predominantly from reddish sandstoneand minor amounts ofgranites and volcanic rocks .TopographyThe landform consists of a slightly hummocky veneer over hummocky and ridged bedrock.Slopes range from 2% to 5% . Low lying, relatively flat areas occur closer to the shore. Bedrockoutcrops are common in this map unit.DrainageKite Cove soils are found dominantly along the east shore of Kite Cove near Laurenceton .The soils ofthis map unit are dominantly moderately well drained . Closeness ofthe bedrockto the surface impedes the downward movement of water, resulting in seepage . Lower slopepositions, depressions and flat areas occur frequently . These areas usually are poorly to very poorlydrained with watertable levels at or near the surface.Vegetation/land useMost of the map unit is occupied by a residential area belonging to the community ofLaurenceton . Grassland is the main vegetation. The northern part ofthe map unit supports a goodstand of balsam fir. However, most of this has been logged . Wet alder swamps and some fenvegetation occurs on the very poorly drained sites .Soil classificationOrthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, very shallow lithic phase and shallow lithic phase .Range in characteristicsThickness ofthe soil ranges from 20 to 100 cm, but usually is between 20 and 50 cm . Texturesare generally gravelly loamy sands, sands and gravels. However, gravelly sandy loams occurfrequently, especially in areas that are under cultivation . Bedrock rubble and angular gravels areoften found immediately above the bedrock on upper slope positions . These areas are generally veryto exceedingly stony on the surface . Due to cultivation, the profiles are generally disturbed . A thick(15-30 cm) mineral-organic surface horizon overlies the reddish brown Bf horizon of varyingthickness, which grades into a gravelly and rubbly BC horizon and sometimes a C horizon overbedrock . A very thin grayish leached Ae horizon may be present in the deeper soils.

- 48-Associated soilsThe Muddy Hole Brook and Mint Pond soils occur in the very poorly drained depressions andflat areas . Their properties are described in the section for the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Armcomplex map unit and the Mint Pond map unit.MICHAEL'S HARBOUR MAP UNIT (1051 ha)Locationarea.The Michael's Harbour map unit has been identified in many places throughout the entire mapParent MaterialThese soils are developed from the growth and decomposition of sedges, grasses, mosses,woody material and other hydrophytic vegetation .TopographyThe map unit occurs mainly on horizontal and slope fens which have developed in shallowdepressions in meltwater channels and along intermittent drainage channels. Slopes range from 0%to 25% .DrainageThe soils of this map unit are generally very poorly drained with water table at the surface and,during spring runoff and after heavy rainfall, often above the surface .VegetationThe dominant vegetation consists ofsedges, grasses and rushes for the open fen types, whilefens which receive more nutrient-rich water, often support a more varied vegetation with blackspruce, speckled alder, willow, swamp birch, maple and ericaceous shrub such as bog laurel, sheeplaurel and leatherleaf in the tree and shrub layer and sedges, grass and rushes with mosses in theground cover.Soil classificationTerric Fibric and Terric Mesic Humisol ;Humisol .Shallow Typic, Shallow Fibric and Shallow Mesic

- 49-Range in characteristicsDepth ofthe peat material generally ranges between 40 and 100 cm. The surface layers consistsof almost undecomposed to slightly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat or matted sedge peat.Underneath is strongly to very strongly decomposed very dark grayish brown to almost blackcolored, slightly greasy, sedge, grass, moss and woody peat. The substrate consists of sandy loamto silt loam or bedrock .Associated soilsMint Pond soils occur where the peat material is less decomposed . Peaty phase OrthicGleysols and Rego Gleysols such as Dogberry Brook, Bulley's Cove and Muddy Hole Brook soilsoccur where the peat material is less than 40 cm thick . These soils are described in the sections forthe Mint Pond, Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour, Barry's Pond-Bulley's Cove and Muddy HoleBrook-Milord Arm map units respectively . Bedrock outcrops with or without thin till veneer canbe found within the map unit.MICHAEL'S HARBOUR-MUDDY HOLE BROOK MAP UNIT (78 ha)LocationThe Michael's Harbour-Muddy Hole Brook map unit occurs at the head ofBurnt Arm .Parent MaterialsThe Michael's Harbour soils have developed from the growth and decomposition of sedges,grasses, mosses, woody material and other hydrophytic vegetation. The Muddy Hole Brook soilshave developed from deep stratified glaciofluvial sands and gravels derived predominantly fromreddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites . They have an organic surface horizon developedfrom similar material as that ofwhich the Michael's Harbour soils have been developed from.TopographyThe Michael's Harbour-Muddy Hole Brook map unit consists of an organic veneer over aneroded glaciofluvial outwash plane . The landform is hummocky to undulating with slopes ranging0.5% to 2.5% .DrainageThe map unit is dominantly very poorly drained, with the watertable at or near the surface .Ponding occurs in the extensive depressions and flat areas between the hummocks . Seepage occurson slopes of hummocks . The water table is perched on top ofthe mineral soil.

- 50-VegetationVegetation consists predominantly ofblack spruce shrub, with speckled alder, willow, swampbirch, maple and ericaceous shrub such as bog laurel, leatherleaf, sheep laurel and Labrador tea. Theground cover usually consists of sedges, grasses, rushes and mosses . Small hummocks of mineralsoil, or areas with the mineral soil close to the surface, support a better growth of black spruce andwhite birch .Soil classificationThe Michael's Harbour soils are classified as Terric Humisol. The Muddy Hole Brook soils areclassified as Rego Gleysol, peaty phase .Range in characteristicsDepth of the peat material ranges between 40 cm and 120 cm for the Michael's Harbour soilsand between 10 and 40 cm for the Muddy Hole Brook soils . The Michael's Harbour soils occupy50% to 60% ofthe map unit. Their surface layerconsists ofvery weakly decomposed, matted sedge,grass and moss peat. Underneath is strongly to very strongly decomposed very dark grayish brownto almost black colored, slightly greasy sedge, grass, moss and woody peat. The substrate consistsof sands and gravels . The Muddy Hole Brook soils are different from the Michael's Harbour soilsin the thickness of the peat material . The underlying mineral soil is gray in color and consists ofstratified sands and gravels . Few or no stones or cobbles occur in this mineral substrate . Usuallya very dark brown to almost black colored layer of 10, to 15 cm thickness occurs immediately underthe organic overburden . This mineral horizon has a high content oforganic matter, which has beenleached from the overlying organic horizon .Associated soilsPorters Cove soils occur throughout the map unit as small hummocks ofmineral soil . MintPond soils occupy areas where the organic material is less well decomposed and consists ofweaklyto moderately decomposed, matted sedge, grass and sphagnum peat . These soils are described intheir respective map unit descriptions .MILL POND MAP UNIT (198 ha)LocationMill Pond soils occur dominantly east ofMill pond.ofthe Northern Arm catena.They arethe imperfectly drained members

- 5 1-Parent MaterialThese soils have developed in a shallow (20-50 cm) sandy loam till overburden, overlyingsands and gravels of glaciofluvial or washed till origin, derived predominantly from reddishsandstone and minor amounts of granites, shale, slate and pyroclastic rocks .TopographyMill Pond soils occur on the subdued slopes of undulating and rolling terrain.between 2 and 9% .Slopes rangeDrainageThe Mill Pond soils are imperfectly drained. The underlying sands and gravels act as animpermeable layer due to the large increase in porosity . The finer textured soil overlying the sandsand gravels must become nearly saturated before water will move down through the larger pores ofthe subsoil .VegetationThe black spruce-moss forest is theprevalent foresttype on these soils. Occasionally immaturebalsam fir forests occur on these soils . The black spruce stands are usually mature and some smallscale logging has occurred.Soil classificationOrthic Humo-Ferric Podzol or Gleyed Humo-Ferric podzol .Range in characteristicsThickness ofthe till overburden ranges from 20 to 50 cm . Major soil development takes placein this layer. Beneath a 5 to 10 cm thick organic surface layer is a relatively thin grayish leached Aehorizon. Faint mottling may occur in the Ae horizon, but is usually absent . The B horizon rangesin thickness from 10 to 45 cm depending on the thickness ofthe overburden. The underlying sandsand gravels usually have less soil development. Texture ofthe till overburden is a gravelly sandyloam. Texture ofthe subsoil varies considerably even over short distances, ranging from gravellysandy loam to gravels . Faint to distinct mottling occurs invariably immediately above the coarsetextured subsoil . The Mill Pond soils are very stony and cobbly, with sandstone flagstones oftenoccurring immediately under the organic surface horizon.Associated soilsThe well drainedNorthern Arm soils occur in more elevated positions in the landscape . Thesesoils are usually less stony than their imperfectly (Mill Pond) and poorly drained (Melvins Point)catena members . The poorly drained soils, Melvins point, are characterized by their organic surface

- 52-horizons, dull colors and high amount of cobbles and sandstone flagstones in the till overburden .Properties of the Northern Arm soils are described in the section for the Northern Arm-Alderburnmap unit . The Melvins Point soil is described in more detail as an associated soil in the section forthe Alderburn-Northern Arm map unit .MILL POND-DOGBERRY BROOK MAP UNIT (556 ha)LocationThis map unit occurs only in a large tract north ofNorris Arm.the area which slopes down from the plateau towards the coast.It occupies the upper part ofParent MaterialThe Mill Pond soils have developed in a shallow (20-50 cm) sandy loam till overburden,overlying washed till oroutwash sands andgravels . Thesematerials are derived predominantly fromreddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites, shale, slate and pyroclastic rocks . The DogberryBrook soils have a surface layer ofmatted and fibrous, weakly decomposed sedge, grass and mosspeat over a 10 to 40 cm thick layer of moderately to strongly decomposed sedge, grass, moss andwoody peat overlying gravelly loamy sands, sands and gravels derived from reddish sandstone, withgranites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks .TopographyThe Mill Pond-Dogberry Brook map unit occupies hummocky terrain which inclines towardsthe south and the west . Slopes are generally between 6% and 9%.DrainageThese soils are influenced by a slow movement of seepage water down the long irregularslopes . Ponding occurs where the movement of water is impeded due to irregularities in the slopesuch as hummocks and ridges . Also, the sandy and gravelly subsoil act as an impermeable layerdueto the large increase in porosity . Consequently these soils are imperfectly (Mill Pond soils) to verypoorly (Dogberry Brook soils) drained .VegetationThis map unit supports a Balsam fir-white birch forest vegetation with a ground coverdominated by Hylocomium mosses . This forest type consists of a dense balsam fir forest withscattered white birch throughout the stand . Black spruce occurs occasionally . It occurs mainly onthe imperfectly drained Mill Pond soils where seepage occurs . The soil surface is usually veryirregular with a thick moss carpet covering old logs and stumps . The very poorly drained DogberryBrook soils are occupied by black spruce shrub and occasionally a dense alder vegetation .

- 5 3-Soil classificationThe Mill Pond soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol or Gleyed Humo-FerricPodzol . The Dogberry Brook soils are classified as Rego Gleysol-peaty phase .Range in characteristicsThe Mill Pond soils occupy 50% to 60% of the map unit. Major soil development has takenplace in the sandy loam till overburden . Beneath the thick moss carpet is a 5 to 10 cm thick organicsurface horizon consisting offorest litter and moderately decomposed mosses . The grayish leachedAe horizon, ranging in thickness from 2 to 5 cm, may have faint mottling . The underlying Bhorizons range in thickness from 10 to 45 cm depending on the thickness ofthe overburden. Colorsof the B horizons are usually yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown and mottling in thesehorizons is often difficult to distinguish . Textures range from coarse sandy loam to loam, with thefiner textures occurring in the Ae and upper Bf horizon. Textures ofthe subsoil vary greatly fromplace to place, even over short distances . They may range from very coarse gravel to gravelly loamycoarse sand. Faint to distinct mottling occurs invariably in the upper part or immediately above thecoarse textured subsoil . These soils are generally very stony, with sandstone flagstones and graniticcobbles occurring in the upper part of the profile . Dogberry Brook soils occupy 40 to 50% of themap unit. These soils have a 10 to 40 cm thick organic surface layer, consisting of moderately tostrongly decomposed sedge, moss, grass and woody peat, which overlies a brownish gray to graycolored, very gravelly and cobbly, loamy sand subsoil. Mottles usually do not occur in these subsoilsas they are waterlogged for most of the year .Associated soilsThe poorly drained Melvins Point soils occur extensively within the map unit . They usuallyoccur on lower slope positions and on the borders ofthe shallow fens and marshes, where they gradeinto the Dogberry Brook soils . These soils are characterized by thick organic surface horizonsoverlying thick (15-20 cm) mottled grayish Ae horizons . The underlying B horizons are usually dullcolored with distinct mottles . The gravelly and sandy subsoil is often dark gray colored and hasprominent, reddish brown mottles . Well drained Northern Arm soils can be found occasionally onupper slopes and tops ofhummocks . These soils are described in the section for the Northern Arm-Alderbum map unit . Two Mile Brook soils, which are characterized by a 10 to 60 cm thick organiclayer of weakly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat, are found on shallow fens with sphagnum,sedge and ericaceous shrub vegetation. The properties ofthe Two Mile Brook soil are described inmore detail as an associated soil in the section forthe Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour map unit.Michael's Harbour and Mint Pond soils, occupying slope fens, occur frequently throughout the mapunit . Their properties are described in the sections for Michael's Harbour and Mint Pond map units .

- 54-MILORD ARM MAP UNIT (93 ha)LocationMilord Arm soils are found in scattered locations in the Brown's Arm area and on the BurntArm peninsula.Parent MaterialThe Milord Arm soils have developed from deep, stratified glaciofluvial sands and gravels,derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites . These soils containmoderate amounts ofrounded stones and cobbles .TopographyThis map unit occupies usually level to depressional areas . Onthe Burnt Arm peninsula thesesoils occur on a highly dissected and eroded part of a glaciofluvial terrace with slopes ranging from6% t0 9%.DrainageDrainage ofthe Milord Arm soil is dominantly imperfect . However, poorly drained areas occurextensively within the map unit . On the level to depressional areas, these soils are wet, due toponding. On slopes, seepage occurs over slightly cemented and compacted subsoils .Vegetation/land useMost ofthe map unit occurs in the communities ofBrown's Arm and Laurenceton . The areaon the Burnt Arm peninsula supports a Hvlocomium- balsam fir type forest on the slopes wherenutrient rich seepage water occurs . Black spruce shrub and white birch occur on the poorly drainedareas .Soil classificationGleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .Range .ia characteristicsDrainage of the map unit ranges from imperfect to poor, with the imperfectly drained sitesbeing dominant . The organic surface horizons are relatively thick (10-20 cm) . Underneath is aleached Ae horizon which varies considerably in thickness (1-20 cm), and which may or may nothave mottles, depending on the drainage . The texture ofthe Ae horizon ranges from sandy loam toloam. The underlying B horizons are usually gravelly sandy loam in texture, but gravelly loamysands and gravelly sands occur . They have distinct to prominent mottles . The B and BC horizons

- 55-grade into mottled and stratified sandy and gravelly parent materials .slight to moderate.Surface stoniness ranges fromAssociated soilsThe poorly drained Gills Point soils occur extensively throughout the map unit. These soilsresemble the Milord Arm soils, except for slightly darker matrix colors, and mottling which startsimmediately under the surface . Muddy Hole Brook soils occur in areas with watertables at or nearthe surface . They are characterized by a 10-40 cm thick layer ofmoderately decomposed sedge peatover a darkish gray subsoil . Properties ofthe Muddy Hole Brook are described in more detail in thesection for the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm map unit.MILORD ARM BROOK MAP UNIT (43 ha)LocationMilord Arm Brook soils occur mainly along the west shore of Milord Arm .Parent MaterialThey have developed in a 20 to 50 cm thick, moderately coarse to coarse textured, glaciofluvialoverburden over medium textured glaciomarine material . The material of the glaciofluvialoverburden is derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites.TopographyLand form ofthismap unit is a gently sloping glaciofluvial veneer over a marineterrace .boulders (60-100 cm in diameter) occur .SmallDrainageThe Milord Arm Brook map unit is dominantly well drained, although poorly drained areasoccur in depressions and at the foot of the slope where seepage water collects .Vegetation/land useApproximately 50% of this map unit has been cleared and small garden plots have beenestablished . The forest vegetation consists of black spruce and balsam fir with white birch,trembling aspen and alder as common occurrences .Soil classificationOrthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .

- 56-Range in characteristicsA relatively thin (5-10 cm) organic surface horizon overlies a 5 to 10 cm thick grayish leachedAe horizon. When under cultivation, a 20 to 30 cm thick plow layer (Ap) occurs . Textures of theAe and Ap horizons are generally sandy loam or loam . The underlying B horizons usually havegravelly sandy loam textures . These grade into loamy and silty loam BC and C horizons . Thesubsoils often show signs ofstratification . Surface stoniness is generally very to exceedingly stony .Associated soilsThe imperfectly to poorly drained Brown's Arm Brook soils occur in depressions and on thelower slope . Their properties are described in the section for the Brown's Arm Brook map unit.MINT POND MAP UNIT (760 ha)LocationThe Mint Pond map unit occurs on slope fens in over 60 different locations throughout the maparea. Their size is generally less than 10 ha and seldom more than 20 ha .Parent MaterialMint Pond soils are developed from the growth and decomposition of sedges spp. with somegrasses and sphagnum mosses, on very poorly drained sites which are influenced by relativelynutrient-rich ground waters .

ju 7 ."onmy Ferric PodzuL AJ&rb tare suU.Figure 8 . Soil Profile of a Cicyed * ij .s-.,-ii u,',-«-i ie , icHumo-ferric Pudzol, Burnt Arm soilHunt -Ferric Podzol, Peters runt soil

- 59-TopographyThey occur mainly on horizontal fens developed in shallow depressions, on sloping fens whichhave developed on gentle slopes with enough moisture for the development of peat and on streamfens, developed along intermittent drainage channels . Slopes range from 0.5% to 2.5% .DrainageThe soils are poorly to very poorly drained. The water table is usually at or near the surface .Many mud ponds ; locally called "flashets", occur. These may be randomly distributed on horizontalfens or occur in rows with their longest axis perpendicular to the slope on sloping fens .VegetationThe vegetation of this map unit is dominated by sedges and grasses with minor amounts ofrushes and reeds . Sphagnum mosses often occur as small hummocks . Scattered stunted blackspruce, larch, junipers and ericaceous shrub such as bog laurel, sheep laurel and leatherleaf arealmost always present (Fig. 9) .Soil classificationTerric Fibrisol, Terric Mesic Fibrisol and Terric Mesisol .Range in characteristicsDepth of the peat material ranges from 60 to 160 cm . A 10 to 30 cm thick very weakly tooccasionally moderately decomposed matted, sphagnum and sedge peat overlies a generallymoderately decomposed and matted sedge peat. The sedge leave and Erio hp orum plant remains arereadily identifiable . The peat contains large amounts of very fine roots of sedge plants andEriophorum plants . Decomposition ofthe peat material generally increases with depth. The bottomlayer, which ranges in thickness from 15 to more than 30 cm, is usually moderately to stronglydecomposed . The texture ofthe substrate varies from gravelly loamy sand to very gravelly and oftenexceedingly stony silt loam .Associated soilsPeaty phase Orthic Gleysols and Rego Gleysols such as the Dogberry Brook, Bulley's Cove andMuddy Hole Brook soils occur where the peat material is less than 40 cm thick . Red CliffPond soilsare often found in the center of horizontal fens where the depth of the peat is more than 160 cm .Michael's Harbour soils occur extensively within the Mint Pond map unit, especially along the edgeof the fens . The properties of these associated soils are described in their respective single andcomplex map unit descriptions .

MUDDY HOLE BROOK-MILORD ARM MAP UNIT (349 ha)LocationThis complex map unit occurs on the east side of the Burnt Arm peninsula, and along thenorthern shore ofNorris Arm .Parent MaterialThe soils of this map unit have developed from deep stratified glaciofluvial sands and gravelsderived predominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites . They containmoderate amounts of rounded stones and cobbles . The Muddy Hole Brook soils have an organicsurface horizon derived predominantly from the growth and decomposition ofmosses, sedges, otherhydrophytic vegetation and heath plants .Topography- 60-The Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm map unit occupies eroded glaciofluvial terraces andoutwash plains . Landform is hummocky with slopes ranging from 0.5% to 9% .DrainageThe map unit is imperfectly to very poorly drained . Ponding ofwater from upland areas occursin the extensive depressions and flat areas in between the hummocks. Seepage occurs on slopes ofhummocks over a slightly cemented and compacted subsoil .VegetationForest types on the sites, that have not developed into fens, are the black spruce forests on theMilord Arm soils and the alder-black spruce swamps on the Muddy Hole Brook soils. The first typeconsists of an open stand of black spruce with stunted balsam fir trees and scattered larch . TheAlder-Black spruce swamp consists ofblack spruce with scattered larch and a single stunted balsamfir in the tree layer and an open shrub layer of poorly growing alder .Soil classificationThe Muddy Hole Brook soils are classified as Rego-Gleysol peaty phase and the Milord Armsoils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .Range in characteristicsMuddy Hole Brook soils occupy 50% to 60% ofthe map unit. These soils are the very poorlydrained members ofthis map unit . They are characterized by a thick (10-40 cm) layer ofmoderatelyto strongly decomposed sedge, moss and woody peat, overlying a reduced gray colored subsoil .Mottling in the subsoil is often absent due to the permanent waterlogged condition . Texture ofthe

Associated soils- 6 1-subsoil ranges from gravelly loamy sands to sands and gravels . Often a dark brown to almost blackcolored Bhg horizon, 10 to 15 cm thick exists immediately underneath the peat layers . This mineralhorizon has a high content of organic matter which has been leached in from the overlying organichorizon . A relatively thin (10-15 cm) layer of weakly decomposed mosses, grasses and sedges mayform the uppermost organic layer . The imperfectly drained Milord Arm soils occur on middle andupper slope positions of the hummocks . These soils have a relatively thick (10-20 cm) organicsurface horizon, overlying a leached grayish Ae horizon which varies considerably in thickness . Thetexture of this horizon may range from sandy loamto loam . The underlying distinctly to prominentlymottled B horizons usually have gravelly sandy loam textures, but gravelly loamy sands and sandsoccur. These horizons grade into mottled and stratified sandy and gravelly parent materials . TheMilord Arm soils are generally very stony on the surface .The poorly drained Gills Point soils occur extensively throughout the map unit on middleslopes ofhummocks, and onthe flat areas where buildup oforganic material is not extensive . Thesesoils resemble the Milord Arm soils, except for slightly darker matrix colors and mottling whichstarts immediately under the surface. The poorly drained Porters Cove soils occur where gravellyloamy sand, sandy and gravelly solum textures occur. Well drained High Point soils occur scatteredthroughout the map unit, occupying well drained sites of the landscape with usually sandy andgravelly solum textures . The Porters Cove and High Point soils are described in the sections ofthePorters Cove and High Point map unit respectively .NORRIS ARM MAP UNIT (592 ha)LocationNorris Arm soils are found throughout the survey area where they occur in association withAlderburn and Burnt Arm soils. Large concentrations ofthese soils occur north ofNorris Arm andwest ofPhillips Head.Parent MaterialThe soils are developed in deep, coarse textured glacial till, derived predominantly fromreddish sandstone, intermixed with various amounts ofmaterial derived from granites, shale, slateand volcanic rocks .TopographyNorris Arm soils occupy middle and lower slope positions of undulating terrain with long,uniform or concave slopes and hummocky areas with relatively low hummocks with long slope .

- 62-DrainageThese soils are poorly drained with stagnating or very slowly moving water near the surfacefor most of the year . Usually the ground water is perched on a slightly cemented and compactedsubsoil .VegetationThe sphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forest is the dominant forest type on the Norris Arm soils .These forests are unproductive . Occasional stands ofbalsam fir occur on somewhat drier sites withmore pronounced seepage water . Black spruce shrub and Alder-black spruce forests occupydepressional areas on gentle slopes, and bog borders where seepage water is present.Soil classificationGleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .Range in characteristicsThe Norris Arm soils are characterized by a relatively thick (10-20 cm) organic surface layer,which consists dominantly of sphagnum and feather mosses and herbaceous fragments . Underneathis a dark grayish to brown leached layer, with a high organic matter content and which may havedistinct to prominent reddish brown mottles . This Ae horizon is underlain by one or more mottled,dull reddish brown to almost dark gray B horizons . Occasionally a thin humus rich layer occursdirectly beneath the leached Ae horizon . But more often this layer is absent . The B horizons mergeinto a mottled BC horizon, then into a compact, slightly cemented C horizon with fine, prominent,bright red mottles . Solum thickness ranges from 50 to 70 cm . Texture of the solum ranges fromgravelly sandy loam to gravelly silt loam . These soils are moderately to very stony .Associated soilsAlderburnand BurntAnn soils occur within the Norris Arm map unit . Alderbum soils occupythe well drained hill tops and tops ofhummocks. The imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils are oftenfound in upper slope positions. Peaty phase Dogbeny Brook soils occur in depressions where alderand alder-black spruce swampshave formed . These associated soils are described in their respectivesingle and complex map unit descriptions .NORRIS ARM-ALDERBURN MAP UNIT (737 ha)LocationThis map unit occurs in an area between Northern Arm Brook and Rowsell's Lake and northofRowsell's Lake along the New Bay River . It also occurs northeast ofGills Point, which is locatedon the coastjust northwest ofNorris Arm North.

- 63-Parent MaterialThese soils have developed in deep (more than 100 cm) coarse textured till derivedpredominantly from reddish sandstone and varying amounts of granites, shale, slate and volcanicrocks . The proportion of stones and cobbles in the profile as well as on the surface is usually high,although some of the well drained sites may have relatively few stones and cobbles .TopographyThe Norris Arm-Alderburn complex map unit occurs on hummocky terrain with slopes rangingfrom 2 to 9% . The hummocks are usually small with short and relatively steep slopes . The areasin between the hummocks are often wide with long gentle slopes .DrainageTheNorris Arm soils are poorly drained. They occur inthe depressions in betweenhummocks,where seepage water and surface runofffrom the surrounding area collects, and where the laterallymoving water table is perched on top ofthe compacted subsoil . The Alderburn soilsare well drained . These soils occupy the upper slopes and tops ofhummocks . The Alderbum soilsthat occupy the tops ofthe hummocks are often friable and deep with good internal drainage .VegetationHylocomium-balsam fir forests are dominant in this map unit . They occur on the long gentleslopes where relatively rich ground water moves laterally over the compacted and slightly cementedsubsoil . The tops ofthe hummocks are occupied by the Pleurozium-balsam fir forest type. Bothforest types are the original forests for these areas . The trees are usually mature to overmature . Athick moss carpet covers old logs and stumps making the forest floor very irregular. Black spruceand white birch are common occurrences . Wetter sites, where ground water stagnates, support poorstands of black spruce and black spruce shrub . A small amount of logging has occurred in theseareas. Vegetation of this map unit located northeast of Norris Arm North consists dominantly ofblack spruce and white birch, with extensive areas destroyed by insects .Soil classificationThe Norris Arm soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol and the Alderburn soils areclassified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.Range in characteristicsThe poorly drained Norris Arm soils occupy 50 to 70% of the map unit . These soils have arelatively thick (10-20 cm) organic surface layer, consisting of mosses overlying a grayish leachedAe horizon with distinct to prominent mottles . Underneath occur one or more mottled, dull reddishbrown to brownish gray colored B horizons, over a compacted and slightly cemented subsoil . Thissubsoil, which usually occurs at a depth of 30 to 50 cm below the surface, often has fine prominentmottles in the upper part. Textures range from gravelly silt loam to very gravelly sandy loam, with

the finer textures in the Ae and upper B horizons . Gravel content increases with depth. These soilsare often excessively stony in the profile, with bleached sandstone flagstones lying horizontallyimmediately under the organic surface layer . The well drained Alderburn soils occupyapproximately 30 to 50% of the map unit . They usually have an organic surface layer of about 10cm thick, overlying a thin (2 to 5 cm) grayish leached Ae horizon with a distinct reddish tinge .Textures ofthe Ae horizon and upper B horizon range from gravelly fine sandy loam to sometimessilt loam. Solum thickness is generally 30 to 50 cm . Solum texture is usually gravelly sandy loambut may vary from gravelly coarse sandy loam to silt loam . Gravel, cobble and stone content ofthesesoils may vary considerably over short distances, but is usually very high. Granitic and reddishsandstone boulders are common throughout the area.Associated soils- 64-The imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils occupy some upper and middle slope positions .These soils are characterized by a relatively thick grayish leached Ae horizon which usually lacksmottles . The underlying B horizons are dull reddish brown colored with faint to distinct mottles .Vegetation on these soils is usually similar to that found on the Norris Arm soils . Two Mile Brookand Dogberry Brook soils occur in depressions and in gullies where a thick (20 to 60 cm) layer ofpeat has formed. These soils are very poorly drained, with water table levels at or near the surfaceduring most of the year. Properties of the Two Mile Brook and the Dogberry Brook soils aredescribed in the section for the Dogberry Brook- Michael's Harbour map unit .NORRIS ARM-DOGBERRY BROOK (730 ha)LocationThe Norris Arm-Dogberry Brook complex map unit occupies areas north ofNorris Arm, eastof Mill Pond and between Phillips Head and New Bay River .Parent MaterialThey have developed in deep (more than 100 cm) coarse textured till derived predominantlyfrom reddish sandstone and varying amounts ofgranites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks . These soilsare usually very to exceedingly stony .TopographyThis map unit occupies hummocky and sloping terrain withlow, small hummocks interspersedby many depressions, swales, gullies and melt water channels . Slopes range from 2% to 5% withmany nearly level areas in between the hummocks .DrainageSoils ofthe Norris Arm-Dogberry Brook map unit are poorly to very poorly drained. Seepagewater is present on most of the gentle slopes, while stagnating water occurs in the depressions,

- 65-gullies and channels .areas .These areas generally serve as collection basins for the surrounding uplandVegetationBalsam fir forests are dominant on the complex map unit. The composition of the tree layerofthese forests varies greatly. Balsam fir with scattered white birch and black spruce constitute theundisturbed stands . Black spruce is abundant and after disturbance it may become the dominant treespecies . Sometimes exceptionally well developed larch occur. The forest floor is usually veryirregular with many small hollows and hummocks . The hollows have standing water for most oftheyear. Muck development is especially evident in these hollows . Lower lying, very wet areas withthick, moderately to highly decomposed organic surface horizons, often support alder-black spruceswamps, consisting of poorly growing black spruce with an open shrub layer of speckled alder,scattered larch and single stunted balsam fir. More nutrient-rich areas with relatively thick, highlydecomposed organic surface horizons are occupied by alder thickets with scattered balsam fir trees.The speckled alder always forms a dense and vigorous shrub layer .Soil classificationThe Norris Arm soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol and the Dogberry Brooksoils are classified as Rego Gleysol, peaty phase .Range in characteristics60% to 70% of this complex map unit is occupied by the poorly drained Norris Arm soils .These soils are characterized by a relatively thick (10- 20 cm) organic surface layer consisting ofmosses and moderately well decomposed forest litter, overlying a grayish leached Ae horizon withdistinct to prominent mottles . Often, a thin, black, greasy mineral-organic layer can be foundimmediately underneath the organic surface layer . Mottled, dull reddish brown to brownish graycolored B horizons overlie the compacted and slightly cemented subsoil . Fine, prominent mottlesoften occur in the upper part ofthis subsoil . Textures ofthe Ae and upper B horizons range fromfine sandy loam to silt loam . The lower B and BC horizons as well as the subsoil usually have agravelly to very gravelly sandy loam texture, but may range from gravelly coarse sandy loam to siltloam . Gravel content usually increases with depth. Stone and cobble content of these soils is veryhigh, with bleached sandstone flagstones lyinghorizontally under the organic surface layer. The verypoorly drained Dogberry Brook soils occupy 30 to 40% of this map unit . These soils have a 10 to40 cm thick organic surface layer consisting ofmoderately to highly decomposed sedge, moss, grassand woody peat, overlying a brownish gray to gray colored very gravelly and very to exceedinglystony and cobbly sandy loam mineral subsoil; small prominent mottles may occur in the upper partof this horizon . Often the upper 10 cm ofthe subsoil has a finer texture, ranging from loam to siltloam . This subsoil grades into a compact subsoil which tends to be impermeable to the downwardmovement ofwater.

- 66-Associated soilsTwo Mile Brook soils occur extensively within this map unit. They often occur on bog bordersand in alder swamps . These soils are characterized by a thick (less than 60 cm) slightly tomoderately decomposed peat layer consisting of sphagnum mosses, sedges and minor amounts ofwoody peat . The upper 10 to 20 cm usually contains weakly decomposed sphagnum mosses andsedges . At the interface of the mineral and organic layer, usually -highly decomposed woody peatoccurs . The subsoil is a dark grayish brown, very stony and cobbly, gravelly sandy loam . Michael'sHarbour and Mint Pond organic soils are found in the many small slope fens that occur in this mapunit. Their properties are described in the sections for Michael's Harbour and Mint Pond map units .NORRIS ARM-HIGH POINT MAP UNIT (99 ha)LocationThe Norris Arm-High Point map unit occurs along the north shore of Norris Arm, east ofMelvins Point .Parent MaterialNorris Arm soils have developed in deep, coarse textured glacial till. High Point soils havedeveloped from glaciofluvial sands and gravels . Both soils have been derived predominantly fromreddish sandstone and varying amounts of granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks .TopographyNorris Arm soils occupy hummocky moraine with very gentle slopes (2-5% slopes), the HighPoint soils are found on remnants of glaciofluvial terraces which occur along brooks that flow fromthe upland plain to the north . Red sandstone rock outcrops occur in the area.DrainageThe Norris Arm soils occupy approximately 60 to 70% of the map unit . They are poorlydrained with stagnating or slowly moving seepage water near the surface for most ofthe year. Theground water is perched on a compacted and slightly cemented subsoil . These soils occurdominantly on the long and gentle slopes and in depressions . The High Point soils occupyapproximately 30 to 40% of the map unit. They are well to rapidly drained due to the permeablenature of their coarse textures and due to their elevated position in the landscape .VegetationThe black spruce forests are dominant on the Norris Arm soils . Balsam fir and white birch areusually present, with white birch becoming more frequent towards the coast. Alder swamps andblack spruce shrub occur in very poorly drained depressions with stagnating, nutrient-poor water.

The High Point soils generally support immature stands ofbalsam fir with apleurozium moss groundcover.Soil classification- 67-The Norris Arm soils are classified as Orthic Gleysol or Gleyed Humo- Ferric Podzol .High Point soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .TheRange in characteristicsThe Norris Arm soils have a relatively thick (15-20 cm) organic surface layer, consisting ofsphagnum and feather mosses . Underneath, a brown to dark gray, leached and mottled Ae horizonmay or may not be present . The underlying B horizons are usually brown to grayish brown . Thesehorizons don't always qualify as Bfhorizons . The B horizons merge into a mottled BC horizon, theninto a compact and slightly cemented C horizon . - Textures of the solum are gravelly medium tocoarse sandy loam but may range from gravelly sandy loam to silt loam . However, the Ae, ifpresent,and the upper B horizons often have textures ranging from very fine sandy loam to silt loam . TheHigh Point soils have a 5 to 10 cm thick organic surface horizon overlying a very thin (less than 5cm) light grayish leached Ae horizon . The underlying B and BC horizons are usually dark brownto brown in color. Their textures range from fine gravel to gravelly loamy sands, with the finertextures occurring in the upper B horizons . Textures for the Ae horizon may range from gravellyloamy coarse sands to gravelly coarse sandy loam . Solum thickness is oftenmore than 75 cm . Stoneand cobble content of these soils is generally very high, with bleached sandstone flagstones lyinghorizontally immediately under the surface ofthe Norris Arm soils .Associated soilsAlong the coast marine influenced soils occur . These soils consist of light gray colored, finegravelly loamy sand . They are generally deep . Large subrounded stones occur in the profile . Thesesoils are usually moderately well to well drained. Dogberry Brook soils occur in very poorly draineddepressions, where a thick organic surface layer has formed consisting of sedge, moss, grass andwoody peat . These soils are described in more detail in the section for the Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour map unit . Burnt Arm andAlderburn soils occurto a minor extent on upper slopepositions and on tops ofhummocks . Theirproperties are described in the sections forthe Burnt Armmap unit and Alderburn map unit respectively.NORTHERN ARM-ALDERBURN NON-STONY PHASE MAP UNIT (357 ha)LocationThis map unit occurs dominantly in an areanorth ofNorthern Arm Brook andto a lesser extentin an area east ofMill Pond.

- 68-Parent MaterialThese soils have developed in coarse textured till, derived predominantly from reddishsandstone and varying amounts ofgranites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks . TheNorthern Arm soilsare underlain by coarse textured, poorly sorted and often compacted outwash material of mixedorigin at depths ranging from 20 to 50 cm.TopographyThis combination of soils is dominantly found on inclines that form the upper slopes of anextensive kame terrace with a till overburden of various thickness . These slopes have a southerlyto southwesterly aspect and range from 6% to more than 30% .DrainageThe Northern Arm and Alderburn soils are moderately well to well drained due to the perviousnature ofthe material . Imperfectly drained areas occur where the underlying sands and gravels actas an impermeable layer, due to a large increase in porosity .VegetationForest vegetation occurring onthis map unit is dominantly black spruce with scattered balsamfir and white birch . However, more or less pure stands ofusually immature balsam fir are commonoccurrences. Most likely, these forests originated after fire . Logging has taken place in most ofthearea occupied by the Northern Arm-Alderbum map unit in recent years, and a forest fire in thesummer of1979 has destroyed the vegetation ofa large part of this map unit . Consequently most ofthe unit supports a vegetation ofshrubs such as speckled alder, choke cherry and ericaceous shrubs .Blueberry is abundant on the recently burnt-over areas .Soil classificationThe Northern Arm and the Alderburn soils are both classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .Range in characteristicsThe Northern Arm soils occupy 50% to 60% of this complex map unit. These soils havedeveloped in a 20 to 50 cm thick till overburden, over somewhat compacted gravelly and sandywashed till or glacio-fluvial material. They have a 10 to 20 cm thick organic surface layer whenunder vegetation . This surface layer has almost disappeared on the burnt over areas . Underneathis a very thin, usually less than 5 cm, leached Ae horizon with a distinct reddish tinge . Totalthickness ofthe underlying Bf and BC horizons range from 20 to 50 cm (Fig. 10) . Textures of theAe and upper Bfhorizons are usually finer than that ofthe lower Bf and BC horizons . They range-from fine sandy loam to loam, while textures for the lower solum are gravelly and very gravellysandy loams . The glaciofluvial or washed till subsoils range from sands and gravels to gravellyloamy coarse sands. The Alderburn soils have developed in a thicker till overburden . They aredifferent from the Norris Arm soils in the texture ofthe C horizon, which usually is gravelly sandy

loam . Differentiating thetwo soils often is difficult where distinction between tills andpoorly sortedfluvial materials or washed tills is unclear - for instance, when loamy coarse sand subsoils are foundwith a high amount ofsubrounded gravel . Stone and cobble content ofthe profile is generally slightfor both soils with stones occurring mainly on the surface . However, patches with very stony soilsoccur throughout the map unit .Associated soils- 69-Imperfectly drained Burnt Arm soils and Mill Pond soils occur on lower slope positions whereseepage water occurs. Norris Arm and Melvins Point soils occur in the poorly drained depressionalareas, where watercollects from the surrounding areas . Melvins Point soils usually have thick (10-20cm) organic surface horizons consisting of mosses, overlying a thick (15-20 cm), light grayish,mottled Ae horizon. The underlying B horizons are usually dull colored with distinct mottles . Thesubsoil has a gravelly loamy coarse sand to sandy texture, is usually dark gray and has prominentreddish brown mottles . Properties of Burnt Arm, Mill Pond and Norris Arm soils are described inthe sections for their map unit descriptions .PETERS ARM MAP UNIT (865 ha)LocationPeters Arm soils occur extensively in the Brown's Arm Area, on the Burnt Arm Peninsula andalong the shore between Burnt Arm and Norris Arm North .Parent MaterialThe soils have developed in deep, stratified glaciofluvial sands and gravels, derivedpredominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts ofgranites . They.are usually moderatelystony and cobbly . Stones tend to be small .TopographyThe Peters Arm soils occur dominantly on glaciofluvial and coastal terraces, where depositionby glacial outwash predominates over marine deposition . These terraces are often dissected anderoded, resulting in a hummocky landform . Their elevation is generally not more than 15 m abovesea level . Fluvial ridges occur at higher elevations (60 - 75 m above sea level) in Brown's Arm andBurnt Arm. Their tops are flat, indicating that these ridges may be remnants of a previous terrace,which can be traced from Peters Pond through the Kings Ridge in Botwood and the ridges in BurntArm and Brown's Arm. These ridges are flat topped in most locations, but can be dissected orpeaked where erosion and slump from both sides has occurred . The sides of these deposits aregenerally very steep with slopes ranging from 45% to more than 100%.

- 70-DrainageDrainage of the Peters Arm soils is moderately good to good. Due to the sandy loam textureof the solum, they generally have sufficient water holding capacity for plant growth . The coastalterraces are often in a receiving position for water coming from upland areas . Poor drainage oftenoccurs when this runoff ponds on the flat terraces .Vegetation/land useThe dominant forest types occurring in this map unit are the kalmia- black spruce and blackspruce-moss forests. The kalmia-black spruce forests consist of open black spruce stands withbalsam fir as the subdominant species. Ericaceous shrub such as sheep laurel and blueberry, togetherwith pleurozium mosses, form the ground cover. The black spruce - moss forests are characterizedby a dense ground cover of pleurozium moss and good stands of black spruce . These forests aregenerally a succession to Pleurozium-balsam fir forests after fire . White birch stands, and poorlydeveloped black spruce stands occur in scattered locations . Traditionally, these soils have beenfavoured for agriculture, because oftheir relatively low stone content, their flatness and the ease withwhich they can be cultivated. The majority of the agricultural activity within the study area takesplace on this map unit. Vegetables, such as potatoes, turnip, cabbage and carrots, are being grownin Brown's Arm, Portersville and Laurenceton . The majority ofthe cleared land is used as pastureand hayland.Soil classificationOrthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .Range in characteristicsPeters Arm soils are characterized by a gravelly loamy sand to sandy loam texture ofthe solumand a stratified sandy and gravelly subsoil (Fig . 11) . Texture ofthe grayish leached Ae horizon isoften loamy . Its thickness varies widely, from 1 to as much as 15 cm. Thickness of the underlyingB horizons generally ranges from 15 to 30 cm . These horizons grade into usually massive BC andC horizons which are often weakly cemented by silica. Stone content of these soils is usuallymoderate and the stones tend to be small (less than 15 cm in diameter) .Associated soilsGills Point and Muddy Hole Brook soils occur when runoff from upland areas ponds on theflat terraces . Gills Point soils are characterized by a relatively thick (10-20 cm) organic surfacehorizon consisting dominantly ofmosses, which overlies a grayto pale brown pehorizonwhich maybe mottled . The underlying B horizons have distinct to prominent rust colored mottles . The MuddyHole Brook soils have a thick (10-40 cm) layer of moderately decomposed to highly decomposedsedge, moss and woody peat, overlying a grayish subsoil . Mottling is usually absent in these soilsas they are saturated with water for most of the year . Muddy Hole Brook and Gills Point soils aredescribed in more detail in the section for the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm map unit . Well to

- 71-rapidly drained High Point soils occur in areas where the solum texture is coarser than sandy loam.Properties of the High Point soils are described in the section for the High Point map unit .PETERS ARM - MILORD ARM MAP UNIT (125 ha)LocationThis map unit occurs west of Milord Arm, on the southern part of the Burnt Arm peninsula,and in Northern Arm .Parent MaterialThese soils have developed from deep, stratified glaciofluvial sands and gravels, derivedpredominantly from reddish sandstone and minor amounts ofgranites . They are moderately stonyand cobbly .TopographyThe map unit occupies eroded and dissected glaciofluvial and coastal terraces where glacialoutwash deposits predominate over marine deposits . They are usually level to gently sloping, withslopes ranging from 0.5% to 2 .5% . At Norris Arm the unit is part of the river terrace and deltaicdeposit ofthe Northern Arm Brook .DrainageDrainage ranges from moderately well forthe Peters Arm soils to imperfect for the Milord Armsoils . Poorly drained areas occur within this map unit quite frequently, especially in depressions andlower slope positions . These areas are occupied by the Gills Point soils . The imperfectly and poorlydrained soils have water moving laterally over a somewhat cemented subsoil, when they occur onslopes .VegetationForest types on these map units are mostly kalmia-black spruce forests on the drier sites andsphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forests on the wetter sites having stagnating ground water . Theseforest types consist of open black spruce stands with balsam fir being present in almost all stands .The balsam fir is usually stunted when on the wetter sites, where it occurs in combination with larch .Alder-black spruce swamps occur on poorly drained sites with seepage water . They consist ofblackspruce with an open shrub layer ofpoorly growing alder. Scattered larch and_single stunted balsamfir occur .Soil classificationThe Peters Arm soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol and the Milord Arm soilsare classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .

Range in characteristicsPeters Arm soils occupy 60 to 70% of the map unit. They have a 5 to 10 cm thick organicsurface horizon, overlying a grayish leached Ae horizon of varying thickness and varying textures .The underlying Bfhorizon ranges in texture from gravelly loamy sand to very gravelly sandy loam .This horizon grades into coarser textured massive BC and C horizons which are often slightlycemented by silica. Stone content ofthese soils is usually moderate . The Milord Arm soils occupyapproximately 30 to 405 ofthe map unit while the Gills Point soils occupy the remaining 10% ofthemap unit . The Milord Arm soils differ from the Peters Arm soils in that they have relatively thick(10-20 cm) organic surface horizons and yellowish brown mottling which starts at about 20 cm belowthe surface. The poorly drained Gills Point soils resemble the Milord Arm soils, except for slightlydarker matrix colors and mottling which starts immediately under the surface .Associated soilsMuddy Hole Brook soils occur in areas with ponding . They have a thick (10-40 cm) layer ofmoderately to highly decomposed sedge, moss and woody peat, overlying a dark grayish subsoil .The Muddy Hole Brook soils are described in more detail in the section for the Muddy Hole BrookMilord Arm map unit . Good to rapidly drained High Point soils, and imperfectly to poorly drainedPorters Cove soils occur where solum textures are coarser than sandy loam to loamy sand . Theirproperties are described under the sections for the High Point map unit and the Porters Cove mapunit respectively .PETERS POND MAP UNIT (380 ha)LocationPeters Pond soils are mainly found west of Phillips Head and east of Mill Pond . The PetersPond map unit usually occurs in similar areas where the Coopers Pond map unit has been mapped .Parent MaterialPeters Pond soils have developed from very shallow (20-50 cm) till veneers over bedrock. Thecoarse textured till has been derived predominantly from reddish sandstone and varying amounts ofgranites, shales, slates and volcanic rocks . These soils are exceedingly channery and stony, with ahigh proportion of flagstones . They usually contain much mica throughout the profile .TopographyThe topography of the Peters Pond soils is that of the underlying bedrock-hummocky withrelatively short and steep slopes ranging from 10 to 30% . South of Milord Arm these soils areassociated with a crag-and-tail deposit.

- 73-DrainagePeters Pond soils are moderately well to imperfectly drained, with ground water movinglaterally over the bedrock .VegetationVegetation ofthe Peters Pond map unit is very similar to that of the Coopers Pond map unit,which is the black spruce-moss forest type . Balsam fir and white birch are common occurrences .Large areas have been logged and invasion ofthese areas by dwarf shrubs slows down regenerationofthe forest.Soil classificationOrthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, very shallow lithic phase .Range in characteristicsSolum thickness, which coincides with the depth to bedrock, ranges from 20 to 50 cm.Thickness ofthe organic surface horizon is usually about 5 cm . The underlying leached Ae horizonranges in thickness from 5 to 10 cm . Texture ofthe Ae horizon is gravelly fine sandy loam . Beneaththis are one or two Bf horizons with textures ranging from very channery sandy loam to verychannery coarse sandy loam. Proportion of channery coarse fragments increases with depth . Thelower B horizon or BC horizon usually has much fragmented bedrock . Faint mottling occursimmediately above the bedrock and may be observed throughout the profile for the wetter sites .Associated soilsPhillips Head soils occur in wetter positions in the landscape, such as depressions and lowerslopes where seepage water, running over the bedrock, collects . Coopers Pond soils are found onsome middle slope positions were the till is deeper. Whetstone Hill soils occur in wetterdepressions, and on lower slopes with a more than 50 cm deep till overburden . Properties oftheseassociated soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions .PHILLIPS HEAD MAP UNIT (342 ha)LocationThe Phillips Head map unit occurs predominantly west and south west ofPhillips Head, withits main concentration along the coast between Phillips Head and Northern Arm .

- 74-Parent MaterialThe Phillips Head soils have developed in similar material as the Peters Pond soils ; veryshallow (20-50 cm), coarse textured till veneer, derived predominantly from reddish sandstone andvarying amounts of granites, shale, slate and volcanic rocks.TopographyThe topography of the Phillips Head soils is strongly controlled by the underlying bedrock .Along the coast, southwest of Phillips Head, they occur on moderate to strongly sloping terrain (10-30%) which slopes towards the coast . In more inland positions these soils occur on middle andlower slopes ofhummocky terrain .DrainageThese soils are generally in a receiving position for seepage water and surface runoff movingdown the slope . Due to their shallow nature and their position in the landscape, they are poorlydrained .VegetationThe black spruce-balsam fir-white birch forest is dominant on these soils . Despite theirshallowness and wetness, these soils often support productive stands, a result of nutrient rich waterseeping from upper slopes . Sphagnum mosses form the ground cover ofthis forest type .Soil classificationGleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol or Gleyed Dystric Brunisol, very shallow lithic phase.Range in characteristicsSolum thickness ranges from 20 to 50 cm depending on the depth to bedrock . Thickness ofthe organic surface horizon is usually around 10 cm . Underneath the organic surface horizon is arelatively thick (10-20 cm) leached Ae horizon with distinct mottling . Texture of this horizon isusually finer than that of the underlying B horizons, and may range from fine sandy loam to siltloam . B horizons are usually dull reddish brown to grayish brown. Faint mottling may be present.Often these horizons are saturated with water for such long periods that mottling may not beapparent. Textures ofthe solum range from very channery sandy loam to very channery coarse sandyloam. Proportions of channery coarse fragments increase with depth. These soils often contain avery high amount of cobbles and flagstones throughout the profile, with fragmented bedrockoccurring immediately above the bedrock .Associated soilsPeters Pond soils occur in drier positions in the landscape, such as tops of hummocks, upperslope positions and crests ofridges . Whetstone Hill soils occur in areas where the till overburden

- 75-is more than 50 cm deep . Dogberry Brook soils are found when shallow sedge, moss and woodypeat has formed in depressions where seepage water and surface water stagnates or moves veryslowly . Properties of these soils are described in their respective single and complex map unitdescriptions .PITTS POND MAP UNIT (256 ha)LocationThis map unit occurs northeast of Point Leamington and south and east ofMill Pond .Parent materialThe Pitts Pond soils have developed in deep well stratified, glaciofluvial sands and gravels ofmixed lithologic origin .TopographyThe position and morphology of the deposits, occupied by the Pitts Pond map unit, indicatesthat they may be remnants of a kame terrace . They border a major valley train and could have beenformed between a large valley glacier and the valley wall . These remnants of a kame terrace areeroded and dissected, resulting in a hummocky and undulating topography with slopes ranging from0.5% to 5%.DrainageThe soils ofthis map unit are generally well drained. Their coarse textured nature gives themgood internal drainage but leaves them susceptible to drought .Vegetation/land useThe major foresttypes on this map unit are kalmia-black spruce and black spruce-moss forests.These forest types consist ofan open black spruce stand with balsam fir as subdominant tree species .The kalmia-black spruce forests have a ground cover of dwarf shrubs, dominated by kalmiaangustifolia . The black spruce-moss forests have a thick moss layer as ground cover withPleurozium schreberi as the most abundant moss . Logging has occurred throughout this map unit.Northeast of Point Leamington areas have been cleared for agriculture . These soils, although lowin fertility and susceptible to drought, are easy to manage and sustain moderate yields in years ofnormal rainfall . -Soil classificationOrthic Humo-Ferric Podzol or Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .

- 76-Range in characteristicsThe surface horizons of Pitts Pond soils often show little evidence of stratification and havefiner textures compared to their parent materials, which are coarse textured and highly stratified .Upper horizons often resemble till in fabric, content of angular stones and uniformity . Pitts Pondsoils have organic surface horizons ofvarying thickness, depending on the vegetation and forest typeoccurring on the soil. The underlying leached Ae horizon is usually thin (2-5 cm), and has a loamtexture . The Bf horizons are often slightly cemented and extend 30 to more than 50 cm deep .Textures ofthe B horizons range from sandy loam to sand, depending upon the stratification ofthedeposit . The Bfhorizons grade into an often slightly cemented BC horizon and then into a stratifiedC horizon. However, the BC horizon may be absent . These soils are generally very cobbly but theydo not contain high proportions of stones (rock fragments larger than 15 cm in diameter) .Associated soilsImperfectly drained Point Leamington soils occur on lower slopes . Their properties aredescribed in the section for the Point Leamington map unit. Poorly drained soils occur indepressions and on flat areas where water from upland areas stagnates . These soils have thickorganic surface horizons (10-30 cm) overlying a dull gray, mottled, leached Ae horizon . The Bhorizons are also dull in color and often contain more organic matter than the Pitts Pond soils .POINT LEAMINGTON-SOUTH WEST ARM MAP UNIT (113 ha)LocationThe Point Leamington-South West Arm map unit occurs along the east shore of South WestArm and in a small area south of Mill Pond.Parent MaterialThey have developed in deep, well stratified,lfhologic origin.glaciofluvial sands and gravels of mixedTopographyThis map unit occupies a coastal terrace where deposition by glacial outwash predominatesover marine deposition. It also occurs on remnants of a kame terrace in the New Bay River valley .The terraces are generally eroded, resulting in a hummocky to undulating topography with slopesranging from 0.5% to 5% . Shale rock outcrops are common in this map unit east of PointLeamington .

- 77-DrainageThe soils of the Point Leamington-South West Arm map unit are generally imperfectly topoorly drained . Well drained soils occur mainly on upper slope positions and tops ofhummocks .Seepage is generally absent and water table levels experience considerable seasonal changes .VegetationDominant forest types ofthis map unit are the sphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forests and thealder-black spruce swamps . The first type occurs on imperfectly to poorly drained sites withstagnation ofnutrient-poor water and considerable seasonal changes in water level . It consists of anopen stand of black spruce with scattered larch and stunted balsam fir and a ground cover of dwarfshrubs, dominated by kalmia angustifolia . The moss layer consists of mostly sphagnum mosses .The alder-black spruce swamps occur in areas bordering uplands where seepage water contributesto the nutrient content ofthe soil water. They differ from the sphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forestin that they have an open shrub layer of poorly growing alder . Wet alder swamps occur as poorlyand very poorly drained sites. They consist of dense and vigorous speckled alder shrub withscattered balsam fir, black spruce, red maple and balsam poplar . Logging has occurred in this mapunit and small plots have been cleared and are used as pastures and hayland.Soil classificationThe Point Leamington soils are classified as Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol and the South Westarm soils are classified as Orthic Gleysol .Range in characteristicsThe imperfectly drained Point Leamington soils occupy approximately 60% to 70% ofthe mapunit consisting ofsphagnum moss and sedges . These soils have a thick (10-30 cm) organic surfacehorizon overlying a very thin dull gray, often slightly mottled leached Ae horizon, which may beabsent. The B horizons are dull in color and are often relatively high in organic matter. These gradeinto mottled BC and C horizons. The upper 30 to 50 cm are usually finer textured than theunderlying, stratified parent material and often resemble till in fabric, uniformity and content ofangular stones . Textures ofthese horizons are usually very gravelly sandy loam to loam. Texturesofthe subsoil vary considerably due to the stratified nature ofthe deposit, and may range from sandsand gravels to very gravelly loam . The poorly drained South West Arm soils resemble the PointLeamington soils closely, except for amore prominent mottling in the Ae horizon. Stone and cobblecontent of the profile as well as surface stoniness for the Point Leamington-South West Arm mapunit vary considerably even over short distances and range from slightly stony to exceedingly stony .Associated soilsVery poorly drained soils occur throughout the map unit in depressions and lower slopepositions . These soils have a 10 to 60 cm thick, usually highly decomposed woody fen peat layerover a dark brown to dark grayish, reduced mineral subsoil . Texture ofthe subsoil may range fromsands and gravels to loam, but more often is a loamy coarse sand. Water tables of these soils are

-7softenat or near the surface but may be as deep as 50 cm below the surface during prolonged dryperiods. Well drained Pitts Pond soils occur on better drained sites, such as tops of hummock andupper slope positions . Their properties are described in the section for the Pitts Pond map unit.PORTERS COVE MAP UNIT (56 ha)LocationThe Porters Cove soils are the poorly drained member of the High Point catena . They occurbehind the residential area ofNorthern Arm and on the river terraces along Northern Arm Brook.Parent MaterialThe soils have developed from deep glaciofluvial sands and gravels, derived predominantlyfrom reddish sandstone and minor amounts of granites and volcanic rocks .TopographyThe Porters Cove map unit occurs on glaciofluvial or fluvial, level, river terraces and on theeroded and dissected glacio-fluvial delta of the Northern Arm Brook . Land form of this delta ishummocky with slopes ranging from 2% to 5% .DrainageThese soils are generally poorly to imperfectly drained due to ponding ofwater flowing fromupland areas .VegetationImmature stands of balsam fir and open stands of black spruce shrub occur on this map unit .Some small stands of overmature black spruce can be found on the imperfectly drained sites . Partsof the map unit have been cleared previously, however, much of this has been invaded by aldershrub .Soil classificationGleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .Range in characteristicsOrganic surface horizon is generally relatively thick (10-30 cm) . Underneath is a 10 to 20 cmthick, grayish brown to pale brown Ae horizon which may or may not have mottles, overlyingmottled Bf horizons . When cultivated, a 10 to 20 cm thick dark brown to brown mineral-organicsurface horizon overlies an often relatively thin (less than 10 cm) pale brown Ae horizon . Texturesofthe B horizons vary considerably from gravelly coarse sands to gravelly sandy clay loams . The

- 79-B horizons grade into coarse textured, grayish, reduced BC and C horizons . Mottling is often absentin this subsoil because ofthe permanent waterlogged condition . Surface stoniness ranges from veryto exceedingly stony .Associated soilsVery poorly drained Muddy Hole Brook and well drained High Point soils occur within thePorters Cove map unit . The Muddy Hole Brook soils occupy depressions where water tables are ator near the surface . They have a 10 to 40 cm thick organic surface layer consisting ofmoderately tohighly decomposed sedge, moss and woody peat, overlying a dark grayish permanently waterlogged,coarse textured mineral subsoil . The well drained HighPoint soils occupy the tops ofthe hummocksand ridges . Properties for the Muddy Hole Brook and High Point soils are described in the sectionsfor the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm and High Point map units.RED CLIFF POND MAP UNIT (150 ha)LocationThe Red CliffPond map unit has been identified in approximately 20 locations throughout themap area. This map unit occurs on fens which are usually between 5 and 15 ha large .Parent MaterialThe soils ofthis map unit are developed from the growth and decomposition of sedges withsome grasses (Eriophorum spp . and sphagnum mosses, on very poorly drained sites which areinfluenced by relatively nutrient-rich ground waters) .TopographyThey occur predominantly on slope fens which have developed in depressions .from 0.5% to 2.5% and occasionally up to 5%.Slopes rangeDrainageThe map unit is poorly to very poorly drained with water tables at or near the surface.water, locally called "flashets" occur .OpenVegetationThe vegetation consists predominantly of sedges, grasses (Eriophorum spp) and sphagnummosses which occur on small hummocks . Scattered larch and juniper are usually present .Soil classificationTypic Mesisol and Fibric Mesisol .

- 80-Range in characteristicsThese soils resemble the Mint Pond soils except for the depth ofthepeat material which rangesbetween 160 and 300 cm, occasionally even deeper . A 10 to 30 cm thick surface layer ofvery weaklyto weakly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat overlies weakly to moderately to stronglydecomposed and matted sedge peat . Sedge leaves and Eriophorum plant remains are readilyidentifiable and the peat material contains a large amount ofvery fine sedge and Eriophorum roots .Decomposition of the peat material generally increases with depth . The texture of the substrateranges from very gravelly loamy sand to gravelly silt loam and is often very to exceedingly stony andcobbly . Occasionally, fractured bedrock forms the substrate .Associated soilsMint Pond soils are often found within the Red Cliff Pond map unit . They occur where thedepth to the mineral substrate is less than 160 cm. Mint Pond soils are described in the section forthe Mint Pond map unit .SHARRONS POND MAP UNIT (89 ha)LocationThis map unit has been identified in only two places ; on the Burnt Arm peninsula and just eastofNorthern Arm.Parent MaterialThe soils of Sharrons Pond map unit are developed from the growth and decomposition ofmainly sphagnum mosses, with small amounts ofmaterial from ericaceous shrub, spruce and larch.They have developed on poorly and very poorly drained sites with nutrient-poor ground water .TopographyThe map unit occurs on horizontal to slightly domed bogs. They have no pond development .Slopes ranges from 0% to 25% .DrainageThey are poorly to imperfectly drained, with water table levels ranging from 10 to 30 cm belowthe surface .VegetationThe vegetation ofthis map unit consists of a ground cover of sphagnum mosses with somesedges and a dense ericaceous shrub layer consisting ofbog laurel and sheep laurel . Stunted blackspruce is always present.

- 8 1-Soil classificationTerric Fibrisol, Terric Humic Fibrisol.Range in characteristicsThickness of the peat deposit ranges from 60 to 160 cm. A 10 to 20 cm thick surface layerconsisting ofalmost undecomposed, sphagnum mossesoverlies very weakly to weakly decomposedfibrous sphagnum peat . Often a layer ofmoderately to strongly decomposed sphagnum and sedgepeat overlies the mineral substrate . The substrate consists ofglaciofluvial gravelly loamy sands andsands .Associated soilsMuddy Hole Brook soils occur where the peat material is less than 60 cm thick . These soilsconsist ofa moderately decomposed layer of sphagnum and sedge peat overlying a grayish, reducedloamy sand to sandy substrate . Mint Pond soils occur where the peat material is more decomposed .Their properties are described in the sections for the Muddy Hole Brook-Milord Arm and Mint Pondmap units .TURTLE CREEK - NEW BAY RIVER MAP UNIT (160 ha)LocationThis map unit occurs east of Brown's Arm and northeast and east of Rowsell's Lake. It is acomplex map unit consisting ofthe very shallow lithic Turtle Creek soils and the shallow lithic NewBay River soils . The Turtle Creek soils occupy 60% of this map unit, the New Bay River soilsoccupy the remainder .Parent MaterialThese soils have developed in shallow to moderately deep, coarse textured till derivedpredominantly from medium grained granites, granodiorites, diorites, volcanic rocks and varyingamounts of reddish sandstone . They are usually very to extremely stony in the profile as well as onthe surface, with many granitic boulders .TopographyLandforms of this map unit consist of till veneers over hummocky and ridged bedrock withgentle to extreme slopes . Bedrock outcrops are abundant. Hummocks and ridges are irregularlydistributed, with many shallow peat deposits in between granitic, volcanic and dioritic bedrockoutcrops with or without a thick moss cover .

- 82-DrainageDrainage is dominantly moderately well for both soils, with occasional seepage occurring overthe bedrock. These soils occur on the tops and sides ofthe hummocks and ridges. Poorly and verypoorly drained conditions prevail on the lower slopes and in the depressions between hummocks andridges .VegetationOpen stands of black spruce with poorly developed balsam fir constitute the dominantvegetation ofthe map unit . White birch and larch are common occurrences withthe larch occupyingthe poorly drained lower slope position . Ericaceous species such as Labrador tea, bog laurel, sheeplaurel and leather leaf dominate the shrub layer .Soil classificationThe Turtle Creek soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, very shallow lithic phase .The New Bay River soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase .Range in characteristicsDepth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 50 cm for the Turtle Creek soils and from 50 to 100 cm forthe New Bay River soils . Thickness of the organic surface horizon varies from 5 to 20 cm . Thetexture ofthe solum varies from loamy sands to sandy loam, with high amounts of angular gravel .The texture of the grayish, leached Ae horizon is usually finer . Often a layer of bedrock rubbleoverlies the bedrock . Mottling occurs immediately above the bedrock or bedrock rubble . Thesesoils often contain a high proportion ofmaterial derived from reddish sandstone, and distinction ofthese soils from Peters Pond and Coopers Pond soils can be difficult.Associated soilsExtremely shallow lithic soils and moss overbedrock occur ontop ofthe hummocks andridgesand on upper slopes . The extremely shallow lithic soils have a 10 to 20 cm gravelly loamy sand tilllayer over the bedrock . Their organic surface horizon consists of mosses and forest litter . Thesesoils are usually well drained. Poorly drained soils occur on lower slope positions and depressions .These soils are characterized by thick (20-30 cm) organic surface horizons consisting ofdominantlysphagnum mosses, overlying dark gray to very dark gray colored very gravelly and very toexceedingly stony sandy loam . Textures of the underlying parent material, if present, vary fromgravelly loamy sands to angular gravels .

- 83-WHETSTONE HILL MAP UNIT (83 ha)LocationThe Whetstone Hill map unit occurs in three locations :of Phillips Head and east of Rowsell's Lake .east of South West Arm, southwestParent MaterialThese soils have developed in 50 to 100 cm deep, moderately stony, gravelly and channery,coarse textured till, derived from reddish sandstone, shale, slate, volcanic rock and some granites,overlying bedrock .TopographyThe topography ofthe Whetstone Hill mapunit is largely controlled by the underlying bedrock .The soils occupy hummocky terrain with slopes ranging from 2 to 9% . Rock outcrops are commonwithin the map unit .DrainageThe Whetstone Hill map unit is poorly drained with the bedrock or a slightly cemented andcompacted subsoil impeding downward movement of water. These soils have stagnating or veryslowly moving water near the surface for most ofthe year.VegetationThe dominant forest type of this map unit is the sphagnum-kalmia-black spruce forest,consisting of black spruce with balsam fir and often white birch and larch . Pure stands of balsamfir occur on somewhat drier sites, with more pronounced seepage . Black spruce shrub and alderblack spruce forests occupy depressional areas on gentle slopes, and bog borders where seepagewater is present.Soil classificationGleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase .Range in characteristicsWhetstone Hill soils have a relatively thin (10-15 cm) organic surface horizon, compared to thepoorly drained, deeper Norris Arm soils of the same soil association . These overlie relatively thin(5-10 cm) grayish leached Ae horizons with distinct to prominent reddish mottles . This Ae horizonis often discontinuous and broken up by the red sandstone flagstones which are abundantimmediately below the surface, and often continue in layers down into the Bfand BC horizons . Bfand BC horizons are usually dull colored with distinct to prominent reddish and grayish mottles andstreaks . They merge into the C horizon which is often slightly compacted and cemented and which

Associated soils- 84-has high amounts ofrock fragments from the underlying bedrock rubble . These soils are describedin their respective map unit descriptions . These soils are very stony with red sandstone flagstonesand granitic cobbles and stones in the upper part of the profile and bedrock rubble lower in theprofile .Coopers Pond soils occur in dryer positions in the landscape such as middle and upper slopesof hummocks. The very shallow lithic Peters Pond and Phillips Head soils occur where bedrock iscloser to the surface . These soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions . Rockoutcrops occur in the Whetstone Hill map unit.WISEMAN HEAD MAP UNIT (769 ha)LocationThe Wiseman Head map unit occurs throughout the mapping area, where areas of ridged andhummocky bedrock occur at the surface .Parent MaterialThe soils of the map unit have developed from 10 cm or more organic material derived fromforest litter and mosses over the bedrock .TopographyThese soils occur on ridged, hummocky and steeply sloping bedrock outcrops with very steepto extreme slopes ranging from 45 to more than 100% .DrainageThe soils are generally moderately well to well drained on the crests and upper slopes andimperfectly to poorly drained on the middle and lower slopes of the ridges and hummocks .VegetationNatural vegetation consists of stunted black spruce with very little balsam fir and a thickfeather moss ground cover . On the sides of the slopes, where a thin layer of glacial till hasaccumulated and nutrient rich seepage water occurs over the bedrock, the more productive balsamfir- black spruce forests have developed. On the more poorly drained lower slopes, larch and sheeplaurel are found .Due to the shallow nature ofthe soil, rooting depth is severely restricted . Tree roots generallyfollow shallow infilled pockets and crevasses in the bedrock and are often partially exposed .

- 85-Soil classificationHemic Folisol or Orthic Regosol, extremely shallow lithic phase .Range in characteristicsThe Wiseman Head soils consist of a 10 to 20 cm thick layer of weakly to moderatelydecomposed forest litter and mosses over bedrock. A thin layer, less than 20 cm thick, of mineralsoil often occurs between the bedrock and the organic material (Fig . 12) . The texture ofthis materialmay range from silt loam to coarse sand, depending on the lithology of the underlying bedrock .These soils are generally very to exceedingly stony.Associated soilsSoils consisting of a very thin (10-20 cm) veneer of till over bedrock occur in the WisemanHead map unit . On lower slope positions where drainage is poor, a thin layer of organic materialderived from sphagnum mosses and feather mosses occur, overlying less than 20 cm grayish till overbedrock . Exposed bedrock is common throughout the map unit .WISEMAN HEAD-BARRY'S POND MAP UNIT (7 ha)LocationThis map unit is a complex ofrock outcrops and very shallow soils . It occurs in an area whichstretches from Brown's Arm to Laurenceton . Rock outcrops occupy approximately 60 to 70% ofthemap unit, 20 to 30% of the map unit consists of the very shallow Barry's Pond soils and theremainder consists of the poorly drained Crow Cliff soils .Parent MaterialSoils occurring in this map unit have developed in a less than 50\cm, medium to moderatelycoarse textured, thick till veneer over bedrock. This till veneer has been derived from shale, slate,sandstone and siltstone . These soils usually contain a high proportion of slaty and shale fragments .The underlying bedrock is often fragmented. They have high amounts of stones, cobbles andboulders . The Rock outcrops are usually covered with organic material derived predominantly frommosses with minor amounts of forest litter such as needles, leaves, twigs and branches .TopographyThe map unit occupies terrain that is dominated by rock ridges with steep and very steepslopes . Shallow and deep, poorly and very poorly drained organic soils occur in between the ridgesand hummocks.

- 86-DrainageDrainage of the map unit ranges from well to very poor depending on the position in thelandscape . Soils occurring on top of ridges and hummocks, and on upper slopes are generallymoderately well drained . Those occurring on lower slopes and in the depressions in betweenhummocks and ridges are usually poorly to very poorly drained .VegetationPleurozium and Hylocomium - balsam fir forests are the dominant forest types on this mapunit . They occupy well to imperfectly drained sites with shallow and very shallow soils, whererooting is restricted. These forest types consists of dense, poorly growing, balsam fir forests withscattered white birch and black spruce . Abundance of Pleurozium and Hvlocomium is greatlyinfluenced by soil drainage, stand density and air humidity. The growth ofdense young stands hasoften stagnated. Tops ofhummocks and crests ofridges, have a sparse growth ofblack spruce shrubgrowing in a moss layer which is dominated by Reindeer lichen Cladonia ran iferina) . The blackspruce originates mainly from layers . The shallow organic deposits support black spruce swamps,alder-black spruce swamps and alder swamps . They consist ofwell to poorly growing black spruceand speckled alder shrub with scatted larch and single stunted balsam fir .Soil classificationWiseman Head soils are classified as Hemic Folisols or Orthic Regosols, extremely lithicphase . The Barry's Pond soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric and Orthic Ferro-Humic, veryshallow lithic phase .Range in characteristicsRock outcrop with athick cover ofmosses and raw humus and the Wiseman Head soils occupy60 to 70% ofthe map unit. The moderately well drained Barry's Pond soils and the imperfectly topoorly drained Crow Cliff soils occur mainly on middle and lower slope positions where soil depthsrange from 20 to 50 cm . These soils cover approximately 30 to 40% of the map unit . WisemanHead soils occupy sites with a soil depth of less than 20 cm. Barry's Pond soils have a 5 to 10 cmthick organic surface layer overlying a relatively thin (less than 10 cm) grayish leached Ae horizonwith a fine loamy texture. The underlying B horizon may range in texture from gravelly loam togravelly clay loamand sometimes clay . Occasionally a dark colored, organic matter richBhfhorizonoccurs below the Ae horizon . Faint mottling often occurs immediately above the bedrock . Thesesoils have high proportions of shaly and slaty rock fragments . Crow Cliffsoils resemble the Barry'sPond soils, except for somewhat duller colors and mottling which start between 10 to 20 cm belowthe surface . The Wiseman Head soils have a solum thickness ofless than 20 çm. They usually havea 10 to 15 cm thick organic surface horizon, consisting ofweakly to moderately decomposed mossesand forest litter, overlying very gravelly and slaty or shaly loam to silt loam, which is usuallymottled . Soil development ofthese soils is usually restricted due to their shallowness .

- 87-Associated soilsBulley's Cove and Mint Pond soils occur in the depressions in between rock ridges andhummocks, where peat has formed . Bulley's Cove soils consist of a 20 to 40 cm thick layer ofmoderately decomposed mosses over a thin veneer of gravelly loam to silt loam or over bedrock .This veneer is usually reduced-gray colored . Mottling is normally absent, due to the permanentwaterlogged condition ofthe soil . Properties ofthe Bulley's Cove soil are described in more detailin the section forthe Barry's Pond-Bulley's Cove map unit . MintPond soils occupy areas where peatdevelopment is deeper than 40 cm . Their properties are described in the section for the Mint Pondmap unit.WISEMAN HEAD-COOPERS POND MAP UNIT (822 ha)LocationThis complex map unit consists mainly ofrock outcrop land interspersed with shallow and veryshallow soils . It occurs predominantly in an area which forms a large triangle between Phillip'sHead, Northern Arm and Rowsell Lake .Parent MaterialThe soils that occur in this map unit have developed in a less than 100 cm thick moderatelystony, gravelly and channery, coarse textured till, derived from reddish sandstone and varyingamounts of shaly, slaty, volcanic and granitic rock, which overlies bedrock . Rock outcrops areusually covered with organic material derived from mosses, with minor amounts ofneedles, leaves,twigs and branches .TopographyThe map unit occupies hummocky and ridged rockland with gentle to very strong slopes .Shallow and very shallow soils occur dominantly on the gentle to moderate slopes . Organic depositshave formed in the depressions in between the hummocks and ridges .DrainageDrainage of the map unit ranges from good to very poor depending on the position in thelandscape . Soils on top ofthe ridges and hummocks are generally well drained . Soils occurring onlower slopes and in depressions in between the hummocks and ridges are poorly and very poorlydrained . Seepage occurs over the bedrock on the slopes .VegetationThe dominant forest type on this map unit is the black spruce-moss forest. It consists ofa wellstocked black spruce stand with white birch and scattered balsam fir, with a thick moss layer,dominated by Pleurozium or Hylocomium, the abundance of which is influenced by soil drainage,

stand density and air humidity . This forest type occurs under a wide variety of soil conditions .Upper and middle slopes support black spruce forests on the shallow and very shallow soils withseepage over bedrock . Tops of rock ridges and hummocks support a black spruce stand whichoriginates mainly from layers . The soil consists of a thick layer ofraw humus overlying the bedrockwhich is sometimes covered with a thin layer (less than 20 cm) oftill . Black spruce swamps, alderblackspruceswamps and alder swamps occupy the shallowto deep organic deposits in between rockoutcrops and hummocks . These forest types consist of well to poorly growing black spruce with ashrub layer of speckled alder and with scattered larch and single stunted balsam fir.Soil classificationWiseman Head soils are classified as Hemic Folisols or Orthic Regosols, extremely lithicphase . The Coopers Pond soils are classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase.Range in characteristicsThe Coopers Pond soils occupy 30 to 40% ofthe map unit . They usually have a relatively thin,grayish leached Ae horizonwith a distinct reddish tinge overlying very stony, gravelly and channerysandy loam B horizons . The Ae and upper B horizon often have finer textures, ranging from siltloam to very fine sandy loam . The lower B horizon grades into a somewhat compacted BC horizonwhich overlies the bedrock. These soils usually contain much mica throughout the profile . Solumdepth ofthe Coopers Pond soils usually ranges from 50 cm to 70 cm . Peters Pond soils occur wheredepth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 50 cm. These soils occur extensively in association with theCoopers Pond soils . Their soil characteristics are much the same as those for the Coopers Pondsoils, except for a higher content ofchannery coarse fragments . The lower B horizon or BC horizonusually contains much fragmented bedrock . Faint mottling occurs immediately above the bedrock .The Coopers Pond soils and Peters Pond soils are generally very to extremely stony and cobbly, oftenwith red sandstone flagstones lying horizontally underneath the organic surface layer .Associated soils- 88-Red sandstone and volcanic bedrock outcrop with a thick cover of weakly to moderatelydecomposed mosses and forest litter occupy 60% to 70% ofthe map unit . These are identified asthe Wiseman Head soils . They usually occur on strong to steep slopes, with stones and boulders .The poorly drained Whetstone Hill and Phillips Head soils occur extensively in middle andlower slope positions, where seepage water occurs on top ofthe bedrock or compacted BC horizon .These soils have an organic surface layer which is usually around 10 cm thick, overlying a relativelythick (10-20 cm) leached Ae horizon with distinct mottling . Textures ofthis horizon range from finesandy loam to silt loam . The underlying B horizons are usually dull colored with faint mottling .Often the mottling is absent due to prolonged reduced conditions . Solum depths ranges from 50 to100 cm for the Whetstone Hill soils and from 20 to 50 cm for the Phillips Head soils . These soilshave very to exceedingly high stone contents, often with bleached sandstone flagstones lyingimmediately under the organic surface layer. Properties of the Phillips Head and Whetstone Hillsoils are described inmore detail in the sections for their respective map unit descriptions . Two MileBrook, Dogberry Brook and Mint Pond soils occur in depressions in between the hummocks and

- 89-ridges . Two Mile Brook soils consist of a less than 60 cm thick layer of slightly decomposed peatderived predominantly from sphagnum mosses and sedges . The Dogberry Brook soils have a lessthan 40 cm thick peat layer consisting of moderately to well decomposed sedge, moss, grass andwoody peat . Underneath the peat layer, both soils have a thin, reduced gray colored, till veneer overthe bedrock. Sometimes a very dark brownto almost black B horizon, high in organic matter, occursimmediately below the peat overburden . Properties of the Two Mile Brook and Dogberry Brooksoils are described in more detail in the section for the Dogberry Brook-Michael's Harbour map unit .Mint Pond soils occur where peat development is deeper. Their properties are described in thesection for the Mint Pond map unit.WISEMAN HEAD-MICHAEL'S HARBOUR MAP UNIT (567 ha)LocationThe Wiseman Head-Michael's Harbour map unit occurs in several locations around Burnt Armand north ofNorthern Arm .Parent MaterialWiseman Head soils have developed in a thick (more than 20 cm) layer of forest litter andmosses over bedrock . Michael's Harbour soils have developed in a more than 40 cm thick layer ofhydrophytic vegetation such as sedges, grasses and mosses.TopographyThe Wiseman Head-Michael's Harbour map unit is dominated by bedrock ridges and dykeswith very strong slopes . The Wiseman Head soils occur on the middle and lower slopes ofthe rockridges . Michael's Harbour soils occur in the bowl and sloping fens found in the depressions inbetween the ridges.DrainageWiseman Head soils are generally moderately well to well drained due to their position on theslopes. The organic Michael's Harbour soils are very poorly drained with water table levels at ornear the surface .VegetationThe vegetation on these soils is dominated by ericaceous shrub such as bog laurel, sheep laurel,leatherleaf and Labrador tea and by stunted black spruce trees or shrub . Fen vegetation such assedges and grasses, together with ericaceous shrubs and larch dominate the vegetation of the fens.Reindeer lichen cover most of the crests ofthe rock ridges .

- 90-Soil classificationWiseman Head soils are classified as Hemic Folisols and Orthic Regosols, extremely shallow.Michael's Harbour soils are classified as Typic and Fibric Humisols .Range in characteristicsThe Wiseman Head soils occupy approximately 50 to 60% of the map unit. They consist ofa 10 to 20 cm thick layer ofweakly to moderately decomposed forest litter and mosses over bedrock.A thin layer of mineral soil, less than 20 cm thick, often occurs immediately below the organicmaterial . These soils are generally very stony with many boulders. The Michael's Harbour soilsoccupy approximately 40 to 50% ofthe map unit . Thickness of the Michael's Harbour soils rangesfrom 40 to more than 120 cm . The surface layers usually consists ofweakly decomposed sphagnumand sedge peat or matted sedge peat . Underneath is a strongly to very strongly decomposed blackcolored, slightly greasy sedge and woody peat over the bedrock .Associated soilsBare rock and rock covered with Reindeer lichen and feather mosses, as well as soils consistingofa 10 to 50 cm thick veneer of glacial till occur within the map unit.WISEMAN HEAD-TURTLE CREEK MAP UNIT (132 ha)LocationThis complex map unit occurs north and west of Rowsell's Lake.Parent MaterialWiseman Head soils have developed from forest litter and mosses over bedrock . Turtle Creeksoils have developed from a thin veneer (20-50 cm) of till derived predominantly from mediumgrained granites, granodiorites, diorites and volcanic rocks and various amounts of reddishsandstone.TopographyThis map unit occupies areas where hummocky bedrock outcrops with strong slopes aredominant . Slopes range from 15% to 30%.DrainageThe Wiseman Head-Turtle Creek map unit is generally moderately well to well drained .Wetter areas occur in depressions between rock outcrops, where runoff water accumulates and onlower slopes .

- 91-VegetationThe vegetation consists ofblack spruce with very little balsam fu . The black spruce originatesmainly from layering . In areas where a thin layer of till exists, often the more productive blackspruce-balsam fir forests have developed . Tamarack and ericaceous shrub exist on the more poorlydrained sites . White birch occurs scattered throughout the area.Soil classificationWiseman Head soils are classified as Hemic Folisols and Orthic Regosols, extremely shallowlithic phase . Turtle Creek soils are classified as very shallow lithic Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols,very shallow lithic phase .Range in characteristicsThe Wiseman Head soils consist ofa 10 to 20 cm thick layer of forest litter and mosses overbedrock. A thin layer ofmineral soil, less than 20 cm thick often occurs between the organic surfacelayer and the bedrock . This layer usually consists of very coarse sand derived mainly from thegranitic and granodioritic bedrock underneath . These soils occupy approximately 60% ofthe mapunit. The Turtle Creek soils occupy approximately 60% of the map unit. These soils have a 20 to50 cm thick layer of till between the organic surface horizon and the bedrock. Thickness of theorganic surface horizon varies from 5 to 20 cm. The texture ofthe underlying soil is generally verygravelly loamy sand to sandy loam. The gravel is angular in shape. A layer ofbedrock rubble oftenoverlies the bedrock. Mottling occurs immediately above the bedrock or bedrock rubble . Thesesoils often contain high proportions of material derived from reddish sandstone and distinction ofthese soils from Peters Pond soils can be difficult. The Turtle Creek soils occupy approximately40% ofthe map unit . They are generally very stony and bouldery . Rock outcrops occupy 25 to 50%ofthe area covered by Turtle Creek soils .Associated soilsShalloworganic soils such as Michael's Harbour soils and Mint Pond soils occur in depressionsbetween the hummocks where surface runoff water and seepage water collects . Michael's Harbourand Mint Pond soils are described in their respective map unit descriptions .PART TWOINTERPRETATION OF MAP UNITS FOR VARIOUS USESSuitability rating system of mineral soil map units for farmland, woodland, recreation andsource of materialThe map units are rated according to their degree of suitability for various uses, by evaluatingsoil properties that influence the various uses . Four degrees of soil suitability are used :

- 92-Good - The map unit is suitable for a particular use . The soils ofthe map unit are relativelyfree ofproblems or limitations, or, ifthey exist, they can be easily overcome .Fair - The map unit is marginally suitable for a particular use . The soils of the map unithave problems or limitations which can be overcome with good management andcareful design . Input costs should be carefully assessed.Poor - The map unit is poorly suited for a particular use . The soils of the map unit haveproblems or limitations which are severe enough to make use questionable, becauseofcosts of overcoming them or ofcontinuing problems expected with such use .Unsuitable - The map unit is unsuitable for a particular use . The soils of thë map unit haveproblems or limitations which are so severe, that the input required to utilize the soilis too great to justify the effort under existing conditions.The map units containing mineral soils have been rated as to their suitability for the followinguses : production offorage crops, production ofvegetables (potatoes, cole crops, carrot and parsnip,turnip and rutabagas), septic tank systems, manure and waste application, areatype sanitary landfill,recreation (tent and trailer parks and picnic areas), source material for topsoil and woodland uses(access roads and equipment use). In addition, soil susceptibility to windthrow, erosion and frostaction have been estimated for each map unit. Map units made up of organic soils have been ratedas to their suitability for agriculture (vegetable production and forage crop production), horticulturalpeat (peat moss) and fuel peat.The suitability ratings are based only on soil and landscape characteristics . The ratings indicatethe suitability ofthe soils and landscape ofthe map units for various uses . Size and shape ofthe mapunit delineations, as they occur on the map, are not taken into consideration . Socio-economicfactors, such as availability ofmarkets, development opportunities and recreation potential, are notconsidered .These interpretations make it possible to select from the soils map those areas that are bestsuited for each of the above uses . Allowance must be made for other soils that are included in themap unit. These soils can be identified from the descriptions of "associated soils" in the map unitdescriptions in Part One of the report.Use of the soil suitability tablesThe degree of suitability (good, fair, poor or unsuitable) is determined by the most restrictiveor severe rating assigned to any of the listed soil properties. The severity of the restriction ofindividual soil properties can have an accumulative effect, which can downgrade the degree ofsuitability ofa map unit . This depends on the severity ofthe combined effects ofseveral restrictivesoil properties . The decision to downgrade the degree of suitability ofa map unit is arbitrary and leftup to the discretion ofthe interpreter .

- 93-Limitations of the soil suitability interpretationsOne cannot assume that each ofthe major soil properties influencing use has an equal effect .However, the degree to which a soil property influences a particular use has not been taken intoaccount .Many ofthe major soil properties, used to determine the degree of suitability of a map unit,have been described in literature from outside the island ofNewfoundland, as influencing certainuses .The class limits for the degree ofsuitability ofindividual soil properties are arbitrary and needto be tested under Newfoundland conditions. The interpretations ofthe soil suitability ofmap unitsshould be viewed as a guide, however, factors not considered in the suitability interpretations maychange the suitability of a certain area for a particular use .Climate is one of the most important factors affecting suitability ratings for crop production .Although it is understood that micro- climatic differences exist in the survey area, due to lack ofinformation, this has not been taken into account.The good to poor rating of the map units may reflect the best and the poorest soil within thesurveyed area . Comparing suitability ratings of map units ofother survey areas may not always bevalid.Soil suitability for farmlandSoil interpretations for farmland have been divided into forage crops and vegetable crops . Noratings were established for pasture lands. The soil suitability criteria for forage crops in Table 6 arebased on the "Soil Capability Classification for Agriculture", The CanadaLand Inventory Report No.2,1965 ; Queen's Printer, Ottawa. The soil properties used in the ratings are based on limitationsrecognized at the subclass level, and range limits are set accordingly . Table 7 indicates the suitabilityof the map units for forage crops .Because of the variability in soil requirements of vegetable crops, suitability ratings forindividual vegetable crops are included. Only the more common vegetable crops, grown on theisland ofNewfoundland, are considered . Tables 8,10,12 and 14 give the soil suitability criteria forpotatoes, cole crops, carrots and parsnip, and turnips and rutabagas respectively . The soil suitabilitycriteria for these crops are based on the "soil limitations for vegetable crops" as used in "Soils oftheRogersville-Richibucto Region ofNew Brunswick, Report No . 9,1983 ; Min. Supply and Services,Canada" and "Climate and soil requirements for economically important crops in Canada, Min.Supply and Services, Canada ."The soil suitability ratings for farmland deal with the soils ability to produce forage andvegetable crops on a viable commercial basis, using mechanization . Home gardening and smallscale market gardening is a different matter. These gardens are relatively small in size, receive moreintensive soil manipulation, use more manual labour and most important, are not governed by the"produce or else" aspect ofthe business . Although the interpretations for forage and vegetable crops

- 94-can be used as a guide to locate soil units most suitable for home gardens and small market gardens,relatively suitable plots can usually be established within the boundaries of the poorer grade mapunits .Tables 9,11,13 and 15 show the soil suitability ratings with an indication ofthe major limitingfactor of each map unit (mineral soils) for potatoes, cole crops, carrot and parsnip, and turnip andrutabagas respectively . Table 16 is a summary table of soil suitability for farmland development.Soil suitability for septic tank absorption fieldsSeptic tank absorption fields are subsurface systems of tile or perforated pipe that distributeeffluent from a septic tank into the natural soil. A septic tank absorption field that is badly designedand located, can lead to considerable nuisance and expense, and may seriously endanger health. Inparticular the installation must be so planned and built that surface and ground water supplies do notbecome contaminated and that effluent does not pond on the surface . The depth of the tile line isgenerally about 50 to 60 cm . Only the soil between 50 cm and 150 cm is considered in making theratings . Major soil properties affecting the movement of effluent from a septic tank are thepermeability ofthe soil between 50 cm and 150 cm (inferred from texture and structure) and slope .Other soil properties, such as depth to bedrock, depth to seasonal high ground water table, depth toimpervious layer, drainage, seepage and stoniness are related to the construction and maintenanceor the prevention of contamination ofwater supplies .' The criteria for soil suitability for septic tankabsorption fields in Table 17 are based on criteria used in the "Guide for Interpreting EngineeringUses of Soils, USDA Soil Conservation Service, 1971" and criteria established by "Wall, G.J . andL.R . Webber (1970) . Table 18 indicates the soil suitability ratings given to each map unit with anindication ofthe major limiting factor .

- 95-Table 6 .Degrees of soil suitability for forage cropsMajor soil propertiesDegree of Suitabilityinfluencing uses Good Fair PoorDepth to compact orcemented layergreater than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 cmTransmissibility greater than 0.5 cm/h 0.1-0.5 cm/h less than 0 .1 cm/hAvailable moisturenot affected bydroughtinessdrought occurs insome yearsdrought occursalmost every yearDrainagewell and moderatelywell drainedimperfectlydrainedpoorly drainedSurface rock fragments :stonesS0, S l, S2 S3 S4Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cmTo-z . era h % slope 0-9% 9-15% more than 15%A fourth degree of soil suitability for forage crops is defined as unsuitable : Bedrock less than20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 45%, excessively stony (SS), very poorly drained soils .

-96-Ma UnitTable 7.Suitability of map units for forage cropsSuitability rating and limiting factor(!)Alderburn good to fair (fair if stoniness is S3)Alderburn-Burnt Armfair - stoninessAlderburn-Northern Arm fair - stoniness (poor if slope is more than 15%)Barry's Pond-Bulley's Cove fair (50-60%) - depth to bedrock and topography ;unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wetBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm-Mill Pondfair to poor - drainage (poor if poorly drained)fair - drainage, stoninesspoor - slopeBurnt Arm-Norris Arm fair (50-60%) - drainage and stoniness ; poor (40-50%) -drainageCoopers Pondfair - drainage, stoninessCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair (60-70%) - drainage and stoniness ; unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wetDogberry Brook - Michael'sHarbourunsuitable - permanently wetEvans Point - Lower Sandy Point fair (60-70%) - drought hazard ; unsuitable (30-40%) -drainageGander - Wing Pond good (50%) (fair if stoniness is S3) ; fair (50%) -drainageHigh Pointfair - droughtiness and stoninessKite Covefair - depth to bedrock and droughtinessMill Pond fair - drainage (poor if stoniness is S4)Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair (50-60%) - drainage (poor if stoniness is S4) ;unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wetMilord Armfair - drainage, stoninessMilord Arm Brook fair - stoniness (poor if stoniness is S4)Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet ; fair (40-50%) -drainage, stoninessNorris Armpoor - drainage

-97-Ma UnitSuitability rating and limiting factor sNorris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage ; fair (30-50%) - stoninessNorris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage ; unsuitable (30-40%) -permanently wetNorris Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage ; fair (30-40%) - stoninessNorthern Arm - Alderburn good to fair (fair if stoniness is S3) ; (poor if slope ismore than 15%)Peters ArmPeters Arm - Milord ArmPeters PondPhillips HeadPitts PondPoint Leamington - South WestArmPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head - Michael'sHarbourWiseman Head - Turtle Creekgoodgoodfair - drainage, stoninesspoor - drainage, stoniness, slopegoodfair (60-70%) and poor (30-40%) - drainagefair to poor - drainageunsuitable - slopepoor - drainageunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too steep, too shallow, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too steep, too shallow, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky,too wet .unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and roc

-98-Table 8 .Degrees of soil suitability for potatoesDegree of SuitabilityMajor soil propertiesinfluencing uses Good Fair PoorDepth to compact orcemented layergreater than 50 cm 30-50 cm less than 30 cmTransmissibility greater than 0 .5 cm/h 0.1-0 .5 cm/h less than 0.1 cm/hSolum texture loam, sandy loam loamy sand, sand otherAvailable moisturenot affected bydroughtinessdrought occurs insome yearsdrought occursalmost every yearDrainagewell and moderatelywell drainedimperfectlydrainedpoorly drainedSurface rock fragments :cobblesstonesless than 3%S0, Sl3-15%S2more than 15%S3Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cmTopography % sloe 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%A fourth degree of soil suitability for potatoes is defined as unsuitable : Bedrock less than 20cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, exceedingly stony (S4), very poorly drained soils .

-99-Table 9 .Suitability of map units for potatoesMa Unit F Suitability rating and limiting factors sAlderburnAlderburn - Burnt Armgood to fair (fair if more than 3% cobbles and stoninessis S3)fair - drainage, stones and cobbles and topographyAlderburn - Northern Arm fair - stoniness (poor if slope is more than 9%)Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - depth to bedrock, stoniness ; unsuitable(40-50%) - permanently wetBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill Pondpoor - drainage, stones and cobblesfair - drainage, stones and cobblesunsuitable - slopeBurnt Arm - Norris Arm fair (50-60%) - drainage, stones and cobbles; poor (40-50%) - drainage, stones and cobblesCoopers Pondfair - depth to bedrock, stoniness, drainageCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair (60-70%) - depth to bedrock, stoniness, drainage ;unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wetDogberry Brook - Michael'sHarbourEvans Point - Lower Sandy Pointunsuitable - permanently wetunsuitable - drainage, textureGander - Wing Pond good (50%) (fair if slope is more than 5%) ; fair (50%) -drainage, slopeHigh PointKite CoveMill Pondfair to poor - cobblinesspoor - depth to bedrockfair to poor - drainage (poor ifmore than 15% cobbles)Mill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair to poor - (50-60%) - drainage, cobbliness ;unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wetMilord ArmMilord Arm Brookpoor - cobblinesspoor - cobbliness, stoninessMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet ; poor (50%) -cobbliness, stoninessNorris Armpoor - drainage, cobbliness

Ma Unit Suitability rating and limiting factors sNorris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage, cobbliness ; fair (30-50%) -stoniness, cobblinessNorris Arm - Dogberry BrookNorris Arm - High PointNorris Arm - AlderburnPeters ArmPeters Arm - Milord ArmPeters PondPhillips HeadPitts PondPoint Leamington - South WestArmPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Cooper's PondWiseman Head - Michael'sHarbourWiseman Head - Turtle Creekpoor (60-70%) - drainage, cobbliness ; unsuitable40%) - permanently wetpoor - drainage, stoniness, cobblinesspoor to unsuitable - stoniness, cobbliness, slope(unsuitable if slope is more than 15%)fair to poor - cobblinessfair to poor - cobbliness, drainagepoor - depth to bedrock, cobbliness, topographypoor - depth to bedrock, drainage, topographyfair to poor - texture, stoniness, cobblinessfair (60-70%) ; poor (30-40%) - drainagefair to poor - drainage, stoninessunsuitable - slopeunsuitable - too shallow, too steep-100-(30-unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony andtoo wetrocky,unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and roc

Table 10 .Degrees of soil suitability for cole crops (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli,brussel sprout)Major soil propertiesDegree of suitabilityinfluencing uses Good Fair PoorDepth to compact or greater than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 cmcemented layerTransmissibility greater than 0 .5 cm/h 0.1-0 .5 cm/h less than 0 .1 cm/hAvailable moisture not affected by drought occurs in drought occursdroughtiness some years almost every yearDrainage well and moderately rapidly and poorly drainedwell drainedimperfectlydrainedSurface rock fragments :cobbles less than 15% 15%-50% more than 50%stones S0, S1 S2, S3 S4Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cmTopography % sloe 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%A fourth degree of soil suitability for cole crops is defined as unsuitable : Bedrock less than20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, exceedingly stony (S5), very poorly drained .

-102-Ma UnitTable 11 .Suitability of map units for cole cropsF77;itability rating and limiting factorsAlderburn good to fair (fair if stoniness is S2, S3)Alderburn - Burnt Armfair - drainage, stoniness, slopeAlderburn - Northern Arm fair - stoniness, slope (poor if slope is more than 9%)Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - depth to bedrock, stoniness ; unsuitable(40-50%) - permanently wetBrown's Arm BrookBurnt Armfair to poor - drainage, cobblinessfair - drainageBurnt Arm - Mill Pondpoor - slopeBurnt Arm - Norris Arm fair (50-60%) - drainage ; poor (40-50%) - drainageCoopers Pondfair - depth to bedrock, drainageCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair (60-70%) - depth to bedrock, drainage ; unsuitable(30-40%) - permanently wetDogberry Brook - Michael'sHarbourunsuitable - permanently wetEvans Point - Lower Sandy Pointunsuitable - drainage, textureGander - Wing Pond good (50%) ; fair (50%) - drainageHigh PointKite CoveMill .Pondgood to fair (fair-when sands and gravels)fair - depth to bedrockfair to poor - drainage, stoninessMill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair to poor - (50%-60%) - drainage, stoniness ;unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wetMilord ArmMilord Arm Brookfair to poor - drainage, stoniness, (poor if more than50% cobbles)fair - stoniness, cobbliness, topographyMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet fair to poor (40-50%) - drainage, stoniness, cobblinessNorris Armpoor - drainageNorris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage ; fair (30-50%) - stoniness

l'-103-Ma UnitNoms Arm - DogbenY BrookSuitability rating and limiting factor spoor (60-70%) - drainage; ewnsuitable (30-40%)-permanently wetNorris Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage ; fair (30-40%) - cobbliness,stoninessNorthern Arm - Alderburn fair (50-60%) - stoniness, cobbliness ; good (40-50%)Peters ArmPeters Arm - Milord ArmPeters PondPhillips HeadPitts Pondfair - cobblinessfair - cobbliness, drainagepoor - depth to bedrock, topographypoor - depth to bedrock, drainage, topographyfair - stoniness and cobblinessPoint Leamington - South WestArmfair (60-70%) ;poor (30-40%) - drainagePorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head - Michael'sHarbourWiseman Head - Turtle Creekfair to poor - drainageunsuitable - slopepoor - drainageunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony andtoo wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony andtoo wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony andtoo wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony andtoo wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony andtoo wetrocky,rocky,rocky,rocky,rocky,

-104-Table 12 .Degrees of soil suitability for carrots and parsnipDegree of suitabilityMajor soil propertiesinfluencing uses Good T Fair PoorDepth to compact or greater than 50 cm 30-50 cm less than 30 cmcemented layerTransmissibility greater than 0.5 cm/h 0.1-0 .5 cm/h less than 0 .1 cm/hSolum texturecarrots loamy sand, loam, sands othersandy loamparsnip sandy loam, loam loamy sand, sand otherAvailable moisture not affected by drought occurs in drought occursdroughtiness some years almost every yearDrainage well and moderately rapidly and poorly drainedwell drainedimperfectlydrainedSurface rock fragments :cobbles less than 3% 3-15% 15-30%stones S0, S1 S2 S3Gravel content of upper 30 less than 20% by 20-50% by more than 50% bycm volume volume volumeDepth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cmTo ta wa h % sloe 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%A fourth degree of soil suitability for carrots and parsnip is defined as unsuitable : Bedrock lessthan 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, exceedingly stony (S5), very poorly drained .

-105-Table 13.Suitability of map units for carrots and parsnipMa Unit F Suitability rating and limiting factor(s)AlderburnAlderbum - Burnt Armfair to poor - gravel, cobbles and stones (poor ifstoniness is S3)poor - stoninessAlderburn - Northern Armpoor - stoninessBarry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - soil depth, stones, gravel ; unsuitable(40-50%) - permanently wetBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt Arm - Norris ArmCoopers Pondpoor - drainage, stoniness, cobblinesspoor - stoninessunsuitable - slopepoor - stoniness, drainagepoor - stoninessCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour poor (60-70%) - stoniness; unsuitable (30-40%) -permanently wetDogberry Brook - Michael's HarbourEvans Point - Lower Sandy PointGander - Wing PondHigh PointKite CoveMill Pondunsuitable - permanently wetunsuitable - drainage, texturegood to fair (50%) (fair if stoniness is S2 and slopemore than 5%) ; fair to poor (50%) - drainage,stoninessfair - texture, stones, cobbles, gravelpoor - depth to bedrockfair to poor - drainage, stones, cobbles and gravelMill Pond - Dogberry Brook poor - (50-60%) - stoniness, cobbliness ; unsuitable(40-50%) - permanently wetMilord ArmMilord Arm Brookpoor to unsuitable - stones, cobbles and gravelpoor - stones, cobbles and gravelMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm poor to unsuitable - drainage, stones, cobbles andgravelNorris Armpoor - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness

-106-Ma UnitSuitability rating and limiting factor sNorris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness ; fairto poor (30-50%) - stoniness, cobblinessNorris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness ;unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wetNorris Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness ; fair(30-40%) - texture, stones, cobbles, gravelNorthern Arm - Alderburn poor (50-60%) - stoniness, cobbliness ; good (40-50%)Peters Armpoor - cobbliness, gravel contentPeters Arm - Milord Armpoor - cobbliness, gravel contentPeters Pondpoor - depth to bedrock, stones, cobbles and gravelPhillips Headpoor - depth to bedrock, drainagePitts Pondpoor - stoniness and cobblinessPoint Leamington - South West Arm fair (60-70%) ; poor (30-40%) - drainagePorter's CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head - Michael's HarbourWiseman Head - Turtle Creekfair to poor - drainageunsuitable - slopepoor - drainageunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony androcky, too wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony androcky, too wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony androcky, too wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony androcky, too wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony androc ; too wet

-107-Table 14 .Degrees of soil suitability for turnips and rutabagasDegree of suitabilityMajor soil propertiesinfluencing uses Good 7 Fair PoorDepth to compact orcemented layergreater than 50 cm 30-50 cm less than 30 cmTransmissibility greater than 0 .5 cm/h 0.1-0 .5 cm/h less than 0 .1 cm/hSolum texture loam, clay loam sandy loamloamy sandotherAvailable moisturenot affected bydroughtinessdrought occurs insome yearsdrought occursalmost every yearDrainagewell and moderatelywell drainedrapidly andimperfectly drainedpoorly drainedSurface rock fragments :cobblesstonesless than 3%S0, S 13-15%S215-30%S3Depth to bedrock more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cmTopography (% sloe 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%A fourth degree ofsoil suitability for turnips and rutabagas is defined as unsuitable :less than 20 cm below the surface, slopes greater than 15%, exceedingly stony (S4) .Bedrock

-108-Table 15.Ma UnitSuitability of map units for turnips and rutabagasSuitability rating and limiting factor(sAlderburn fair to poor - texture (poor if stoniness is S3)Alderburn - Burnt Armpoor - stoninessAlderburn - Northern Arm ' poor - stoninessBarry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - soil depth, drainage ; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wetBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt Arm - Norris Armpoor - drainage, stoniness, cobblinesspoor - stoninessunsuitable - slopepoor - stoniness, drainageCoopers Pondpoor - stoninessCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour poor (60-70%) . - stoniness ; unsuitable (30-40%) -permanently wetDogberry Brook - Michael'sHarbourEvans Point - Lower Sandy PointGander - Wing PondHigh Pointunsuitable - permanently wetunsuitable - drainage, texturegood to fair (50%) (fair if stoniness is S2 and slopemore than 5%) ; fair to poor (50%) - drainage, stoninessfair - texture, stones, cobblinessKite Covepoor - depth to bedrockMill Pond fair to poor - texture ; drainage, stoninessMill Pond - Dogberry Brook poor - (50-60%) - stoniness, cobbliness ; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wetMilord ArmMilord Arm Brookpoor - stoniness, cobblinesspoor - stoniness, cobblinessMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet ; poor (40-50%)-stoniness, cobblinessNorris Armpoor - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness

-109-Ma UnitSuitability rating and limiting factor(s)Norris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness ; fair topoor (30-50%) - stoniness, cobblinessNorris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness ;unsuitable (30-40%) - permanently wetNorthern Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage, stoniness, cobbliness ; fair(30-40%) - texture, stoniness, cobblinessNorthern Arm - Alderburn poor (50-60%) - stoniness, cobbliness; good to fair (40-50%) - texture, stoniness, cobbliness11Peters ArmPeters Arm - Milord ArmPeters PondPhillips HeadPitts PondPoint Leamington - South WestArmPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head - Michael'sHarbourWiseman Head - Turtle Creek -fair to poor - texture, stoniness, cobblinessfair to poor - texture, drainage, stoniness, cobblinesspoor - depth to bedrock, stoniness, cobblinesspoor - depth to bedrock, drainagefair to poor - texture, drainage, stoniness, cobblinessfair to poor - texture, stoniness, cobblinessfair to poor - texture, drainage, cobblinessunsuitable - slopepoor - drainage, stoniness, cobblinessunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky,too wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky,too wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky,too wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky,too wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too stony and rocky,too wet

Table 16.Summary table of soil suitability for farmland developmentMa Unit Forage PotatoesColeCropsCarrotsandParsnipTurnipsandRutabagasAlderburn G-F G-F G-F F-P F-PAlderburn - Burnt Arm F F F P PAlderburn - Northern Arm F F F P PBarry's Pond - Bulley'sCoveF SU F SU FV F SU FVBrown's Arm Brook F-P P F-P P PBurnt Arm F F F P PBurnt Arm - Mill Pond P U P U UBurnt Arm - Norris Arm F 6P4 F 6P4 F 6P4 P PCoopers Pond F F F P PCoopers Pond - Michael'sHarbourDogberry Brook -Michael's HarbourEvan's Point - LowerSandy PointF 6U4 F 6U4 F 6U4 p6U4 p6U4U U U U UF7U 3 U U U UGander - Wing Pong GSF S GY GY GY GYHigh Point F F-P G-F F FKite Cove F P F P PMill Pond F F-P F-P F-P F-PMill Pond - DogberryBrookF SUS FSUS F SUSpsUsMilord Arm F P F-P P-U PMilord Arm Brook F P F P PMuddy Hole Brook -Milord ArmpsUsUSFS Usp s U'F' USPS UspsNorris Arm P P P P P

Ma Unit Fora e PotatoesColeCropsCarrotsandParsnipTurnipsandRutabagasNorris Arm - Alderburn P'F 3 P'F 3 P'F3 P PNorris Arm - DogberryBrookP'U3 P'U3 P'U3 P'U 3 P'U3Norris Arm - High Point PSF3 P P'F3 P'F3 P'F3Northern Arm - Alderburn G-F P-U F6G4 F 6G4 P 6 F 4Peters Arm G F-P F P PPeters Arm - Milord Arm G F-P F P F-PPeters Pond F P P P PPhillips Head F P P P PPitts Pond G F-P F P F-PPoint Leamington - SouthWest ArmF'P3 F'P3 F'P 3 P F-PPorters Cove F-P F-P F-P F-P F-PTurtle Creek - New BayRiverU U U U UWhetstone Hill P U P P PWiseman Head U U U U UWiseman Head - Barry'sPondWiseman Head - CoopersPondWiseman Head -Michael's HarbourWiseman Head - TurtleCreekU U U U UU U U U UU U U U UU U U U UExplanation : G = good ; F = fair ; P = poor ; U = unsuitable ; G-F = good to fair ; GSFS= 50% good and50% fair .

Table 17 .Degrees of soil suitability for septic tank absorption fieldsDegree of suitabilityMajor soil propertiesinfluencing uses Good T Fair PoorDepth to bedrock greater than 150 cm 150-100 cm 100-50 cmDepth to seasonal highground water tablemore than 150 cm 150-100 cm 100-50 cmDepth to impervious layer more than 150 cm 150-100 cm 100-50 cmDrainagewell and moderatelywell drainedimperfectly drainedpoorly drainedSeepage absent absent presentTexturesilt loam, loamsandy loam, loamysand, fine sandscoarse sands,gravels, siltsvery course sands,very fine sands,gravels, silts, clayStructure granular, porous weak structure structurelessSlope less than 9% 9-15% 15-30%Surface stoniness S0, S1, S2 S3 S4, S5A fourth degree of soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields is defined as unsuitable :Bedrock less than 50 cm below the surface, less than 50 cm to seasonal high ground water tableand/or impervious layer, very poor drained soils, slopes greater than 30% .

ITable 18.Suitability of map units for septic tank absorption fieldsMa unitSuitability rating and limiting factor(s)Alderburn fair seasonal high water tableAlderburn - Burnt ArmAlderburn - Northern ArmBarry's Pond - Bulley's CoveBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt Arm - Norris ArmCoopers Pondfair to poor - seasonal water tablefair - seasonal high water tableunsuitable - depth to bedrockpoor - seasonal high water tablepoor - seasonal high water tablepoor to unsuitable - seasonal high water table, slopepoor - seasonal high water table, seepagepoor - depth to bedrockCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour poor (60-70%) - depth to bedrock; unsuitable (30-40%) - organic soilDogberry Brook - Michael's HarbourEvans Point - Lower Sandy PointGander - Wing PondHigh PointKite CoveMill Pondunsuitable - organic soilsunsuitable - drainagefair to poor - seasonal high water tablefair - seasonal high water table, structureunsuitable - depth to bedrockpoor - seasonal high water tableMill Pond - Dogberry Brook poor - (50-60%) - seasonal high water table ;unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wetMilord ArmMilord Arm Brookpoor - seasonal high water tablefair - seasonal high water tableMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet; poor (40-50%) - seasonal high water tableNorris ArmNorris Arm - Alderburnunsuitable - seasonal high water tableunsuitable (50-70%) and fair (30-50%) seasonal highwater table

Ma unitNorris Arm - Dogberry BrookSuitability rating and limiting factor sunsuitable - seasonal high water table and permanentwetNorris Arm - High Point unsuitable (60-70%) - seasonal high water table ; fair(30-40%) - seasonal high water table, structureNorthern Arm - Alderburngood to fair (fair is seasonal high water table iswithin 150 cm)Peters Armfair - seasonal high water table, structurePeters Arm - Milord Arm fair (60-70%) - seasonal high water table, structure ;poor (30-40%) - seasonal high water tablePeters PondPhillips HeadPitts PondPoint Leamington - South West ArmPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay Riverunsuitable - depth to bedrockunsuitable - depth to bedrockfair - structurefair to poor - drainage, seasonal high water tablepoor - seasonal high water tableunsuitable - slopeWhetstone Hill - poor - depth to bedrock, drainageWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head - Michael's HarbourWiseman Head - Turtle Creekunsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rocky

Soil suitability for manure and food processing waste applicationManure is excrement of livestock and poultry . The consistency ofmanure changes in storageor treatment, and it depends upon bedding used and upon whether the manure is diluted or allow todry . Food processing wastes consists of fish offal or the peelings, leaves and soil particles ofvegetables removed in food preparation .Manure and food processing wastes have variable nitrogen content . The material is eithersolid, slurry or liquid . Application rates are governed by the nitrogen content. High nitrogencontents will limit the application rates. Proper application rates for various nitrogen levels are notconsidered in the soil suitability ratings . Toxic or otherwise dangerous wastes are outside themeaning of manure and food processing wastes as used here .The soil suitability rating is based on utilizing the nutrients in the waste for crop production .Application can be by tank wagon for liquid wastes or by surface or subsurface application of solidand slurry wastes .The soil properties considered in Table 19 reflect soil absorption, contamination hazard tosurface water and ground water supplies, and susceptibility to water erosion . Criteria used toestablish the degree of suitability for manure and food processing waste application are based oncriteria used in the "National Soils Handbook, USDA, Soil Conservation Service 1983"! Soilproperties that affect absorption are solum texture, depth to a seasonal high water table, depth tobedrock or an impervious layer. Drainage, seepage, depth to seasonal high ground water table andslope are soil properties that affect the contamination hazard of water supplies . Slope and erosionfactors indicate the susceptibility to water erosion. Surface stoniness, slope and depth to seasonalhigh water table can interfere with application ofthe waste. Table 20 lists the soil suitability ratingsfor each map unit and indicates the major limiting factor

Table 19 .Degrees of soil suitability for manure and food processing waste applicationDegree of suitabilityMajor soil propertiesinfluencing uses Good Fair PoorDepth to bedrock greater than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cmDepth to seasonal highground water tablemore than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cmDepth to impervious layer more than 100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cmDrainagewell and moderatelywell drainedimperfectly drainedpoorly drainedSeepage absent absent presentTexturesandy loam, loamsilt loam, sandyclay, loamsilty clay loam, clayloam, sandy clay,loamy sandsilty clay, claygravel, sandorganic soilsSlope less than 9% 9-15% 15-30%Surface stoniness S0, S1, S2 S3 S4, S5Erosion factor (k x %sloe of surface layerless than 3 3-7I-greater than 7A fourth degree of soil suitability for is defined as unsuitable : Depth to bedrock less than 20cm below the surface, less than 20 cm to seasonal high water table and/or impervious layer, slopesgreater than 30% .

Table 20.Suitability of map units for manure and food processing waste applicationMa UnitSuitability rating and limiting factor(s)Alderbum good to fair (fair if stoniness if S3)Alderbum - Burnt ArmAlderburn - Northern Armgood (50-60%), poor (40-50%) - seepagegood (50-60%), fair to poor (40-50%) - textureBarry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - depth to bedrock ; unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wetBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt Arm - Norris ArmCoopers Pondpoor - depth to seasonal high water tablefair to poor - depth to seasonal high water tablepoor to unsuitable - slopefair (50-60%) and poor (40-50%) - depth to seasonalhigh water tablepoor - seepageCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour poor (60-70%) - seepage; unsuitable (30-40%) -permanently wetDogberry Brook - Michael's Harbourunsuitable - permanently wetEvans Point - Lower`Sandy Point unsuitable (60-70%) - drainage; poor (30-40%) -textureGander - Wing PondHigh PointKite CoveMill Pondgood (50%) ; poor (50%) - seepagefair to poor - texturepoor - depth to bedrockpoor - depth to seasonal high water tableMill Pond - Dogberry Brook poor - (50-60%) - depth to seasonal high water table ;unsuitable (40-50%) - permanently wetMilord ArmMilord Arm Brookpoor - seepagefair - depth to seasonal high water tableMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - permanently wet; poor (40-50%) - seepageNorris Armunsuitable - depth to seasonal high water table

Ma UnitNorris Arm - AlderburnNorris Arm - Dogberry BrookNorris Arm - High PointSuitability rating and limiting factor sunsuitable (50-70%) - depth to seasonal high watertable ; good (30-50%)unsuitable - permanently wetunsuitable (60-70%) - depth to seasonal high watertable ; fair (30-40%) - textureNorthern Arm - AlderburnPeters Armgoodgood to fair (fair if texture is loamy sand)Peters Arm - Milord Arm good to fair (60-70%) (fair iftexture is loamy sand) ;poor (30-40%) - seepagePeters PondPhillips HeadPitts PondPoint Leamington - South West ArmPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head - Michael's HarbourWiseman Head - Turtle Creekpoor - seepageunsuitable - depth to seasonal high water tablegood to fair - texturefair to poor - drainage, depth to seasonal high watertablepoor - depth to seasonal high water tableunsuitable - slopepoor - drainageunsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and rockyunsuitable - too shallow, too wet, too stony and roc

Soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfillArea type sanitary landfill is a method of solid waste disposal . Successive layers ofrefuse arespread out on the surface ofthe soil, compacted and covered with a thin layer of soil . A final coverof about 50 cm soil is placed over the completed land fill .The soil suitability rating is based on soil properties that influence trafficability and the riskof pollution of the ground water. Thorough evaluation ofthe hydrology ofthe site is essential . Itmay be possible to install barriers (berms) . A seasonal high water table may be controlled by aperimeter drain .The soil properties considered in Table 21, which reflect the contamination hazard of groundwater supplies are depth to high ground water table, depth to bedrock or impervious layer, seepageand transmissibility . Soil properties influencing trafficability are slope and surface stoniness .Criteria used to establish the degree ofsuitability for area-type sanitary land fill are based on criteriaused in the "National Soils Handbook, USDA, Soil Conservation Service, 1983", and in "Soils oftheRogersville-Richibucto Region ofNew Brunswick, Report No . 9,1983 ; Min. Supply and Services,Canada" .Table 22 lists the soil suitability ratings for each map unit and indicates the major limitingfactor .Table 21 .Degrees of soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfillMajor soil propertiesDegree of suitabilityinfluencing uses Good Fair PoorDepth to bedrock greater than 150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cmDepth to seasonal highground water tableapparentperchedmore than 150 cmmore than 100 cm100-150 cm100-50 cmless than 100 cmless than 50 cmDepth to impervious layer more than 150 cm 100-150 cm less than 100 cm.Seepage absent absent presentTransmissibility less than 5 cm/hr less than 5 cm/hr more than 5 cm/hrSlope 0-9% 9-15% 15-30%11 Surface stoniness S0, Sl, S2, S3 S4 S5A fourth degree of soil suitability for area-type land fill is defined:50 cm, transmissibility more than 25 cm, slope greater than 30% .Depth to bedrock less than

-120-Table 22 .Suitability of map units for area-type sanitary land fillMa Unit 71- Suitability rating and limiting factor(s)AlderburnAlderburn - Burnt ArmAlderburn - Northern Armfair - high water tablefair (50-60%), poor (40-50%) - high water tablefair - high water tableBarry's Pond - Bulley's Cove poor (50-60%) - seepage; unsuitable (40-50%) -organic soilsBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt Arm - Norris ArmCoopers Pondpoor - high water tablepoor - high water table, seepagepoor to unsuitable - slope, high water tablepoor - high water table, seepagepoor - high water table, seepageCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour poor (60-70%) - high water table, seepage ; unsuitable(30-40%) - organic soilDogberry Brook - Michael's HarbourEvans Point - Lower Sandy PointGander - Wing PondHigh PointKite CoveMill PondMill Pond - Dogberry BrookMilord ArmMilord Arm BrookMuddy Hole Brook - Milord ArmNorris ArmNorris Arm - AlderburnNorris Arm - Dogberry Brookunsuitable - organic soilunsuitable - drainage, transmissibilityfair (50%) and poor (50%) - high water table, seepagegoodunsuitable - depth to bedrockpoor - high water tablepoor (50-60%) and unsuitable (40-50%) - high watertablepoor - high water tablefair - high water table, stoninessunsuitable (50-60%) and poor (40-50%) - high watertablepoor - high water tablepoor (50-70%) and fair (30-50%) high water tablepoor (60-70%) and unsuitable (30-40%) - high watertable

Map UnitSuitability rating and limiting factor(s)Noms Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - high water table ; good (30-40%)Northern Arm - AlderburnPeters Armgoodfair - high water tablePeters Arm - Milord Arm fair (60-70%) and poor (30-40%) -seepagehigh water table ;Peters PondPhillips HeadPitts PondPoint Leamington - South West ArmPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head - Michael's Harbourunsuitable - depth to bedrockunsuitable - depth to bedrockgoodpoor - high water tablegoodunsuitable - slopepoor - high water tableunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too rocky, too wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too rocky and wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too rocky and wetunsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too rocky and wetWiseman Head - Turtle Creek unsuitable - too shallow, too steep, too roc and wetSoil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic areasThe soils of the map units are rated according to their suitability for camp areas and park-typeroadside stops under intensive use . Location and accessibility of the area, scenic quality, sewagedisposal, water supply, access to public service lines, the ability ofthe soil to support vegetation andpossible hazards to fragile plant communities are not considered in the ratings ; however, thesefeatures are important in evaluating a site . Soils subject to flooding are limited for recreational usedepending on the duration of flooding and the season when it occurs . On-site assessment of theduration and frequency of flooding is essential in evaluating a site .Camp and picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic . Vehicular traffic is assumed to beconfined to access roads and parking lots . Because construction is limited to shaping and levelingof areas for tents and trailers and stabilizing roads and parking areas, the soil properties of greatestconcern are those that interfere directly with the intended use, and those that affect maintenance .Drainage related to depth to water table during the period ofuse, transmissibility ofthe soil to water

-122-related to absorbing rainfall, slope, surface rock fragments (gravel, cobbles, and stones) and depth tobedrock are soil properties that affect the development and use of camp and picnic sites .Transmissibility of the soil to water, available moisture for adequate vegetation growth and surfacetexture related to trafficability are soil properties that affect the maintenance ofcamp and picnic sites .The criteria for these soil properties, as they appear in Table 23 are based on criteria used in "Rose,R.D ., et al . Use of soils in the fourteen-county Appalachia region of New York State", "NationalSoils Handbook, USDA, Soil Conservation Service 1983" and "Holland, W.D. and G.M. Coen. 1976,Soils of Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta" . Tables 24A and B summarize the soil suitabilityfor tent and trailer parks and picnic areas for each map unit respectively and indicate the majorlimitations .Table 23 .Degrees of soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic areasMajor soil propertiesDegree of suitabilityinfluencing uses Good Fair PoorDrainage (depth to water rapidly, well and imperfectly drained poorly drainedtable during use) moderately well (water table (water table lessdrained (water table between 0.75 and than 0 .5 m)deeper than 0.75 mm) 0 .5 mm)Transmissibility greater than 1 .0 cm/hr 1 .0 cm/hr-0 .1 cm/hr less than 0 .1 cm/hrSlope - tent and trailer 0.5% 5-9% 9-15%park picnic area 0-9% 9-15% 15-30%Depth to bedrock or greater than 0 .5 m 0.2-0 .5 m less than 0 .2 mcemented layerAvailable moisture not affected by drought occurs in drought occursdroughtiness some years almost all yearsSurface texture sandy loam, loam silt clay loam, sandy sandy clay, siltyloam clay, loamy sand, clay, clay, loosestable sandsandSurface rock fragments :gravel and cobbles less than 20% 20-50% greater than 50%Stones S0, Sl, S2 S3 S4A fourth degree of soil suitability for tent and trailer parks and picnic areas is defined asunsuitable : permanently wet areas, slopes greater than 15% for tent and trailer parks and more than30% for picnic areas, excessively stony (S5) .

-123-Table 24A.Suitability of map units for tent and trailer parksMa UnitSuitability rating and limiting factor(s)Alderburn good to fair (fair if stoniness is S3)Alderburn - Burnt ArmAlderburn - Northern Armfair - drainage, stoniness, slopefair - stones, cobbles, gravel, slope (poor or unsuitableif slope is more than 9%)Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove fair (50-60%) - depth to bedrock, stones, slope ;unsuitable (40-50%) - wet landBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt Arm - Norris ArmCoopers Pondfair to poor - drainagefair - drainage, stones, cobbles and gravelunsuitable - slopefair (50-60%), poor (40-50%) - drainage, stones,cobbles and gravelfair - stones, cobbles, gravel, slopeCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair (60-70%) - stones, cobbles, gravel, slope ;unsuitable (30-40%) - wet landsDogberry Brook - Michael's Harbourunsuitable - wet landEvans Point - Lower Sandy Point fair (60-70%) - surface texture ; unsuitable (30-40%) -permanently wetGander - Wing PondHigh PointKite CoveMill Pondgood to fair - stones, cobbles, gravel, slope, drainagefair - cobbles, gravelfair - depth to bedrock, surface texturefair - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravel, slopeMill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair (50-60%) - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravel ;unsuitable (40-50%) - wet landMilord ArmMilord Arm Brookfair - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravel, slopefair - stônes, cobbles, gravel, slopeMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - wet land ; fair (40-50%) -stones, cobbles, gravel, slopeNorris Armpoor - drainage

Ma Unit-124-Suitability rating and limiting factor(s)Norris Arm - Alderburn poor (50%-70%) - drainage ; fair (30-50%) - stones,cobbles, gravel, slopeNorris Ann - Dogberry BrookNorris Arm - High PointNorthern Arm - AlderburnPeters ArmPeters Ann - Milord ArmPeters Pondpoor (60-70%) - drainage ; unsuitable (30-40%) - wetlandpoor (60-70%) - drainage ; fair (30-40%) - cobbles,gravelfair - stones, cobbles, gravel, slopefair - cobbles, gravel, texturefair - drainage ; cobbles, gravel, texturefair to poor - depth to bedrock, stones, cobbles,gravel, slope (poor if slope is more than 9%)Phillips Head poor - drainage ; slopePitts PondPoint Leamington - South West AnnPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head - Michael's HarbourWiseman Head - Turtle Creekfair - cobbles, gravel, texturefair (60-70%), poor (30-40%) - drainagefair to poor - drainageunsuitable - slopepoor - drainageunsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet landsunsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet landsunsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet landsunsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet landsunsuitable - sloe, depth to bedrock, wet lands

-125-Table 24B . Suitability of map units for picnic areasMa UnitSuitability rating and limiting factor sAlderburn good to fair (fair is stoniness is S3)Alderburn - Burnt ArmAlderburn - Northern Armfair - drainage, stoninessfair - stones, cobbles, gravel (poor or unsuitable ifslope is more than 9%)Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove fair (50-60%) - depth to bedrock, stones ; unsuitable(40-50%) - wet landBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt Arm - Norris ArmCoopers Pondfair to poor - drainagefair - drainage, stones, cobbles, and gravelpoor to unsuitable - slopefair (50-60%), poor (40-50%) - drainage, stones,cobbles and gravelfair - stones, cobbles, gravelCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour fair (60-70%) - stones, cobbles, gravel ; unsuitable(30-40%) - wet landsDogberry Brook - Michael's Harbourunsuitable - wet landsEvans Point - Lower Sandy Point fair (60-70%) - surface texture ; unsuitable (30-40%) -permanently wetGander - Wing PondHigh PointKite CoveMill Pondgood to fair - stones, cobbles, gravel, drainagefair - cobbles, gravelfair - depth to bedrock, surface texturefair - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravelMill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair (50-60%) - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravel ;unsuitable (40-50%) - wet landMilord ArmMilord Arm Brookfair - drainage, stones, cobbles, gravelfair - stones, cobbles, gravelMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - wet land; fair (40-50%) -stones, cobbles, gravelNorris Armpoor - drainage

Ma Unit-126-Suitability rating and limiting factor sNorris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage ; fair (30-50%) - stones,cobbles, gravelNorris Arm - Dogberry Brook poor (60-70%) - drainage ; unsuitable (30-40%) - wetlandNorris Arm - High PointNorthern Arm - AlderburnPeters ArmPeters Arm - Milord Arm,Peters Pondpoor (60-70%) - drainage; fair (30-40%) - cobbles,gravelfair - stones, cobbles, gravel, slopefair - cobbles, gravel, texturefair - drainage; cobbles, gravel, texturefair to poor - depth to bedrock, stones, cobbles,gravel, slope (poor if slope is more than 15%)Phillips Head poor - drainage ; slopePitts PondPoint Leamington - South West ArmPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head : Michael's HarbourWiseman Head - Turtle Creekfair - cobbles, gravel, texturefair (60-70%), poor (30-40%) - drainagefair to poor - drainageunsuitable - slopepoor - drainageunsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet landsunsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet landsunsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet landsunsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet landsunsuitable - slope, depth to bedrock, wet lands

- 127-Soil suitability as a source for topsoilThe suitability ofa soil for use as topsoil relates to its use to cover an area so as to improve soilconditions for establishment and maintenance oflawns, gardens, road banks, and other landscapedsites .It is assumed that only the upper 40 to 60 cm (A and B horizons) are used as topsoil . It is alsoassumed that due to the low organic matter content of most of the soils on the island ofNewfoundland, some kind ofsoil conditioner (peat or mulch) will be used as a mix with the topsoil .The soil suitability rating is based on soil properties that influence the ease of excavation,loading and spreading, and the quality ofthe material . The soil properties considered in Table 25,which reflect the ease of excavation, are the thickness of the material, surface rock fragments(cobbles and stones), slope and drainage . Properties that influence the quality ofthe material are themoist consistence, texture, and gravel content .The criteria used to establish the degree ofsuitability of soils as used for topsoil are based oncriteria used in the "National Soils Handbook, USDA, Soil Conservation Service, 1983", and in"Soils of the Rogersville-Richibucto Region of New Brunswick, Report No . 9,1983, Min . Supplyand Services, Canada" .Table 26 lists the soil suitability ratings for each map unit and indicates the major limitingfactor .Table 27 summarizes the soil suitability of the map units for waste disposal (septic tankabsorption fields, manure and food processing waste application, area-type sanitary landfill),recreation (camping, trailer- park and picnic area) and source of topsoil .

- 128-Table 25 .Degrees of soil suitability as a source for topsoilDegree of suitabilityMajor soil propertiesinfluencing uses Good T Fair PoorMoist consistence very friable, friable loose, firm very firmTexture sandy loam, loam clay loam, silty clay sand, loamy sandsilt loamloamThickness ofmaterial greater than 40 cm 40-20 cm 20-10 cm(generally A and/or Bhorizons)Gravel content less than 20% by 20-50% by volume 50-80% by volumevolumeSurface rock fragmentscobbles less than 3% 3-15% 15-30%stones S0, S1, S2 S3 S4Slope 0-5% 5-9% 9-15%Drainage better than poorly better than very very poorlydrained poorly drained drainedA fourth degree of soil suitability for topsoil is defined : less than 10 cm material, greater than80% gravel 2-75 mm, more than 30% soil surface covered by cobbles (75-25 cm) ; excessively stonysurface (S5) ; slopes greater than 15%.

-129-Table 26.Ma UnitSuitability of map units as a source for topsoilSuitability rating and limiting factorsAlderburnAlderburn - Burnt Armfair - stone, cobble and gravel contentfair - stone, cobble and gravel contentAlderburn - Northern Arm fair - (50-60%) - stone, cobble, gravel content; poor(40-50%) - textureBarry's Pond - Bulley's Cove fair (50-60%) - stone and gravel content ; unsuitable(40-50%) - wet landBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt Arm - Norris ArmCoopers PondCoopers Pond - Michael's HarbourDogberry Brook - Michael's HarbourEvans Point - Lower Sandy Pointfair to poor - stone, cobble and gravel contentfair - stone, cobble and gravel contentfair (60-70%) - stone, cobble and gravel content;poor (30-40%) - texture, stone and cobble contentfair - stone, cobble and gravel contentfair - stone, cobble and gravel contentfair (60-70%) - stone, cobble and gravel content;unsuitable (30-40%) - wet landsunsuitable - wet landunsuitable - texture, floodingGander - Wing Pond good to fair (fair if stoniness is S3)High PointKite CoveMill Pondpoor - texturepoor - depth to bedrock, texturepoor - texture, stone and cobble contentMill Pond - Dogberry Brook poor (50-60%) - texture, stone and cobble content ;unsuitable (40-50%) - wet landMilord ArmMilord Arm BrookMuddy Hole Brook - Milord ArmNorris ArmNorris Arm - Alderburnunsuitable - cobble contentpoor - stone, cobble and gravel contentunsuitable - drainage, cobble contentfair to poor - stone, cobble and gravel contentfair - stone, cobble and gravel content

-130-Ma Unit Suitabili rating and limiting factor(s)Norris Arm - Dogberry Brookpoor (60-70%) - stone, cobble and gravel content;unsuitable*(30-40%),- .wet land .,_Norris Arm - High Pointfair (60-70%) - stone, cobble and gravel content;poor (30-40%) - textureNorthern Arm - Alderburn poor (50-60%) - texture ; fair (40-50%) - gravelcontentPeters ArmPeters Arm - Milord Armunsuitable - gravel and cobble contentunsuitable - gravel and cobble contentPeters PondPhillips HeadPitts PondPoint Leamington - South West ArmPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head - Michael's HarbourWiseman Head - Turtle Creekpoor - depth to bedrockpoor - depth to bedrockpoor - texturepoor - gravel, cobble and stone contentpoor - gravel, cobble and stone contentunsuitable - slopefair - gravel, cobble and stone contentunsuitable - too shallow, too stony, too steepunsuitable - too shallow, too stony, too steepunsuitable - too shallow, too stony, too steepunsuitable - too shallow, too stony, too steepunsuitable - too shallow, too stony, too ste

Table 27.Summary table of soil suitability for waste disposal, recreation and source of topsoilMa UnitSeptic tankabsorption fieldsManure andfood processingwasteapplicationArea-typesanitary landfillTent andtrailer parks,picnic areasSource fortopsoilAlderburn F G-F F G-F FAlderburn - Burnt Arm F 6P4 G 6 P 4 F 6P4 F FAlderburn - Northern Arm F G6F4 F F F6P4Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove U P 6 U 4 P 6 U 4 F 6U4 FBrown's Arm Brook P P P F-P F-PBurnt Arm P F-P P F FBurnt Arm - Mill Pond P-U P-U P-U U F 6P4Burnt Arm - Norris Arm P F 6P4 P F 6P4 FCoopers Pond P P P F FCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour p6U4 p6U4Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour U U U U UEvans Point - Lower Sandy Point U U'P3 U F7U 3 UGander - Wing Pond F s p s Gsps Fsps G-F G-FHigh Point F F-P G F PKite Cove U P U F PMill Pond P P P F PMill Pond - Dogberry Brookp6U4p6U4P6U4F6U4F6U4P 6 U 4 F6U4 P6U4

Ma UnitSeptic tankabsorption fields-132-Manure andfood processingwasteay, licationArea-typesanitary landfillTent andtrailer parks,picnic areasSource fortopsoilMilord Ann P P P F UMilord Ann Brook F F F F PMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Ann UPSUSPS UsPs USFS UNorris Ann U U P P F-PNorris Ann - Alderburn U7F3 U7G3 F7F3 P'F3 FNorris Arm - Dogberry Brook U U P'U3 P'U3 F'P 3Norris Ann - High Point U7F3 U'F3 P'G3 P'F3 F'P3Northern Ann - Aldérburn G-F G G F P6F4Peters Ann F G-F F F UPeters Ann - Milord AnnFSPSF'P'FSPS F UPeters Pond U P U F-P PPhillips Head U U U P PPitts Pond F G-F G F PPoint Leamington- South West Ann F-P F-P P F'P3 PPorters Cove P P G F-P FTurtle Creek - New Bay River U U U U UWhetstone Hill P P P P FWiseman Head U U U U U

-133-Ma UnitSeptic tankabsorption fieldsManure andfood processingwasteapplicationArea-typesanitary landfillTent andtrailer parks,picnic areasSource fortopsoilWiseman Head - Barry's Pond U U U U UWiseman Head - Cooper's Pond U U U U UWiseman Head - Michael's Harbour U U U U UWiseman Head - Turtle Creek U U U U U

-134-Soil suitability for woodland usesThe soil suitability interpretations as presented here are related to woodlandmanagement . Soilsuitability ratings are provided for construction ofaccess roads and equipment use . In addition, soilsusceptibility ratings are provided for windthrow hazard . Soil suitability interpretation for forestryhas not been included as this information is available through the Department of Forest Resourcesand Lands of the Province ofNewfoundland and Labrador .Access road constructionRoad construction is a major part of all woodlands operations. Roads are required to provideaccess to the work area. They are usually constructed ofon-site material with little or no hauling offill . Ignoring soil properties may lead to increased costs of construction and maintenance . Byidentifying areas with less desirable soil properties, access roads can be planned to take advantageofmore suitable routes, or they can be built and used during the time ofthe year when soil conditionsare more favourable. The criteria to rate soils according to their suitability for access roadconstructions in Table 28 are based on criteria used in "Wang, C . andH.W . Rees,1983 . Soils of theRogersville-Richibucto Region of New Brunswick" . Table 29 rates the map units according tosuitability for access road construction and indicates the major limitations .Equipment useSoil suitability for equipment use ratings indicate the degree to which topographic conditionssuch as slope and soil characteristics (drainage, texture and stoniness) affect the use ofrubber-tiredskidders used in woodland operations, based on both degree ofdifficulty ofmachine operation andpotential soil damage . The criteria used to rate soil suitability for equipment use, as outlined inTable 30 are based on criteria used in "Wang, C . and H.W. Rees,1983 . Soils ofthe Rogersville-Richibucto Region ofNew Brunswick" . Table 31 indicates the suitability ofsoils for equipment usefor each map unit.Table 28.Major soil propertiesinfluencing usesDegrees of soil suitability for construction of access roadsDegree of suitabilityGood Fair PoorMaterial according to GW, GP, GM, GC CL (PI less than 15) CL (PI greaterUnified Classification SW, SP, SM, SC than 15) ML, CH,System MH .Drainage rapidly, well and imperfectly drained poorly and verymoderately wellpoorly draineddrainedSlope 0-5% 5-15% 15% or greaterStoniness Sl, S2, S3 S4 S5

- 13 5-A fourth degree of soil suitability for construction of access roads is defined as unsuitable :Organic soils or slopes greater than 20% .1 . Unified Classification System is a textural soil classification system used by engineers . In thissystem all material up to 7 .5 cm in diameter is classified . Sandy and gravelly soils are classifiedaccording to particle size, clayey and silty soils are classified based on their liquid limit (SoilConservation Service, U.S.D.A. 1970) . Table 48 in Part Three of the report gives the sieveanalyses used to arrive at the Unified Classification System for selected soil profiles .Table 29.Suitability of map units for construction of access roadsMa UnitSuitability rating and limiting factor(s)AlderburnAlderburn - Burnt Armgoodfair - slope, drainageAlderburn - Northern Arm good to poor (poor ifslope is greater than 15%)Barry's Pond - Bulley's CoveBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt Arm - Norris ArmCoopers PondCoopers Pond - Michael's HarbourDogberry Brook - Michael's Harbourgood to poor (50-60%) (poor is slope is greater than15%) ; unsuitable (40-50%) - wet landgood to fair (fair if imperfectly drained)fair - drainagefair - drainage, stoniness, slopefair to poor - particle size distribution, drainagefair to poor - particle size distribution, slopefair to poor (60-70%) - particle size distribution,slope ; unsuitable (30-40%) - wet landsunsuitable - wet landsEvans Point - Lower Sandy Point good (60-70%) ; unsuitable (30-40%) - wet landGander - Wing PondHigh PointKite CoveMill Pondpoor - particle size distributiongoodgoodgood to fair - stoniness, slopeMill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair (50-60%) - slope ; unsuitable (40-50%) - wet landMilord ArmMilord Arm Brookfair - slopefair - slope

-136-Map UnitSuitability rating and limiting factors)Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - wetland; fair (40-50%) -drainageNorris Armpoor - drainageNorris Arm - Alderburn poor (50-70%) - drainage; good (30-50%)Norris Arm - Dogberry Brookpoor (60-70%) - drainage; unsuitable (30-40%) - wetlandNorris Arm - High Point poor (60-70%) - drainage ; good (30-40%)Northern Arm - Alderburnfair to poor - particle size distribution (poor if slopeis greater than 15%)Peters ArmgoodPeters Arm - Milord Arm good (60-70%) ; fair (30-40%) - drainagePeters Pond good to poor (poor if slope is greater than 15%)Phillips HeadPitts PondPoint Leamington - South West ArmPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head - Michael's HarbourWiseman Head - Turtle Creekpoor - drainage, slopegoodfair (60-70%), poor (30-40%) - drainagefair to poor - drainageunsuitable - slopepoor - drainageunsuitable - slope, wet landsunsuitable - slope, wet landsunsuitable - slope, wet landsunsuitable - slope, wet landsunsuitable - sloe, wet lands

-137-Table 30 .Degrees of soil suitability for forestry equipment useMajor soil propertiesinfluencing usesDegree of suitabilityGood T Fair PoorSoil drainage classless than 35% rapidly, well, poorly drained very poorlysilt and clay moderately well, and drainedimperfectly drained35-70% silt and clay well, moderately imperfectly drained very poorlywell drained and poorly drained drainedmore than 70% silt and well, moderately imperfectly drained poorly and veryclay well drained poorly drainedSlope 0-9% 9-15% more than 15%Stoniness Sl, S2, S3 S4 S5Table 31.Ma UnitSuitability of map units for forestry equipment useSuitability rating and limiting factor sAlderburnAlderburn - Burnt Armgoodgood (50-60%), fair (40-50%) - drainageAlderburn - Northern Arm good to poor (poor if slope is greater than 15%)Barry's Pond - Bulley's CoveBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt Arm - Norris ArmCoopers PondCoopers Pond - Michael's HarbourDogberry Brook - Michael's Harbourgood to poor (50-60%) (poor if slope is more than15%) ; unsuitable (40-50%) - wet landfair - drainagefair - drainagepoor - slopefair - drainagegood to fair (fair if drainage is imperfect)good to fair (60-70%) (fair is drainage is imperfect);unsuitable (30-40%) - wet landsunsuitable - wet landsEvans Point - Lower Sandy Point good (60-70%) ; unsuitable (30-40%) - wet land

-138-Ma UnitGander - Wing PondHigh PointKite CoveMill PondSuitability rating and limiting factor sgood (50%), fair (50%) - drainagegoodgoodfair - drainage, stoninessMill Pond - Dogberry Brook fair (50-60%) - drainage, stoniness ; unsuitable (40-50%) - wet landsMilord Armfair - drainageMilord Arm Brook good to fair (fair if stoniness is S4)Muddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm unsuitable (50-60%) - wetland ; fair (40-50%) -drainage11Norris Armfair - drainageNorris Arm - Alderbum fair (50-70%) - drainage ; good (30-50%)Norris Arm - Dogberry Brookpoor (60-70%) - drainage; unsuitable (30-40%) - wetlandNorris Arm - High Point fair (60-70%) - drainage; good (30-40%)Northern Arm - Alderburn fair to poor (poor is slope is more than 15%)Peters ArmgoodPeters Arm - Milord Arm good (60-70%) ; fair (30-40%) - drainagePeters PondPhillips HeadPitts Pondfair to poor - drainage, slope (poor if slope is morethan 15%)fair to poor - drainagegoodPoint Leamington - South West ArmPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's Pondfair - drainagegood to fair - drainagepoor - slopefair - drainagepoor - slopepoor - slope

- 139-Map UnitWiseman Head - Coopers PondWiseman Head - Michael's HarbourWiseman Head - Turtle CreekSuitability rating and limiting factors)poor - slopepoor - slopepoor - slopeSoil susceptibility to windthrow hazardThe roots of a tree support the above ground portion of the tree . If the rooting system isinsufficiently developed, due to restricting soil properties, the tree may become uprooted whenthattree becomes openly exposed to the elements, such as along edges ofright-of-ways or clearings . Thesuitability of a soil for root growth is related to depth of suitable mineral soil, soil aeration, ease ofroot penetration and, to a minor extent, available moisture and nutrients . Restricting layers, such asortstein layers, compacted till and bedrock, restrict the depth of suitable mineral soil and make rootpenetration difficult . Soil drainage affects the rooting depth by reducing aeration . It also affects themechanical strength ofthe soil . Stoniness reduces the space available for proper root growth . Thesecriteria, as they appear in Table 32 are based on criteria used in "Wang, C . and H.W . Rees,1983 .Soils of the Rogersville- Richibucto Region of New Brunswick" . Table 33 lists the potentialwindthrow hazard of soils for each map unit .Table 32 .Degrees of soil suitability to windthrowWindthrow susceptibility classesLow Moderate L HighDepth to bedrock more than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 cmDepth to restrictinglayermore than 50 cm 20-50 cm less than 20 cmSoil drainagerapidly, well,moderately well, andimperfectly drainedpoorly drainedvery poorly drainedStoniness S1, S2, S3 S4 S5

- 140-Table 33 .Soil susceptibility of map units to windthrowMap Unit I Suitability rating and limiting factor(s)Alderburn I lowAlderburn - Burnt Arm I lowAlderburn - Northern Arm I lowBarry's .Pond - Bulley's Cove low (50-60%) ; high (40-50%) - drainageBrown's Ann BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt.Arm - Norris ArmCoopers PondCoopers Pond - Michael's HarbourDogberry Brook - Michael's HarbourEvans Point - Lower Sandy PointGander -Wing Pondlow to moderate - drainagelowlow to moderate - stoninesslow to moderate - drainagelowlow (60-70%), high (30-40%) - drainagehigh - drainagelow (60-70%); high (30-40%)lowHigh Point. 'i lowKite Cove I moderate - depth to bedrockMill Pond I low to moderate - stoninessMill Pond - Dogberry Brooklow to moderate (50-60%) - stoniness ; high (40-50%)- drainageMilord ArmMilord Arm BrookMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Armlowlow to moderate - stoninesshigh (50-60%) - drainage ; low (40-50%)Norris Arm I moderate - drainageNorris Arm - Alderburn moderate (50-70%) - drainage ; low (30-50%)Norris. Arm - Dogberry Brook moderate (60-70%) and high (30-40%) - drainageNorris.-Ann - High Point moderate (60-70%) - drainage ; low (30-40%)Northern Arm - Alderburn I low

Ma UnitSuitability rating and limiting factor sPeters ArmPeters Arm Milord ArmPeters PondPhillips HeadPitts Pondlowlowmoderate - depth to bedrockmoderate - depth to bedrocklowPoint Leamington - South West Arm low (60-70%) ; moderate (30-40%) - drainagePorters Covelow to moderate - drainageTurtle Creek - New Bay River moderate (60%) - drainage ; low (40%)Whetstone HillWiseman Headmoderate - drainagehigh - depth to bedrockWiseman Head - Barry's Pond high (60-70%) - depth to bedrock; low (30-40%)Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond high (60-70%) - depth to bedrock ; low (30-40%)Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbourhigh - depth to bedrock and drainageWiseman Head - Turtle Creek high (60%) - depth to bedrock; moderate (40%) -drainageSoil susceptibility to erosion and frost actionSoil erosion and frost action are hazards to which soils in Newfoundland are susceptible due tothe relatively high precipitation, cold climate and lack of adequate snow cover during the wintermonths . Both soil erosion and frost action have damaging effects to the soil and to crops orstructures in the soil . Although soil erosion and frost action hazards have not been directly takeninto account in rating soils for various uses, they should be included in the decision-making process .Soil susceptibility to erosionSoil erosion can be defined as the process of detachment, entrainment and transport of soilparticles caused by the forces of nature, such as wind and water . or precipitation. Due to the highprecipitation in Newfoundland (1000-1500 mm/yr), and the relatively steep slopes which are beingcleared either for farming or in the course of woodland operations, erosion by water is the mostsignificant . Many ofthe soils on the island ofNewfoundland are low in organic matter, have a weakstructure, a compact subsoil or cemented layer which prevents infiltration and they are subject to afreeze-thaw cycle in the spring, where soil may thaw out on the surface while remaining frozenbelow. This makes them particularly susceptible to erosion by water . Soil erosion, besides the loss

- 142-of adequate depth of topsoil and the loss of plant nutrients and fertilizers resulting in crop yieldreduction, causes pollution of streams and ponds, thereby threatening fish habitats .Table 34 gives the estimated K-factors for the upper horizons of selected soil profiles . The K-factors or soil erodibility factors have been computed using the soil erodibility nomograph aspresented by Wischmeier et . al . 1971 . The K-factors have been further adjusted for rock fragments,to reflect the degree of protection afforded by these fragments, as outlined in the "National SoilsHandbook, USDA - Soil Conservation Service, 1983" . Actual soil erosion is a factor of theerodibility ofthe soil as well as slope gradient, slope length, rainfall index and land use or croppingindex.Figure 13 is used to determine whether a high or low erosion potential exists, using the K-factorsofTable 34 and slope gradients . Erosion potential is determined for different rooting or soil depths .The figure assumes an average slope length of 30 m, and the rainfall erosion index, adjusted forwinter conditions has been determined for Gander as 1260 by Wall, G .J ., et . al ., 1983 . The curveshave been calculated for a maximum allowable annual soil loss of2 tons/ha for soils less than 20 cmdeep, 4 tons/ha for soils 20 to 50 cm deep, and 6 tons/ha for soils more than 50 cm deep (NationalSoils Handbook, USDA, 1983) under a continuouspotato cultivation with rows running up and downthe slope . Soil depth in this context refers to depth of rooting zone . Table 35 lists the soil erosionpotential for the map units.

- 143-SLOPE1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Y0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.100.110.120.130.140.150.160.170.180.190.200.210.220.230.240.25LOW EROSIONPOTENTIALHIGH EROSIONPOTENTIALNOTE: ' hop depth to bedrock. compacted tiw orcemented layercurvesarebasedon 3omaverage slops length, R -1260 .Low erosion potential gthe intersect of the K"facorand the % slops falls to the left of the curve for the appropriatesoudepth.High erosion potential H the intersect of the K-factor and the % scope falls to the right of the cume for the appropriatesoil depth.Figure 12.Erosion potential of soils

Table 34 .-144-K-factors and slope gradients for selected soil profilesSoil Name Depth % Sloe K- FactorAlderburn (80-0042) 0-5 2-5 .045-12 .0312-22 .0522-34 .04Alderburn (80-0044) 0-6 2-5 .066-18 .0318-28 .0628+ .07Alderburn (80-0045) 2-16 .5-2 .0316-36 .04Alderburn (80-0058) 4-16 6-9 .0816-27 .1627-38 .11Àlderburn, ns (80-0061) 0-5 2-5 .115-20 .1220-42 .06Alderburn (80-0065) 0-8 2-5 .248-14 .1314-21 .1621-40 .18Alderburn (80-0067) 0-30 10-15 .0530-44 .05Alderburn (80-0068) 0-7 .5-2 .307-21 .1621-34 .21Alderburn (80-0070) 0-7 6-9 .107-24 .0524-39 .06Alderburn (80-0074) 7-21 16-30 .0621-36 .10Barry's Pond (80-0054) 0-12 6-9 .01(taxadjunct) 12-32 .01Brown's Arm Brook* 0-26 0- .5 .28(84-0002) 26+ .36

I-145-Soil Name Depth % Slope I K- FactorBulleY's Cove (80-0052) 0-35 16-30 .02.01Burnt Arm (80-0073) 0-9 10-15 .169-26 .0526-45 .04Coopers Pond (80-0051) 0-4 12 .154-32 .17Gander (80-0055) 0-10 6-9 .39(taxadjunct) 10-22 .2022-31 .30Gills Point (80-0059) 4-18 .5-2 .044-18 .07High Point (80-0062) 0-5 .5-2 .115-29 .0329-50 .02High Point (80-0064) 1-25 .5-5 .0125-40 .01Mill Pond (84-005) 2-19 0- .5 .0519-36 .05Milord Arm (80-0043) 0-12 2-5 .1112-20 .0820-45 .10Milord Arm Brook (80-0041) 0-20 .5-2 .0420-33 .02Milord Arm Brook (80-0046) 0-12 2-5 .06(taxadjunct) 12-27 .0327-42 .03Milord Arm Brook (80-0066) 0-9 6-9 .509-33 .16Muddy Hole Brook* (80-0003) 0-30 0 .42Norris Arm (84-001) 0-5 0- .5 .165-30 .10

i- 146-Soil Name Depth % Sloe K- FactorNorthern Arm (80-0063) 0-7 16-30 .177-24 .0724-33 .03Northern Arm (80-0069) 2-10 16-30 .0810-24 .1214-23 .1023-45 .05Peters Arm (80-0050) 0-7 10-15 .017-15 .0115-25 .0925-37 .04Peters Arm 80-0056 9-17 0- .5 .0217-40 .01Peters Arm (80-0057) 0-7 .5-2 .077-22 .0222-30 .03Peters Pond (80-0072) 0-5 6-9 .045-15 .0215+ .01Phillips Head (80-0071) 0-16 .5-2 .0616-31 .07Point Leamington* (84-0004) 0-20 .5-2 .0220-32 .01Porters Cove (80-0049) 0-16 .5-2 .0716-37 .06Wiseman Head (80-0053) 0-11 2-5 .04* K-factors calculated for subsoils underlying peat surface horizons .

-147-Table 35.Ma unitSoil susceptibility of map units to erosionSoil susceptibility ratingAlderburnAlderburn - Burnt ArmlowlowAlderburn - Northern Arm low to high (high if slope is more than 10%)Barry's Pond - Bulley's Cove low to high (high if slope is more than 15%)Brown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill PondBurnt Arm - Norris ArmlowlowhighlowCoopers Pond low to high (high if slope is more than 5%)Coopers Pond - Michael's Harbour high (60-70%), low (30-40%)Dogberry Brook - Michael's HarbourEvans Point - Lower Sandy PointGander - Wing PondHigh PointlowlowhighlowKite Cove ---Mill PondMill Pond - Dogberry BrookMilord ArmMilord Arm BrookMuddy Hole Brook - Milord ArmNorris ArmNorris Arm - AlderburnlowlowlowlowlowlowlowNorris Arm - Dogberry Brook low -Norris Arm - High PointlowNorthern Arm - Alderburn low to high (high if slope is more than 10%)Peters Arm low to high (high if slope is more than 30%)

- 148-F- Ma unit Soil susceptibility ratingPeters Arm - Milord ArmlowPeters PondhighPhillips HeadPitts PondPoint Leamington - South West ArmPorters CoveTurtle Creek - New Bay RiverWhetstone HillWiseman HeadWiseman Head - Barry's PondhighlowlowlowlowlowhighhighWiseman Head - Coopers Pond high .Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbour high (50-60%), low (40-50%)Wiseman Head - Turtle CreekhighSoil susceptibility to frost actionFrost action is the upward or lateral movement of soil by the formation of segregated ice lenses(frost heave) and the subsequent loss ofsoil strength upon thawing . The upward movement ofsoilor frost heave can be particular damaging to pavements, concrete foundation slabs or shallowfootings, which can crack or tip . Thawing causes collapse ofthe surface and produces free waterwhich cannot drain through the still frozen soil underneath, resulting in a reduction of the strengthof the soil . Exposed back slopes and side slopes of cuts and fills in frost-susceptible soils have atendency to slough during thawing . Frost heave may cause injury to crops during cold weather . Treeseedlings and young clover plants are sometimes raised out of the soil by frost heave or their rootsystems are broken.Temperatures below OOC, free soil water besides capillary water in voids and absorbed water onparticles, and soils where the pores or voids are fine enough to hold quantities ofwater under tensionbut coarse enough to transmit water to the freezing front, are needed for the formation of segregatedice lenses . Ice crystals form in the larger pores first since capillary water and water absorbed on soilparticles freezes at lower temperatures . This super-cooled water is strongly attracted to the icecrystal, moves toward it, and freezes on contact . The resulting ice lens continues to grow in widthand thickness until all available water that can be transported by capillarity has been added to the icelens . Table 36 states the criteria used to rate soils according to their susceptibility to frost action .Drainage indicates the amount offree water present in the soil ; the family particle size classes givean indication of the pore sizes and distribution available for the formation of ice lenses . Table 37

- 149-rates the soils for each map unit according to their susceptibility to frost action . The followingclasses are used : low - soils are rarely susceptible to the formation ofice lenses ; moderate - soils aresusceptible to the formation of ice lenses, resulting in frost heave and subsequent loss of soilstrength ; high - soils are highly susceptible to the formation ofice lenses, resulting in frost heave andsubsequent loss of soil strength (National Soils Handbook, Soil Conservation Service, USDA) .Table 38 summarizes the suitability ofmap units for woodland uses (access road construction,forestry equipment use), and susceptibility ofmap units to windthrow, erosion and frost action.Table 36 .Degrees of soil susceptibility to frost actionDrainageFrost action classesLow ~ Moderate ~ High JVery poorly and Fragmental Sandy Coarse loamypoorly drained Sandy-skeletal Fine-loamyCourse-siltyFine-siltyLoamy-skeletalClayey andclayey skeletalImperfectly drained Fragmental Coarse-loamy Coarse-siltySandy Fine-loamy Fine-siltySandy skeletal Loamy-skeletalClayey andclayey skeletalModerately well and Fragmental Coarse-loamywell drained Sandy Fine-loamySandy-skeletal Coarse-siltyClayeyFine-siltyClayey-skeletal Loamy-skeletal

_150-Table 37 .Soil susceptibility of map units to frost actionMa unit T Soil susceptibility ratingAlderburnAlderburn - Burnt ArmmoderatemoderateAlderbum - Northern ArmmoderateBarry's Pond - Bulley's Cove moderate (50-60%) ; not rated (40-50%) -organicsoilBrown's Arm BrookBurnt ArmBurnt Arm - Mill Pondmoderate to highmoderatemoderateBurnt Arm - Norris Arm moderate (50-60%); high (40-50%)Coopers PondmoderateCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour moderate (60-70%) ; not rated (30-40%) - organicsoilDogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour high (50%) ; not rated (50%) - organic soilEvans Point - Lower Sandy PointGander - Wing PondHigh PointKite CovelowmoderatelowlowMill PondmoderateMill Pond - Dogberry Brook moderate (50-60%) ; high (40-50%)Milord ArmmoderateMilord Arm BrookmoderateMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm not rated (50-60%) - organic ; moderate (40-50%)Norris ArmhighNorris Arm - Àlderburn high (50-70%) ; moderate (30-50%)Norris Arm - Dogberry BrookhighNorris Arm - High Point high (60-70%); low (30-40%)Northern Arm - Alderbummoderate

Ma unitSoil susceptibility ratingPeters ArmlowPeters Arm - Milord Arm low (60-70%) ; moderate (30-40%)Peters PondPhillips HeadPitts PondmoderatehighlowPoint Leamington - South West Arm low (60-70%) ; moderate (30-40%)Porters Covelow to moderateTurtle Creek - New Bay River high (60%) ; moderate (40%)Whetstone HillWiseman Headlownot rated - organic soilWiseman Head - Barry's Pond not rated (60-70%) - organic soil ; moderate (30-40%)Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond not rated (60-70%) - organic soil ; moderate (30-40%)Wiseman Head - Michael's Harbournot rated - organic soilWiseman Head - Turtle Creek not rated 60% - organic soil ; high 40%

Table 38 .-152-Summary table of soil suitability for woodland uses and soil susceptibility to windthrow, erosion and frost actionAccess roadconstructionForestryequipment useSusceptibilityto windthrowSusceptibilityto erosionSusceptibility tofrost actionAlderburn G G L L MAlderburn - Burnt Arm F G 6F4 L L MAlderburn - Northern Arm G-P G-P L L-H MBarry's Pond - Bulley's Cove (G-P) 6U4 (G-P) 6 U 4 L 6 H 4 L-H M6 n/r4Brown's Arm Brook G-F F L-M L M-HBurnt Arm F F L L MBurnt Arm - Mill Pond F P L-M H MBurnt Arm - Norris Arm F-P F L-M L M6H 4Coopers Pond F-P G-F L L-H MCoopers Pond - Michael's Harbour (F-P) 6 U 4 (F-P) 6 U 4 L 6H4 H 6L4 M6 n/r4Dogberry Brook - Michael's Harbour U U H L H5 n/r5Evan's Point - Lower Sandy Point G7U3 G 7U3 L7U3 L LGander - Wing Pond P G 5 F 5 L H MHigh Point G G L L LKite Cove G G M L LMill Pond G-F F L-M L MMill Pond - Dogberry Brook G6U4 F6U4 L 6 M 4 L M 6 H 4Milord Arm F F L L M

Access roadconstruction-153-Forestrye q _ ' -pment useSusceptibilityto windtbrowSusceptibilityto erosionSusceptibility tofrost actionMilord Arm Brook F G-F L-M L MMuddy Hole Brook - Milord Arm UTS USF5 H5LS L n/rs MSNorris Arm P F M L HNorris Arm - Alderburn P'G3 ' F7G3 M7H3 L H7M3Norris Arm - Dogberry Brook P'U3 F'U3 M 7H3 L HNorris Arm - High Point P'G3 F7G3 M7L 3 L H7L3Northern Arm - Alderburn F-P G-P L L-H MPeters Ann G G L L-H LPeters Arm - Milord Arm G SFS GSF5 L L L SMSPeters Pond G-F F-P M H MPhillips Head P F-P M H HPitts Pond G G L L LPoint Leamington-South West Ann F 7P3 F L7M3 L L 7M3Porters Cove F-P G-F L-M L L-MTurtle Creek - New Bay River U P MSL5 L H SMSWhetstone Hill P F M L LWiseman Head U P H H. n/rWiseman Head - Barry's Pond U P H7L4 H n/r7 M3Wiseman Head - Coopers Pond U P H7L 3 H n/r7 M 3

Access roadconstruction-154-Forestryequipment useSusceptibilityto windthrowSusceptibilityto erosionSusceptibility tofrost actionWiseman Head - Michael's Harbour U P H H60 n/rWisemanHead - Turtle Creek U P H6M° H n/r6 H4

Soil suitability rating system of organic soil map units for agriculture and miningThe organic soil map units are rated according to their degree of suitability for agriculture(vegetable production and forage crop production), horticultural peat (peat moss) mining and fuelpeat mining . Little is known about the soil requirements of organic soils for various crops .Therefore, no attempt is made to rate soils oforganic soil map units according to their suitability forsingle crops . Instead a general rating of suitability for agriculture is presented.Development difficulty of organic soils- 155-Development difficulty ratings recognize that soils of different organic soil map units may havesimilar suitability for a particular use, but may have different reclamation requirements . The ratingsare based on evaluation of the organic soil map units in their natural state, and express the amountof effort required to reclaim the organic soil map units for agriculture or mining . Three relativedegrees of development difficulty are recognized .Minor development difficulty - Minor reclamation is required to prepare a map unit foruse as agricultural land or for mining . Apart from installation of surface or subsurfacedrainage, major reclamation activities include installation ofperipheral ditches and rotocuttingthe surface layer .Moderate development difficulty, reclamation warranted - Moderate reclamation isrequired to prepare a map unit which is rated good or fair as to the degree of suitabilityfor agriculture or mining . Apart from installation ofsurface or subsurface drainage androto-cutting the surface, major reclamation activities include clearing ofbrush and trees,levelling rough surface, removing woody material such as tree stumps and largebranches, construction of water-control works and infilling of ponds.Major development difficulty, reclamation seldom warranted - Major reclamation isseldom warranted because the cost ofovercoming certain limitations is too great or theyconstitute some continuing limitation that reduces the suitability for a particular use .Certain soil properties that affect the suitability of organic soils for agriculture or mining alsoaffectthe degree ofdevelopment difficulty . However, the relative importance ofthese soil propertiesmay have to be adjusted when development difficulty is rated. Features oforganic soils and theirlandform characteristics, important to rating the degree ofdevelopment difficulty are listed in Table39 . These include : vegetative cover which indicates the amount of landclearing necessary, excesswater and inundation hazard, indicating special drainage and water control works requirements,surface roughness which dictates the amount of land levelling required, percentage open waterspecifies the amount ofpools to be filled in, percentage coarse wood fragments indicates the amountof tree stumps and branches to be removed . Depth of deposit gives an indication ofthe life span ofthe deposit and thickness after settlement . It also indicates special water- control requirements .Water movement in the organic material can be considered independent of the more or lessimpermeable substrata if the deposit is more than 120 cm thick after drainage . Criteria for thelandform and soil characteristics as they appear in Table 39 are based on criteria presented in Mills,G .F . et al . (1977), which were adapted for Eastern Canadian conditions using "Parent, L.E . (1981) .

- 156-Organic landforms for each map unit are rated according to the degree of development difficulty inTable 40, regardless of their suitability for agriculture or mining .Soil suitability of organic soils for agriculture, horticultural peat and fuel peatThe organic soil map units are rated according to their degree of suitability for agriculture,horticultural peat and fuel peat . On the island ofNewfoundland, organic soils have been used mainlyas pastures and only a limited number of attempts are being made to utilize organic soils forvegetableproduction . Since little is known about crop requirements on organic soils, no attempt hasbeen made to rate organic soil map units according to their suitability for single crops. Horticulturalpeat or peat moss has been mined on the island ofNewfoundland for quite some time, usually assmall scale operations satisfying local demands . Mining organic soils for fuel peat has only startedrecently on a large scale. However, much interest has been shown in peat as an alternative sourceofenergy . A peatland inventory covering the study area was completed in 1980 by the DepartmentofForest Resources and Lands, Province ofNewfoundland and Labrador (Dept . ofForest Resourcesand Lands, Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1980 . Peatland Inventory, EasternNewfoundland) . Tables 41, 43 and 45 list the ranges in soil properties for the suitability ratings oforganic soils for agriculture, for horticultural peat mining and for fuel peat mining respectively . Thesoil properties used to rate the organic soils for the various uses are : depth of deposit if underlainby till or bedrock or if underlain by sand, clay or marl, origin of the peat material and degree ofdecomposition.Depth ofdeposit . After drainage, organic soils are subject to subsidence, caused by shrinkagethat result from drying, compaction, oxidation and erosion. The effect of each of these on the rateof subsidence increases with increased as the depth ofthe water table level increases . Maintainingthe water table at levels that are best for crop production (60 cm for vegetable production and 30 cmfor pasture) or for horticultural or fuel peat mining is less difficult ifthe water regime ofthe organicdeposit is independent from the water regime of the surrounding area and not restricted byunderlying impermeable or less permeable layers . Water movement in the organic deposit can beconsidered independently ofthese underlying impermeable or less permeable layers ifthe thicknessof the deposit, after drainage, is 120 to 160 cm .The underlying materials affect the suitability ofthe deposit for subsurface drainage. Tile mustgenerally be laid at 100 cm depth . A sand substrate presents a drainage problem ifthe tile is laid inthe sand. The sand due to its much larger pores compared to pores in the organic material createsan "impervious layer due to increased porosity" and continuous flow ofwater is possible only undersaturated conditions . Tile laid in a clay or marl substrate creates a drainage problem due to theimpervious nature of the material .An important aspect ofthe thickness ofthe depôsit is related to the life span ofthe soil . Miningfor horticultural peat or fuel peat will deplete the deposit eventually, leaving a substrate behindwhich may not be suitable for crop production or forestry . Organic deposits, when used foragriculture, even with the best water control, will eventually disappear and the land base will be lostfrom production.

- 157-Origin ofpeat material . Peat owes its origin to the growth and decomposition ofmosses, sedges,ericaceous shrubs and other hydrophytic vegetation . The kind of vegetation and consequently thekind ofpeat material depends largely on the acidity and the nutrient status ofthe deposit . Bog peatstend to be very acidic and low in nitrogen, whereas fen peats are less acidic and relatively rich innitrogen . Sphagnum mosses prefer the high acidity and low nutrient status of bogs, while sedges,grasses and ericaceous shrub are more commonly found on the somewhat less acidic and morenutrient rich fens . The presence ofcoarse wood fragments found in peats derived from vegetationwith large amounts ofconifers andbirch will clog agricultural implements, drainage equipment, peatmoss shredders and equipment used in fuel peat mining. Rhizomes ofcotton grass are very slowlydecomposed . Its tough fibers form a matted peat material which has a low hydraulic conductivityand is hard to work . Alder peat and peat of ericaceous shrub have no coarse fragments and aresuitable for agriculture if they are sufficiently decomposed and have good hydraulic conductivity .Sphagnum peat, when slightly decomposed has a high hydraulic conductivity which is favourablefor Newfoundland conditions . Sphagnum peat also forms the prime material for horticultural peat .Peat derived from sedges and reed grasses, when slightly decomposed, has lower hydraulicconductivities than sphagnum peat, and has a relatively rapid rate of decomposition . Welldecomposed peat derived from sedges, reed grasses, alder and ericaceous shrub is suitable as fuelpeat, but often leaves high ash contents after burning .Degree of decomposition . The degree of decomposition of the organic material affectspermeability, capillary rise of water and rate of subsidence . Undecomposed peat materials havehigher hydraulic conductivity rates than decomposed peat materials . Capillary rise ofwater in theprofile improves with increaseddegree ofdecomposition. Subsidence, which to a large extent is dueto decomposition ofthe peat material, will consequently be higher in undecomposed peat materials .The very nature ofthe peatmoss material requires it to be fibric . Slightly decomposed sphagnummosses with von Post scale rating of 2 and 3 and slightly decomposed reed grass and sedge grasswith von Post scale rating of 4 are considered to be suitable as material for horticultural peat (SeeTable 43) . Similarly, fuel peat requires a well decomposed organic material with high BTU and lowash content. Sphagnum peats with von Post scale rating of4 or more and sedge and reed grass peatwith von Post scale rating of 6 or more are considered suitable as material for fuel peat (See Table45) .Water control . Water control can be considered the most important factor effecting suitabilityof peat material for crop production. Slightly decomposed sphagnum peats have the highesthydraulic conductivity rates . They are, in a high rainfall climate such as on the island ofNewfoundland, best suited to agriculture . The exception is peat derived from Sphagnum. cuspidatumwhich is very leafy and has low permeability (Parent 1981) . Slight decomposed sedge and reedgrasses are often too matted and have low vertical hydraulic conductivity . Peat material derivedfrom sedge and reed grass is therefore better suited to agriculture when at an intermediary stage ofdecomposition (von Post scale rating 4 to 7) . The degree of decomposition ofthe rooting zone isprobably of less importance than that of the lower profile. The surface 40 cm, because it will bedrained, cultivated, aerated and fertilized, will experience active microbial degradation and as aresult will become decomposed more rapidly . The degree of decomposition for agricultural soils isassessed for the peat material between 40 and 120 cm below the surface .

I- 15 8-Tables 42, 44 and 46 show the soil suitability ratings, using the above criteria, for each organicsoil map unit, for agriculture, horticultural peat mining, and fuel peat mining . The major limitingfactor is indicated for each rating . Table 47 is a summary table of soil suitability of organic soils foragriculture, horticultural peat and fuel peat mining .Table 39 .Degrees of development difficulty of organic soilsDegree of development difficultyModerate : -- - -Major :Major physical feature reclamation reclamationaffecting development Minor warranted seldom warrantedVegetative cover light : grasses, moderate : brush, heavy : many largesedges, reeds small trees trees, heavy shrubExcess water No underground Underground seepageseepage and and surface runoff --surface runoff from surroundingfrom surrounding areasareasInundation hazard none slight severeSurface roughness none hummocks and holes and moundsmounds (30-60 cm (60 cm micromicro relief)relief)open water 10% 10-30% 30%coarse wood 1% 1-5% 5%fragmentsDepth of deposit ifunderlain by :till or bedrock 160 cm 120-160 cm 120 cmsand, clay or marl 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cm

- 15 9-Table 40 .Development difficulty of organic soil map unitsMa unit Development difficulty rating and limitin factor sDead Wolf PondJesse CoveMichael's HarbourMint PondRed Cliff PondSharrons Pondminormajor - vegetation, coarse wood fragments, soil depthmajor - soil depth, coarse wood fragmentsmoderate to major - soil depthmoderate - underground seepage, surface roughnessmoderate - soil depthTable 41.Degrees of soil suitability for agriculture for organic soilsDegree of suitabilityMajor soil propertiesinfluencing uses Good Fair F- PoorDepth of peat material ifunderlain by :till or bedrock more than 160 cm 120-160 cm 80-120 cmsand, clay or marl more than 120 cm 80-120 cm 40-80 cmOrigin ofpeat material slightly decomposed reed grass, sedges, decomposedsphagnum, reed alder sphagnum,grass, aldercottongrassDegree of decomposition fibric for sphagnum, mesic for humic(40-120 cm) mesic for reed grass sphagnum, fibricand sedgesfor reed grass andsedges .A fourth degree of soil suitability foragriculture for organic soils is defined as unsuitable : Depthofpeat material less than 80 cm when underlain by till or bedrock or less than 40 cm when underlainby sand, clay or marl .

-160-Table 42 .Ma unitDead Wolf PondJesse CoveMichael's HarbourMint PondRed CliffPondSharrons PondSuitability of organic soil map units for agriculturegoodSuitability rating and limiting factor(s)poor to unsuitable - soil depth, degree of decompositionunsuitable - soil depthfair to poor - soil depth, origin of peat material, degree ofdecompositiongoodfair - soil depthTable 43.Degrees of soil suitability for horticultural peat for organic soilsIIMajor soilDegree of suitabilitypropertiesinfluencin uses Good Fair UnsuitableDepth to deposit ifunderlain by :till or bedrock 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cmsand, clay or marl 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cmOrigin ofpeat slightly decomposed slightly decomposedmaterial sphaghnum, cotton decomposed, reed sphagnum,grass grass and sedge decomposed reed grassgrassand sedge grass, alderDegree of fibric (H2-3) fibric (H4) mesic and humicdecomposition(HS-7)(entire t' depth)

ITable 44.Suitability of organic soil map units for horticultural peatMa unit T Suitabili rating and limiting factor(s)Dead Wolf PondJesse CoveMichael's HarbourMint PondRed Cliff PondSharrons Pondgoodunsuitable - degree of decomposition, soil depthunsuitable - depth of depositunsuitable - degree of decompositionfair - origin or peat, degree of decompositionfair - degree of decompositionTable 45 .Degrees of soil suitability for fuel peat for organic soilsMajor soil propertiesDegree of suitabilityinfluencing uses Good Fair UnsuitableDepth of deposit ifunderlain by :till or bedrock 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cmsand, clay or marl 120 cm 80-120 cm 80 cmOrigin of peat material decomposed slightly cottongrasssphagnum,decomposed,decomposed reed grass sphagnum peatand sedge grass (if low sedge grassin ash and friable)Degree of humic, mesic (H6) mesic (H5), fibric (H1-3)decompositionfibric (H4)entire depth)

-162-Table 46.Ma unitDead Wolf PondJesse CoveMichael's HarbourMint PondRed CliffPondSharrons PondSuitability of organic soil map units for fuel peatSuitability rating and limiting factorWunsuitable - degree of decompositionunsuitable - origin of peat materialunsuitable - depth of depositfair - degree of decompositionfair - degree ofdecompositionfair - degree of decompositionTable 47 .Ma unitSummary table ofsuitability of organic soil map units for agriculture andminingAgricultureHorticultural peatmmin Fuel eat miningDead Wolf Pond good good unsuitableJesse Cove poor to unsuitable unsuitable unsuitableMichael's Harbour unsuitable unsuitable unsuitableMint Pond fair to poor unsuitable fairRed Cliff Pond good fair fairSharrons Pond fair fair fair

-163-PART THREESOIL PROFILES - DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYSESExplanation of terms used in the description of soil profilesImportant characteristics of the horizons are color, texture, structure, consistence, rootdistribution and porosity . Color is an easily determined feature for soil identification . Colors in soilhorizons are usually good indications oforganic matter content, drainage, iron content and leachingeffects . Poor drainage is usually indicated by grayish, brownish and reddish mottling .Soil texture refers to the proportions ofsand, silt and clay ofwhich the soil material less than 2mm in diameter is composed. When coarser (i .e . >2 mm), soil particles constitute 20 to 50% or morethan 50% of the soil volume, the terms gravelly and very gravelly are used respectively . Figure 14shows the soil textural classes expressed as percentages of sand, silt and clay .Soil structure and porosity are the most important characteristic of the soil profile influencingplant growth, drainage and susceptibility to degradation and erosion . The form, size and durabilityof the soil aggregates and the abundance and size ofpores determine aeration, moisture- holdingcapacity, and distribution of plant roots within the soil . A soil horizon may have blocky, platy, orgranular structure, or it may be structureless, that is, non-aggregated .Soil consistence is related to texture and refers to the attractive forces between soil particles .Depending on texture and moisture conditions, soils may be loose, hard or very hard when dry ;loose, friable or firm when moist ; nonsticky or sticky whenwet; nonplastic or plastic when saturated.Soils may be cemented when cementing agents such as silica and iron in combination with organicmatter are present . Soil consistence indicates the ease with which a soil can be worked. A heavytextured soil generally becomes sticky when wet . In this state it is hard to work with machinery .Additional features of the horizons are distinctness and form of the lower horizon boundary ;abundance, size, and distribution of roots; and the size, form, and abundance of coarse fragmentssuch as gravel, cobbles and stones .Organic soil horizons are characterized by the stage of decomposition of the material . . Thedecomposition ofthe organic material is determined by observing the ease with whichplant remainscan be distinguished, the nature of the fibers, the form the samples takes, the color of the waterexpressed and the proportion ofthe original sample thatremains in the hand after squeezing a sample .within the closed hand . Ten classes are defined in the "von Post" scale of decomposition. Class 1to 4 range from undecomposed to weakly decomposed and are generally called fibric, class 5 and6 are moderately and strongly decomposed respectively and are called mesic,class 7 to 10 range fromstrongly decomposed to completely decomposed which are generally indicated as being humic .

- 164-0looFigure-'I 3 . . A diagram showing the ranges in percentages ofsand, silt and clay in the textural classes.Explanation of the chemical and physical soil analysesFoil most of the soil profiles described in this section, chemical and physical analyses arepresented .Physicaland chemical analyses give quantitative expression to constituents and propertiesofthesoil ândto the nutrient status ofthe soil . The analyses also aid in the classification ofthe soils. according to the Canadian System ofSoil Classification . This report contains over 1750 soil analysesand particle size distribution determinations . Most soil analyses were performed by the ServiceLaboratory of the Land Resource Research Institute ofAgriculture Canada, Ottawa and a numberof soil analyses were performed in the soils laboratory ofthe Newfoundland Forest Research Center.Consequently, slight differences in methods of analyses will exist.Soil-reactionThe reaction of soils is usually expressed as pH, which is determined in a 0 .01M CaCl2 solutionor in water. The pH measurements in water are usually slightly higher than those measured . i nCaC12 . '. The pH measurements range from a low of 3 .4 in an Ae horizon to a high of 5 .5 in â .subsurface horizon . In general pH increases with depth, due to greater leaching in the surfacehorizons .. .Most agricultural crops grow best within the pH range 5 .8 to 6 .1, indicating that the soilsof the-Bay of Exploits area are generally too acid and need amendment through addition oflimestone . For organic soils, the pH is determined on moist soil, using 0.015 M CaCl2 and rangesfrom about 3 .0 to 4 .0 . Bogs usually have the most acidic peat. Fen peats generally have a pH greaterthan 4 .2 . .

- 165-Total carbonTotal carbon in soils refers to the total of organic carbon and inorganic carbon in the form ofcarbonate minerals . However, in humid regions, such as Newfoundland, where the profile is subjectto leaching, total carbon exists predominantly or entirely as organic carbon .Organic matter content ofa soil is related to organic carbon content by a factor of 1.724 (OrganicMatter = °lo Org . C x 1.724) . Organic Matter consists of organic materials in various stages ofdecomposition . The well decomposed, colloidal organic material forms with the clay the colloidalcomplex, the site for most of the chemical reactivity in the soil . Organic matter is also the :site formicrobial activity in the soil . Organic matter is usually highest in the B horizon or the horizon ofilluviation, and lowest in the C horizon or parent material . In general the organic matter contentsin the soils of the Bay ofExploits area can be considered as relatively low .Total nitrogen and C/N ratioThe nitrogen in soils depends on organic matter content, its rate of decomposition by microbialactivity, and the conversion of nitrogen into soluble forms that are used or lost from the soil . Theuse ofnitrogen depends on microbial activity, which in turn depends on the organic matter content.Thus the nitrogen content of a soil is directly related to the organic carbon content of the soil andtotal nitrogen status ofthe soil . Therefore, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is often used to express therelationship between the nitrogen status and the organic matter content in the soil . C/N ratiosbetween 10 and 15 for mineral surface horizons usually indicate a relative stable condition. Thepercentage of total nitrogen being removed equals the percentage of total carbon being lost. Ratiosof 15 to 30 indicate that the microbial activity is above normal and the organic matter content ofthe .soil is undergoing reduction . Ratios of more than 30 indicate a relatively large supply of.organicmatter, intense microbial activity and rapid reduction ofthe organic matter content . Ratios below10 indicate low organic matter contents and little microbial activity . These ratios are normally foundonly in subsoils . For the soils ofthe survey area, C/N ratios for most ofthe A and B horizons rangefrom 10 to 25, indicating stable conditions to an annual increase in organic matter from vegetation.Fororganic surface horizons and peat material the situation is different . Organic soils gerierally havea high carbon- nitrogen ratio .Available phosphorusPhosphorus in soils occurs as organic phosphates and rockphosphates . Phosphate is very slowlysoluble, especially under acid conditions, and only a small proportion of it is in a form which isavailable to plants . However, unlike other plant nutrients, almost no phosphate is leached out ofthesoil . With the possible exception of nitrogen, phosphorus is the most important element for plantgrowth . It regulates processes in the plant such as flowering and fruiting, seed formation; crop'maturation and root development . The availability ofphosphorus to plants isdetermined by the pH.For most soils, the availability of phosphorus to plants is maximum at a pH of around 6 . Forvegetable production the optimal available phosphorus content is considered to be in the range of---5.0, to 75 ppm . Available phosphorus contents in the Bay ofExploits area range between 20 and 30ppm for most ofthe cultivated soils, and well below 20 ppm for soils under forest vegetation . Highphosphate levels are found in organic surface horizons .

- 166-Lime .requirement indicates the amount of limestone with 60% immediately available CaC03,that is needed to raise the soil pH to 6 .5 to a 15 cm depth . Lime requirement does not only take into-accountthe soil acidity due to Hydrogen-ion concentration, but also takes into account the exchange~aeidity.,due to the Aluminum-ion concentration in the soil solution .Iron, aluminum and manganese- Iron and aluminum are extracted using three different methods : extraction by the sodiumpyrophosphate, ammonium oxalate and the dithionite citrate methods . It is thought that thedithionite citrate extracts most ofthe crystalline and amorphous iron (Fe)-oxides and hydroxides aswell as iron (Fe)-salts and iron (Fe)-organic complexes, while the iron extracted with ammoniumoxalate. cipsely parallels the amorphous iron content . Ammonium oxalate is considered to extractmost ofthe amorphous forms ofaluminum (Al) in the soil. Sodium phyrophosphate only extractsthe iron and aluminum that are associated with organic matter.Pyrophosphate-, oxalate- and dithionite- extractable iron and aluminum values are useful in .studies of soil genesis and classification. The oxalate values, especially, give an indication ofthedegree of . accumulation of amorphous products of recent weathering in soils that vary, widely intexturd; 'Olour, soil reaction, organic matter content and total iron oxides content . Thephyrophosphate extractable iron and aluminum is used to confirm the presence of podzolic Bhorizons in order to classify the soils according to the Canadian System of Soil Classification . .(Canada Soil Survey Committee 1978) . A podzolic B horizon must have an extractable Fe + Al .value of0.6% or more for textures finer than sand, and 0.4% or more for sands . Dithionite citrateis thought to extract the manganese- compounds in the soil that is not retained in the silicate crystallattice. . Manganese generally follows the same trend as iron under oxidation and reduction . Bothiron and manganese become soluble underreduced conditions and relocation ofthese soluble forms .may occur, Iron andmanganese often segregate into concretions in the upper horizons ofsoils whereoxidation-reduction conditions alternate, which is at the contact of the A and B horizons .Cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cationsThe cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the storage capacity of the colloidalcomplex for exchangeable cations or, simpler, how much nutrient the soil can hold in storage for_ plantgrowth. The cation exchange capacity ofa soil varies with pH. Therefore, the cation exchangecapacity has been measured at the pH of the soil (CEC Perm .) . Besides being pH dependent, thecation exchange capacity values increase with clay content and organic matter content .Consequently the coarser textured soils and the horizons low in organic matter have the lowestexchange capacity . Many ofthe B horizons have moderately high to high cation exchange capacityvalues, while the overlying, leached out, Ae horizons and the underlying parent materials have lowvalues: - Calcium and aluminum are generally the dominant exchangeable bases. Potassium andmagnesium are present in smaller amounts . A low cation exchange capacity within the top 30 cm. ofthe soil indicates a low nutrient status and the soil fertility will have to be supplemented to avoidreduced crop yields .

- 167-Gravel content and particle size distributionCoarse fragments of2mm or greater in diameter are referred to as gravel, cobbles or stones . Soiltexture is determined by the proportion ofparticles ofdifferent size grades over the soil particles lessthan 2 mm effective spherical diameter. Three basic size grades or fractions are used : clay (less than0.002 mm effective spherical diameter), silt (0.002 - 0.05 mm) and sand (0.05 - 2 mm) . The sandfraction has been subdivided into five fractions : very coarse sand (1- 2 mm), coarse sand (0 .5 -1mm), sand (0.25 - 0.5 mm), fine sand (0.1- 0.25 mm) and very fine sand (0.05 - 0 .1 mm) . Figure 14shows the soil textural names, given to various combinations of the three basic fractions .Engineering particle size classes are approximated using sieve analyses ofparticles greater than2 mm effective spherical diameter, and the percentages very fine sand (0.05 - 0 .1 mm), silt (0.002 -0.05 mm) and clay (less than 0.0002 mm) are calculated over the total sample weight. Sieveanalyses, percentages very fine sand, silt and clay are presented in Table 48, together, with theapproximated percentages passing No . 4 and No . 200 sieves . Fromthis the Unified Engineering SoilClassification is determined for selected soil profiles .Pyrophosphate-soluble organic matterThe pyrophosphate-soluble organic matter index for organic soils is a measure ofthe degree ofhumification of the organic material . A pyrophosphate index ofless than 40 is generally expectedfor undecomposed to weakly decomposed organic material; between 40 and 60 for moderately tostrongly decomposed organic material ; more than 60 for very strongly to completely decomposedorganic material (Schintzer and Desjardins,1965) .Ash contentAsh content for organic soils, expressed as the percentage of ash over the original weight givesan indication ofthe degree ofhumification or the organic material . The more humified the organicmaterial is, the higher the ash content is . It also gives an indication ofthe suitability of the organicmaterial for fuel peat . Ash content of fuel peat should be as low as possible and preferably around2.5%. - .Methods of soil analysesThe following methods were used to analyse the soil samples :pH Soil pH was determined in a 1 :2 soil to 0.01M CaCl2 ratio with 10gram of2 mm material and in a 1 :1 soil to water ratio with 20 gramof 2 mm material . The readings were taken at the -end .ôf .30,minutes. (Methods 3 .11 and 3 .13) . _Total CarbonThe percentage total carbon by weight was determined using aLECO induction furnace equipped with purifying train, andcarbondeterminator . (Method 3 .611 .) After 1984, total carbonwasdetermined using the C-N Analyser.

Organic CarbonThe organic carbon was determined for a number of samples by- loss on ignition (Method 3 .81) . Total carbon was calculated from .this by dividing by a factor of 1 .7 .. Total Nitrogen The semi-micro Kjeldahl method, Not and No5 not included.(Method 3.621 .) After 1984, total nitrogen was determinéd using. . . . . the C-N Analyser. .Extractable Iron Three extraction procedures were used . Extraction by sodiumand Aluminumpyrophosphate (Method 3 .53), the dithionite- citrate-bicarbonatemethod (Method 3 .51) and the acid ammonium oxalate method(Method 3.52).Extractable Manganese The acid ammonium oxalate method was used (Method 3 .52) .Cation Exchange Exchangeable cations were extracted using NaC 1 ..Capacity andAmounts of Ca, Mg, K and Al were measured using an AtomicExchangeable Cations Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model 1200 Varian Techtron)(Method 3 .31) . Cation exchange capacity (Permanent charge) isthe sum ofthe cations measured."vailable-PhôsphorusLime requirements' Pyrophosphate SolubleOrganic Matter Indexfor Organic SoilsExtractable K. Ca andMg f~or, ;anic soils- 168-Phosphorus extracted by 0.03 N NH4F + 0.025 M HC 1 . .Phosphorus extracted is measured using an auto-analyser (Method4.45).Lime requirement was determined using the buffer method .(Method 4.71) . Lime requirements are expressed in quantities of ;limestone in tons required to raise the soil pH to 6 .5 to a 15 cmdepth .Particle size distribution is determined using the pipet method onless than 2 mm material with pretreatments to remove carbonates,organic matter and soluble salts (Method 2.11) . Particle sizedistribution for some of the analyses was determined using theHydrometer method on less than 2 mm material (Method 2 .12) .Sieve analysis ofparticles coarser than 2mm for selected profilesused the following sieves : 2, 4, 8,16 and 31 .5 mm .Determination of the amount of organic matter in solution withSodium pyrophosphate using a spectrophotometer (Method,3 .615) . _The cations are extracted with ammonium acetate (NH4 Ac) .Amounts of K, Ca, and Mg were measured using an AtomicAbsorption Spectrophotometer (Model IL 951) (Method 4 .51).

- 169-Extractable P for P is extracted with a "strong" Bray extract (0.05 N NH4F + O.1Norganic soils HCl) . Amounts of P are measured using an Auto-Analyzer.(Method 4.46 .)Organic C for Using a muffle furnace at 4200C for 1 .5 hours . The result is theorganic soils Loss on Ignition which provides an estimate of organic matter .This has been converted into organic carbon content (Method3 .81) .pH for organic soilsSoil pH was determined using 4 ml of 0.015 M CaC1 2 with '/2teaspoon of moist with U2 teaspoon of moist peat sample . Thereading was taken at the end of 15 minutes using a portable pHmeter (Method 3 .12) .Fiber content forRubbed and unrubbed fiber content was determined with theorganic soils syringe method . The sample volume is measured in the modifiedsyringe, then washed on a 100 mesh sieve and . the remainingmaterial is measured again using the syringe to arrive at percent(%) unrubbed fiber content . Rubbed fiber content uses the sameprocedure, however, the material is lightly rubbed between thefingers when washed on the 100 mesh sieve (Method 2.72).Method numbers between brackets refer to methods in "Manual on Soil Sampling and MethodsofAnalysis", McKeague, J.A . Ed ., 1976, LRRI .

- 170-SOIL PROFILE : Alderbum (07-80-0044-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E6Mil. Grid : 21 UXE 3590 5825ELEVATION :45 m above MSLSOIL SITE :Parent Material : Coarse loamy and coarse silty ; extremely to strongly acidic ;morainal till, sandstone lithology .Landform :Slope:Morainal, cobbly and bouldery, inclined.Simple slope ofclass 3 (2-5%), facing north; site at middleslope position ; severely mounded microtopography ; slopelength 400 m .Soil Moisture Moderately well drained ; medium transmissibility ; moderateand Drainage : surface runoff; seepage present.Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm .Stoniness and Very stony, moderately rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland .VEGETATION : Picea manana , Abies balsamea ; Populus tremuloides ;Pleurozium spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, coarse loamy, mixed non- claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

LF14 to 0 cm; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material derived predominantlyfrom needles, small twigs and other wood fragments ; plentiful, medium roots ; wavyabrupt horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 6 cm ; gray brown 910YR 512, matrix moist) gravelly loam ; weak, medium,subangular blocky structure ; sticky, friable, slightly hard, plastic consistence ; plentiful,medium roots ; many, fine and medium, random, inped and exped pores ; 50% by volumegravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.Bfl 6 to 18 cm ; brown to dark brown (7.5YR 414, matrix moist) very gravelly coarse sandyloam ; weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure ; slightly sticky, friable,slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence ; few, fine roots; many, fine, random, inped andexped pores ; 60% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary.Bfl 18 to 28 cm ; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 414, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam ;weak medium to coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightlyhard, nonplastic consistence ; few, fine roots ; many, fine, random inped and exped pores ;30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary.BC 28 cm plus ; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 414, matrix moist) gravelly fine sandy loam ;weak, medium to coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly sticky, very friable, soft,slightly plastic consistence ; many, very fine and fine, random inped pores ; 50% byvolume gravelly coarse fragments .

- 172-Alderburn : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaC 1C N C-N0 /o0 /o ratioP"mSodiumPyrophosphateFeo /oAmmoniumOxalateDithioniteCitrateAl Fe Al Fe Al0 /o0 /o 0/o 0 /o01 LF 14-0 __ -_ -_ __ __ _- _- __ _-2 Ae 0-6 3 .7 2.4 0 .1 24 4 .2 0 .3 0.1 0 .3 0 .1 0 .7 0 .1 tr 113 Bfl 6-18 4 .3 3 .5 0 .2 18 7 .7 0 .5 1 .0 0.6 1 .5 1 .4 1 .1 tr 16Mn0LimeReg .100kg/ha15 cm4 Bf2 18-28 4 .6 1 .9 0 .1 19 8 .5 0 .1 0 .5 0 .2 1 .5 0 .7 0 .6 tr 14r 5 1 BC I 28+ I 4 .5 I 1 .2 0 .1 12 + 0 .1 0 .3 0 .2 . 1 .0 . 0 .7 0 .5 tr 1 11 ~iExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 gCa M~?, K AlCECPermmeq/100 .Particle Size DistributionTotal % sand/particle size in mm .Total Pyroph.Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol .0 0 /o /0 2-1 1- .5 .5-.25 .25_ .1 .1_.OSo 0 /o /o O.M .Ash0 /o0 /o2 1 .25 0.91 0.08 0.89 3.13 64 41 .1 8 .8 6 .0 3 .6 8.4 14 .2 44 .3 14.7 - - - -3 0.67 0.46 0.09 1 .22 2 .44 75 57 .7 19 .8 11 .7 5.9 9 .3 11 .1 28.4 13.9 - - - -4 0.39 0.30 0.07 tr 0.76 48 56 .5 10.6 12 .1 6.6 12.8 14.6 32 .1 11 .3 - - - -5 0.46 0.36 0.08 0.42 1 .32 56 54 .2 5.8 7 .7 6 .3 15 .2 19 .3 13 .4 13.4 - - - -

SOIL PROFILE : Barry's Pond (07-81-0015-1-07)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 1849 5530ELEVATION : Between 90 and 105 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :- 173-Parent Material :Skeletal and fme loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic; morainaltill ; shale lithology .Landform : Morainal, rubbly, hummocky .Slope : 5% slope, facing south ; site at middle slope position ; moderatelymounded microtopography ; slope length 100 m.Soil Moisture Moderately well drained; medium transmissability ; moderateand Drainage : surface runoff, seepage present .Depth to Bedrock: 50 cm .Stoniness and Very stony, moderately rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use :Logged over.Vegetation : Prunus vir iniana , Alnus rugosa , Kalmia spp, Pleurozium spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol, very shallow lithic phase, loamyskeletal, mixed nonclay mineralogy ; acid, cold, perhumidmoisture regime .

- 174 -LF 4 to 0 cm ; range 3 to 5 cm ; slightly and moderately decomposed organic materialpredominantly derived from needles, leaves, feathermosses and wood fragments ;abundant, very fine and fine vertical roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 3 cm, range I to 4 cm ; gray (5YR 5/1, matrix moist), pale brown (IOYR 6/3, matrixdry), gravelly silty clay loam; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure ; sticky,very friable, hard, plastic consistence ; plentiful, very fine and fine roots ; common,medium, random pores ; 30% by volume slaty coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizonboundary .Bhf 3 to 12 cm ; range 7 to 10 cm ; dark reddish brown to dark red (2.5YR 3.5/6, matrix moist),brownish yellow (IOYR 6/6, matrix dry), very gravelly clay ; very weak to weak, fine tomedium, subangular blocky structure; weak to moderate, fine to medium granularsecondary structure; sticky, friable, slightly hard, plastic consistence ; plentiful, very fineand fine roots ; common, fine and medium random pores; 50% by volume slaty coarsefragments ; irregular, clear horizon boundary .Bf 12 to 36 cm; range 20 to 30 cm; yellowish red (SYR 5/6, matrix moist), brownish yellow(l0YR 6/8, matrix dry), very gravelly clay ; very weak to weak, fine, subangular blockystructure ; weak, fine to medium granular secondary structure; sticky, firm, slightly hard,plastic consistence ; few, very fine and fine roots ; common, fine and medium, randompores ; 70% by volume slaty, coarse fragments; irregular, clear horizon boundary .BC 36 cm plus ; dark brown to brown (7.SYR 4/4, matrix moist), yellow (IOYR 7/6, matrixdry), very gravelly sandy clay loam ; very weak, very fine granular structure ; slightlysticky, friable, soft, slightly plastic consistence ; very few, very fine roots ; 60% by volumeslaty and stony coarse fragments.

- 175-Barry's Pond : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .pHSodiumPyrophosphateHorizonDepth,cm1 LF 4-01 :1H,O1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioP" "m2 Ae 0-3 - _- -_ __ __ __ __ _-3 Bhf 3-12 4.9 4 .1 7.4 0.1 74 tr 0 .4 0.64 Bf 12-36 5.4 4.9 3.6 0.1 36 tr 0 .3 0 .65 BC 36+ 5 .3 4 .9 3 .5 0.1 35 tr -- --FeAlExchangeable Cationg.CaWK AlCECrmmeq.l Gravel1100g .1 %Particle Size DistributionSand%Silt%Clay%BulkDensity2 55 17 50 33 -3 tr 0.12 0.06 9.91 10.09 72 26 30 44 --4 tr 0.12 0.17 1 .56 1 .84 84 36 24 405 tr 0.07 0.11 0.53 0.75 80 62 18 20

- 176-SOIL PROFILE : Brown's Arm Brook (07-84-0002-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E6Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 3380 5710ELEVATION :Less than 15 m above MSLSOIL SITE:Parent Material : Fine silty ; extremely to strongly acidic marine ; mixed lithology.Landform : Marine, loamy, level .Slope: Simple slope of class 1(0 - 0.5%).Soil Moistureand Drainage :Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .Stoniness andRockiness :Very poorly drained, low transmissiblity, slow surface runoff,seepage present.Non-stony, non-rocky.Present Land Use : Stream swamp .Vegetation: Alnus rugos_, Carex spp, Juncus spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol, peaty phase, fine silty, mixed nonclaymineralogy, cold, perhumid moisture regime .Om 20 to 0 cm ; black (l0YR 2/1, wet) strongly decomposed woody peat intermixed withminor silty clay loam, abundant, fme, medium and coarse roots ; smooth, abrupt horizonboundary .Bhfg 0 to 26 cm ; very dark gray (10YR 3/1, natural wet), gravelly loam ; very weak, medium tocoarse, subangular blocky structure ; very weak, fme to medium granular secondarystructure ; slightly sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, fine roots ;highly porous horizon; less than 10% by volume gravelly rock fragments ; smooth, abrupt,horizon boundary .IICg 26 cm plus ; gray (10YR 6/1, matrix moist) silty clay loam ; many, medium, prominent,yellowish brown (l0YR 6/6) mottles ; massive structure ; sticky, very firm, hard, plasticconsistence ; slightly porous horizon ; less than 10% by volume gravelly rock fragments .

- 177-Brown's Arm Brook: Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .HorizonDepthcmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NRatioPé)mSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrateFe%A1 .%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cm1 Om 20-0 4 .5 21 .2 1.4 15 31 .8 0.36 1 .16 -- -- -- -- -- -2 Bhfg 0-26 4 .8 8.4 0.5 17 12 .3 0.31 1 .63 -- -- -- -- -- -3 IIC 26+ 5 .2 0 .4 tr - 1 .5 0.07 0.04 -- -- -- -- -- --Exchangeable Cationsmeq/100 gJ[Ca~ffl- K AlCECParticle Size DistributionPermTotalmeq/ Gravel Sand% sand/particle size inmm .Silt. . .100g % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1-.05 %Total Fibre ContentClay% Unrubbed Rubbed1 30 .0 5.43 0.42 2.00 37.85 0 3 .9 -- -- -- -- -- 67 .6 28 .5 64 102 9.30 2.02 0 .13 0.48 11 .93 6 32 .4 2 .7 3 .5 3 .0 9 .5 13 .7 49 .4 18 .2 -- --3 5 .45 2.36 0 .11 0.00 7.92 4 5 .8 -- -- -- -- - 61 .3 33 .0 -- --

- 178-SOIL PROFILE : Bulley's Cove (07-80-0052-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil Grid : 21 UXE 3065 5400ELEVATION :Between 45 and 60 m above MSLSOIL SITE :Parent Material : Skeletal and coarse loamy ;--extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal(till); Igneous coârseacid lith616gy .Landform : Morainal, rubbly, veneer .Slope : Complex slope of class 6 (16-30%), facing southwest ; site at crestposition .Soil Moisture Very poorly drained; medium transmissibility ; moderate surfaceand Drainage : runoff; seepage present.Depth to Bedrock: 35 cm .Stoniness and Exceedingly stony ; very rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use :Productive woodland.Vegetation : Abies balsamea. Picea mariana, Betula panvrifera .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Rego Gleysol, very shallow lithic, loamy skeletal, mixed non-claymineralogy, shallow lithic, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.Of18 to 0 cm; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material consisting offeathermoss(60%) and soft to slightly hard wood fragments (40%) 2 to 3 cm in size; abundant,medium and coarse, horizontal roots ; wavy abrupt horizon boundary .Cg 0 to 35 cm ; gray (5YR 511, matrix moist) gravelly fine sandy loam ; very weak to weak,medium to coarse, granular structure ; very weak to weak, fine, granular secondarystructure ; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; abundant,medium and coarse, horizontal roots ; 40% by volume angular coarse fragments ;irregular, clear horizon boundary .R35 cm plus ; igneous, coarse acid bedrock.

- 179-Bulley's Cove : Rego Gleysol .Sodium Ammonium DithionitePyrophosphate Oxalate Citrate Lime Req .p HDepth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/haHorizon cm CaCI % % ratio è m % % % % % % % 15 cm1 Of 18-0 3 .5 53 .1 1 .2 44 144 .0 tr tr tr tr tr tr tr --2 0-35 3.9 l 2 .5 ` 0 .1 I 25 3 .5 I tr I tr I 0 .1 I tr I 0 .3 tr I tr 8Exchangeable Cationsmeq/100 gCaK TAIParticle Size DistributionCECPyrophPerm Total % sand/particle size in nun. Total Sol .meq/ Gravel SandClay O.M . Ash100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5-.25 1 .25- .1 1 .1- .05 silt1 12.15 2.02 0.06 - 14.23 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -]- 5 .6 6 .62 1 .00 0.26 0.04 -- 9.14 45 51 .9 12 .7 10 .4 6 .5 11 .3 11 .0 41 .5 6.6 -- --

- 180-SOIL PROFILE : Burnt Arm (07-80-0073-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 1540 4730ELEVATION : 125 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material : Skeletal and coarse loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainaltill ; sandstone lithology .Landform : Morainal, blocky, hummocky .Slope : Simple slope of class 5 (10-15%), . facing southeast; site at middleslope position .Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained, medium transmissibility ; moderate surfaceand Drainage :runoff; seepage present.Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .Stoniness and Very stony ; non-rocky.Rockiness:Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland .Vegetation : Picea mariana; Betula pauvrifera ; Populus tiemuloides ; Prunusvir ig niana; kalmia spp.SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixed non- claymineralogy ; acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.

LF 10 to 0 cm ; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derivedfrom mosses, needles, leaves, herbaceous fragments and wood fragments ; abundant,medium and coarse roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 9 cm ; dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2, matrix moist), fine sandy loam ; weak, mediumto coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine, subangular blocky secondarystructure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; abundant,medium and coarse roots ; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupthorizon boundary .Bf 9 to 26 cm ; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2, matrix moist) gravelly fine sandy loam ; weak,medium to coarse, subangularblocky structure ; weak, fine, subangularblocky secondarystructure ; sticky, friable, hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium roots ; very few,medium pores ; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizonboundary.Bfgjl 26 to 45 cm ; reddish brown (SYR 4/4, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam ; few,coarse, distinct, yellowish brown mottles ; weak, fine to medium, subangular blockystructure ; very weak, fine, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft,non- plastic consistence ; few, fine roots ; few, medium and coarse pores ; 30% by volumegravelly coarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.Bfg2 45 to 55 cm plus ; reddish brown (5YR 4/3, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam ;common, fine, faint, yellowish red mottles ; fine to medium, subangularblocky structure ;very weak, fine, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plasticconsistence ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

- 182-Burnt Arm : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-N.ratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%Al%AmmoniumOxalateFe%AI%DithioniteCitrateFe%Al%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cm1 LF 10-0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,-- --2 Ac 0-9 3 .4 2 .4 0 .1 24 1 .8 0 .3 0 .1 0.4 0 .1 0 .9 0 .1 tr 153 Bf 9-26 4.1 4 .8 0 .2 24 2 .7 1 .1 0 .8 1 .4 0 .8 2 .2 0.7 tr 174 Bfgj l 26-45 4 .5 3 .1 0 .2 16 2 .7 0 .3 1 .0 0 .3 0.6 0.6 0.4 tr 115 Bf j2 45-55 4.6 1 .3 0 .1 13 -- 0.2 0 .4 0 .3 0.8 0.6 0.5 tr 10Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationmeq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph.Ca M K AlPermme /100 .Gravel%Sand% 2-1 1- .5 .5-.25 .25- .1 .1-.05Silt%Clay%Sol .O.M .1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --Ash2 0.88 0.41 0.06 1 .50 2.85 21 56 .2 7 .5 7 .5 5 .4 15 .1 20 .6 30 .4 13 .5 -- --3 1 .23 0.27 0 .19 2.25 3 .94 52 59 .4 10 .8 10 .3 6 .6 13 .9 17 .7 27 .0 13 .6 -- -4 0.43 0.06 0.07 0.70 1 .26 50 56 .5 13 .1 11 .8 6.9 10 .1 14 .7 33 .0 10 .4 -- --5 0.98 0.16 0.06 0.56 1 .76 60 72 .5 28 .2 15 .9 7 .9 9 .4 11 .1 19 .0 8 .4 -- --

- 183-SOIL PROFILE : Coopers Pond (07-80-0051-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 31715500ELEVATION :Between 30 and 45 m above MSLSOIL SITE :Parent Material : Skeletal and coarse loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal(till) ; sandstone lithology .Landform : Morainal, cobbly and bouldery .Slope : Simple slope of 12%, facing southeast, site at middle slopeposition .Soil Moistureand Drainage :Moderately well drained; slow surface runoff; seepage present.Depth to Bedrock : Between 50 and 100 cm .Stoniness and Very stony, moderately rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use : Productive woodland .Vegetation : Picea mariana, Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Sorbusamericana, Poa spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, shallow lithic phase, loamy skeletal,mixed non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 184-FH6 to 0 cm; moderately to highly decomposed organic material predominantly derivedfrom needles and leaves with 20% soft wood fragments, approximately 1 cm in size ;irregular, abrupt horizon boundary .0 to 4 cm ; brown (lOYR 5/3, matrix moist) gravelly loam ; weak, very coarse, angularblocky structure; weak, medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ; non-sticky,friable, extremely hard, non- plastic consistence ; plentiful, fine and medium, randominped roots ; common, fine, random pores ; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ;irregular clear horizon boundary .Bfl 4 to 32 cm; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, matrix moist) gravelly silt loam; very weak,medium, subangular blocky structure ; very weak, fine, subangular blocky secondarystructure ; slightly sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful,fine and medium, random, inped roots ; many, very fine and fine, random pores ; 20% byvolume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .Bfl32 to 46 cm; dark brown to brown (7.SYR 4/4), gravelly fine sandy loam; very weak,medium, subangular blocky structure; very weak, fine to medium platy secondarystructure ; non-sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence; few, very fineand fine, random exped roots ; common, very fine and fine, random exped pores; 30% byvolume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .BC 46 cm plus ; dark brown to brown (IOYR 4/3), gravelly fine sandy loam; slightlycompacted ; moderate, medium to coarse subangular blocky structure ; very weak,medium to coarse, angular blocky secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, slightlyhard, non- plastic consistence ; very few, very fine, random, exped roots ; few, very finehorizontal pores ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

- 185-Coopers Pond : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaclC%N%C-NratioPe~RimSodiumPyrophosphateFe%Al%AmmoniumOxalateFe%AI%DithioniteCitrate1 FH 6-0 4 .0 5.2 2 .1 2 .5 8.0 tr tr tr tr 0 .1 tr tr -Fe%Al%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cm2 Ae 0-4 4 .2 0.7 tr - 5.0 0 .1 tr 0 .1 tr 0 .5 0 .1 tr 153 Bfl 4-32 4 .1 4.4 0 .2 22 7.7 0 .6 1.0 0 .6 1 .2 2 .3 1 .2 tr 174 Bf2 32-46 4 .4 2 .1 0 .1 21 -- 0 .4 0.7 0 .5 0.9 1.2 0 .7 tr 95 BC 46+ 4 .9 1 .1 trj -- -- 0 .1 0 .3 0 .2 0 .8 -L0.8 0.4 tr 5Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationmeq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm .Perm Gravel SandSiltCa M K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5-.25 .25- .1 .1- .05 %Total Pyroph.Clay Sol .% O.M. %1 18.75 5 .23 0.18 0 .0 24 .16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 7 .9 9 .152 2.74 0.42 ' 0.05 0 .0 3 .21 38 43 .7 13 .2 6 .8 3 .6 6 .0 14 .0 47 .5 8 .8 -- -3 f 0 .91 0 .23 0.07 1.95 3.16 34 37 .4 7 .6 5 .3 3 .1 6 .7 14 .6 54 .5 8 .2 -- --4 1 .50 0.19 0.04 0 .0 10 .69 41 45 .3 8 .9 6 .6 4 .2 8 .3 17 .3 48 .0 6 .6 -- --5 1 .49 0.20 0.04 0 .0 6 .21 48 55 .9 14 .3 9 .5 5 .3 9 .7 17 .1 38 .9 5 .2 -- -Ash

- 186-SOIL PROFILE : Dead Wolf Pond (07-81-0010-1-07)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 3049 4410ELEVATION : 60 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material : Organic material predominantly derived from sphagnum mosses .Wetland Classification : Moss, domed bog, 2-5% slope .Area of Wetland : 2 ha .Soil Moistureand Drainage :Water Table :Poorly drained.Apparent water table 10 to 30 cm below surface.Depth ofPeat : 450 cm .Vegetation : Sphag spp, Kalmia lifoli Kalmia an ustifolia , Ledumgroenlandicum, Picea mariana (1-3 m high, 5-10 cm D.B.H .),Cladoma, spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Typic Fibrisol, sphagnic, dysic, cold aquic .

Ofl 0 to 15 cm ; light yellowish brown (IOYR 614, dry), undecomposed sphagnum peat ; vonPost scale of humification 1 .Oft 15 to 60 cm ; dark brown (IOYR 3/3, dry), very weakly decomposed fibrous sphagnumpeat ; von Post scale ofhumification 3 .00 60 to 380 cm ; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 3/4, dry), weakly decomposed fibroussphagnum peat ; von Post scale ofhumification 4 .Om 380 to 450 cm ; very dark brown (IOYR 212, dry), moderately decomposed fibroussphagnum peat ; von Post scale of humification 5 .Cg 450 cm plus ; gravelly silt loam .Dead Wolf Pond : Typic Fibrisol .- 187-H orizonFiber content, % Ph Extractable (ppm)Depth,.015M Ccm unrubbed rubbed CaCI % P Ca IM-- KI Ofi 0-15 -- -- -- -- -- -- --2 Oft 15-60 80 76 3 .2 45 209 .0 268 .0 19 .13 Of3 60-380 88 70 3 .2 35 170 .2 164 .6 7 .34 Om 380-450 56 34 3 .9 30 1773 .6 169 .7 2 .8

SOIL PROFILE : Dogberry Brook (07-80-0060-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 2500 4255ELEVATION : Between 30 and 45 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material l : Extremely to strongly acidic ; organic ; sphagnum peat .Parent Material 2 : Coarse loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal (till) ;sandstone lithology .Landform : Morainal, mesic and loamy, inclined .Slope :Simple slope ofclass 3 (2 to 5%), facing west; site at middle slopeposition ; slope length 400 m .Soil Moisture Very poorly drained, seepage present .and Drainage :Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .Stoniness andRockiness :Moderately stony, non-rocky.Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland .Vegetation : Alnus rueosa, Kalmia spp, spha spp.SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Rego Gleysol, peaty phase, coarse loamy, mixed non- claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumic moisture regime .

- 189 -Ofl 0 to 16 cm ; dark brown, slightly decomposed sphagnum and carex peat ; abundant,medium and coarse roots ; smooth, clear horizon boundary .02 16 to 24 cm ; dark reddish brown, slightly to moderately decomposed sphagnum andwoody peat; abundant fine and medium roots; smooth, clear horizon boundary .Oh 24 to 40 cm ; black highly decomposed woody peat; plentiful fine roots ; smooth, abrupthorizon boundary .cg 40 to 60 cm plus ; dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2, natural wet/reduced) gravelly coarsesandy loamy; weak, fine, subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine, granular secondarystructure ; slightly sticky, friable, hard, non-plastic consistence ; 20% by volume gravellycoarse fragments .

i-190-Dogberry Brook : Rego Gleysol .HorizonDepth,mpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPi,mSodiumPyrophosphateFe%AI%AmmoniumOxalateFe%Al%DithioniteCitrateFe%Al%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cm1 Ofl 0-16 3.6 47.2 1 .3 36 -- tr tr tr tr tr tr tr --2 Oft 16-24 4 .1 50 .0 1 .2 42 -- tr tr tr tr tr 0.1 tr --3 Oh 24-40 5 .4 32 .4 1 .1 30 39 tr 0 .2 0 .2 0 .3 0 .2 0 .3 tr --4 C~ 40-60+ 5 .2 0.4 I tr -- I -- I 0 .1 I 0 .1 1 0 .1 1 0 .1 0 .6 0 .2 , tr ' --Exchangeable Cationmeq/100 gCa M~ K AlParticle Size DistributionCECTotal % sand/particle size in mm.Total Pyroph.Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol .me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25- .1 .1-.05 % % O.M .1 12.30 2.74 0.98 0 .0 16.02 7 .1 3 .32 36.90 13 .69 : 0.58 0 .0 51 .17 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 17 .4 5 .43 8.28 23 .04 0.52 0 .0 31 .84 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 81 .0 20 .914 1 .41 0.36 0.06 0 .0 1 .83 31 65 .7 16 .6 13 .2 8 .7 13 .4 14.3 25 .9 8 .4 -- --Ash

SOIL PROFILE : Gander (07-81-0013-1-07)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid. : 21 UXE 1160 4576ELEVATION :125 m above MSL.SOIL SITE :Parent Material : Skeletal and fine loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal(till) ; sandstone lithology.Landform : Morainal, cobbly, undulating .Slope : Complex slope of class 3 (2-5%), facing southeast; site at upperslopeposition; moderately moundedmicrotopography ; slope length100 m.Soil Moisture Well drained, medium transmissibility ; slow surface runoff,and Drainage :seepage absent.Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm .Stoniness and very stony; non-rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use :Logged over.Vegetation : Prunus virginiana ; Alnus rugosa , Pleurozium spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal mixed non- claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.

- 192 -LF 5 to 0 cm ; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, moist) slightly decomposed organic materialcontaining feathermoss (50%) and slightly hard wood fragments (50%) 0 .5 cm in size,plentiful, medium and coarse roots; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .Ae0 to 8 cm; brown (7.5YR 5/2, matrix moist), pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2, matrix dry), siltloam ; weak to moderate medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine tomedium subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable and firm, slightlyhard, plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium and coarse roots ; many medium, random,inped pores ; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Bfl 8 to 32 cm ; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, matrix moist), reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6, matrixdry) silt loam ; weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine to medium,subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightlyplastic consistence ; plentiful, fine and medium roots ; many, fine, random, inped pores;10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary .Bfl 32 to 45 cm ; dark brown to brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), pink (7.5YR 7/4, matrixdry) loam ; weak, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; weak, fine, subangularblocky secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plasticconsistence ; very few, fine roots; many, fine and medium, random, inped pores ; 10% byvolume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary .BC 45 to 60 cm plus ; dark brown to brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), light yellowish brown(IOYR 6/4, matrix dry) gravelly loam ; weak, medium to coarse subangular blockystructure ; weak to moderate, coarse, granular secondary structure; slightly sticky, friable,soft, slightly plastic consistence ; very few, very fine roots; common, fine, random, inpedpores ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

Gander : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .pHSodiumPyrophosphateHorizonDepth,cm1 :1H 201 :2CaCIC0 /oNo loC-NratioPmFe0 /oAl0 /o1 Lf 5-02 Ae 0-8 4 .1 3 .5 0 .7 0 .2 4 tr -- -3 Bfl 8-32 5 .3 5 .0 4.2 0 .2 21 tr 0 .4 0 .74 Bf2 32-45 5 .1 4 .7 4 .5 0 .1 45 tr 0.4 1 .05 BC 45-60 5 .0 4 .5 1 .2 0 .1 12 tr -- --Exchangeable Cationmeq./100 g.Particle Size DistributionCa M K AlCEC Permme /100 .Gravel%Sand%Silt%Clay%BulkDensity2 tr 0.30 0.22 8.22 8.75 28 35 45 20 --3 tr 0.03 0.11 0 .22 0.37 31 44 36 20 0 .94 tr 0.03 0.10 0.62 0.76 39 47 34 19 1 .05 tr 0.03 0.10 1 .02 1 .15 64 47 34 19 --

SOIL PROFILE : Gills Point (07-80-0059-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 2440 4630ELEVATION : Less than 15 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :- 194-Parent Material : Skeletal and coarse loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ;glaciofluvial; sandstone lithology .Landform :Glaciofluvial, loamy, inclined.Slope : Simple slope of class 2 (0.5-2%), facing west ; site at middle slopeposition.Soil Moisture Poorly drained ; medium transmissability; slow surface runoff;and Drainage : seepage present .Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .Stoniness and Moderately stony, slightly rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use: Productive woodland .Vegetation :SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Picea marianaGleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixed non- claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 195-LF 20 to 0 cm ; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derivedfrom needles, sphagnum mosses, herbaceous fragments and wood fragments; abundant,medium and coarse roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 4 cm ; pale brown (l0YR 6/3, matrix moist), gravelly sandy loam ; moderate, medium,subangular blocky structure ; moderate, fine, granular secondary structure ; sticky, friable,slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; abundant, medium roots ; 30% by volume gravellycoarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Bfgj 4 to 18 cm ; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam ;many, coarse, distinct, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate, medium to coarse,subangular blocky structure; moderate, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ;sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; few, fine roots ; many, medium andcoarse, random, exped pores ; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clearhorizon boundary .BCgj 18 to 34 cm; brown (IOYR 5/3, matrix moist), gravelly, coarse sandy loam ; common,medium, distinct, brownish yellow (lOYR 6/8) mottles ; weak, medium to coarse,subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; slightlysticky, very friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; very few, very fine roots ;common, fine and medium, exped pores ; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments;wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Cgj 34 to 50 cm plus ; very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2, matrix moist), gravelly coarsesandy loam ; few, medium, distinct, yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; very weak, fine tomedium granular structure ; slightly sticky ; friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ;40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

- 196-Gills Point :Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.HorizonDepth,cm1 , LF 20-02 Ae 0-4pH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%Al%AmmoniumOxalateFe%Al%DithioniteCitrateFe%Al%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cm3 Bfgj 4-18 3 .6 2 .8 0 .1 28 6 .2 0.6 tr 0.9 0.1 1 .3 0.1 tr 174 BCgj 18-34 4 .0 0 .7 tr -- 5 .5 0 .3 tr 1 .0 0 .1 0 .1 0 .1 tr 85 34-50 4 .3 0 .7 tr -- -- 0 .1 tr 0 .1 tr tr 0 .1 tr 5Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationme4/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size inmm . Total Pyroph .Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol .Ca M~v; K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25- .1 .1-.05 % % O.M .Ash23 1 .21 0 .76 0.06 14.70 16 .73 51 60 .5 25 .3 17 .8 4.4 5 .4 7 .5 25 .1 14.4 -- --4 0.76 0.29 0.04 0.00 1 .09 46 70 .9 34 .6 19.4 4 .4 5 .5 6 .9 12 .2 16 .9 -- --5 1.49 0.46 0.06 5.28 7.29 50 78 .5 19 .3 21 .2 9 .6 15 .6 12 .8 13 .2 8 .3 ' -- --

- 197-SOIL PROFILE : High Point (07-80-0062-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid. : 21 UXE 2550 3920ELEVATION : Less than 15 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material : Skeletal and sandy ; extremely to strongly acidic, glaciofluvial ;sandstone lithology .Landform : glaciofluvial, sandy, hummocky .Slope : Complex slope of class 2 (0.5-2%), facing south .Soil MoistureModerately well drained, medium transmissibility, slow surfaceand Drainage : runoff, water table at 70 cm .Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .Stoniness andRockiness :Very stony, non-rocky.Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland (logged over) .Vegetation : Prunus pensvlvanica, Betule papyriferg, Alnus rugosa; PopulustremuloidesSOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixed non- claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

LF 9 to 0 cm ; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derivedfrom needles, leaves, feathermoss and wood fragments ; abundant, medium and coarseroots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 5 cm, range 2 to 10 cm ; gray to light gray (IOYR 6/l, matrix moist), gravelly coarsesandy loam; moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure ; moderate, medium,granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ;abundant, medium andcoarse roots; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; irregular,abrupt horizon boundary .Bf- 198-5 to 29 cm, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, matrix moist) gravelly loamy coarse sand; weak,medium, subangularblocky structure ; weak, medium, granular, secondary structure ; nonsticky,very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; abundant, medium roots ; 40% byvolume gravelly coarse fragments ; irregular, diffuse horizon boundary .Bfj 29 to 50 cm ; dark brown to brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), very gravelly loamy coarsesand; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure ; weak, medium, granular, secondarystructure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; abundant, mediumroots ;50% by volume gravelly and flaggy coarse fragments ; smooth, gradual horizon boundary .BC 50 to 67 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist), very gravelly coarse sand ;moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; moderate, medium, subangular blockysecondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, fineand medium roots ; 60% by volume gravelly, flaggy and stony coarse fragments ; smooth,abrupt horizon boundary .C 67 to 80 cm plus ; very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2, matrix moist), very gravelly coarsesand ; single grain structure ; non-sticky, loose, non-plastic consistence; very few, veryfine roots ; 60% by volume gravelly, flaggy and . stony coarse fragments .

- 199-High Point: Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPi~.-imSodiumPyrophosphateFe%Al%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrate1 LF 9-0 __ -_ __ __ __ _- __ __ -_ -- -_ __ _-Fe%A1%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cm2 Ae 0-5 3 .4 0 .8 0 .1 8 11 .5 0 .2 tr 0 .3 0 .1 0.4 0 .1 tr 143 Bf 5-29 4.3 1 .2 0 .1 12 19 .5 0 .2 0 .3 0.6 0.6 1 .3 0 .5 tr 154 Bfj 29-50 4 .6 1 .6 0 .1 16 24 .2 0 .1 0 .2 0 .7 0 .7 1 .4 0 .7 tr 75 BC 50-67 4.8 0 .4 tr -- -- tr 0 .2 0.4 0 .6 0 .7 0.3 tr 86 C 67-80 5.0 0 .6 tr -- -- tr 0 .2 0 .2 0 .6 0 .5 0 .3 tr 5Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationmeq/100 g CEC Total0 /o sand/particle size m mm. Total PyroPh .Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol .Ca In-- I K Al me /100 . °/°°/0 2-1 1- .5 1-----T.25- .5-.25.1 .1-.OS °o% °o% O.M .Ash2 0.84 0.48 0.13 18 .9 22.28 44 53 .8 15 .7 16 .7 4.0 6.9 10 .4 35 .1 11 .1 -- --3 0.98 0.35 0.24 15 .0 16.57 57 82 .1 40 .7 28 .7 4.3 4.3 4.1 9.3 8 .6 -- --4 0.86 0.35 0.12 5.0 6.33 66 86 .4 34 .1 32 .4 9.0 6.0 4.9 7.3 6.3 -- --5 0.80 0.29 0.10 0.0 1 .19 54 91 .8 21 .3 37 .5 23 .0 6.3 3.7 8.2 tr -- --6 0.48 0.18 0.11 0.0 0.77 55 96 .0 16 .5 40 .1 31 .2 7 .0 1 .1 tr 4.1

-200-SOIL PROFILE : Lower Sandy Point (07-84-0007-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil. Grid . : 21 UXE 5200 2390ELEVATION : Less than 15 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material : Fragmental; extremely to strongly acidic ; marine ; mixed lithology .Landform: Marine, gravel, sandspit .Slope : Simple slope of class 1(0-0.5%) level .Soil Moistureand Drainage :Rapidly drained, high transmissibility, slow surface runoff, seepageabsent.Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .Stoniness and Slightly stony, non-rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use : Natural grazing .Vegetation : Poa spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Orthic Humic Regosol, fragmental, mixed non-clay mineralogy,acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .Ah 0 to 7 cm ; black (l0YR 2/1, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak, fine granularstructure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; abundant, very fine andfine vertical roots ; highly porous horizon; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ;wavy abrupt horizon boundary .Cl 7 to 12 cm ; very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2, matrix moist) sands, gravels and cobbles;abundant, very fine and fine, random roots ; highly porous horizon ; irregular, clearhorizon boundary .C2 12 to 30 cm plus ; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, matrix moist) sands, gravels andcobbles; highly porous horizon .

- 20 1-Lower Sandy Point : Orthic Humic Regosol .HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPXoimSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateDithioniteCitrateFe A1 Fe Al% % % 0/01 Ah 0-7 4 .2 8 .7 0 .8 10.9 45 .6 0.32 0.14 -- -- -- -- -- --2 Cl 7-12 __ -_ _- __ _- _- __3 C2 12-30+ -_ _- -- _- _- __ -- -_ -_ -_ -_ -- -_Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationmeq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm . Total Pyroph.Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol .Ca ]M-- [ K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1-.05 % % O.M . %1 5.70 3 .11 0 .58 0.78 10.17 46 78 .2 22 .0 33 .8 12 .6 6 .1 3 .7 12 .2 9 .6 -- -2 __ _- __ -- _ 98 __ __ -- _- -_ _- _- _-__ 98Ash%

- 202-SOIL PROFILE : Michael's Harbour (07-81-0007-1-07)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil. Grid . : 21 UXE 2890 5212ELEVATION : 60 m above MSL .SOI L SITE :Parent Material :Wetland Classification :Area of Wetland :Organic material, predominantly derived from sphagnum mosses,grasses, sedges and wood fragments .Tall shrub, slope fen, 1% slope.Approximately 1 ha.Soil Moistureand Drainage :Very poorly drained.Water Table Apparent water table, 0 to 20 cm below surface .Depth of Peat: 70 cm .Vegetation : Carex spp, sphagnum spp, Sci us spp, Kalmia olp ifolia, Kalmiaangustifolia, Ledum groenlandicum, Alnus ru osa, Larix laricinaSOIL CLASSIFICATION :Fibric Humisol, sphagnic, ecic, cold aquic, shallow.Ofl 0 to 10 cm; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry), almost undecomposed sphagnum and sedgepeat ; von Post scale of humification 2 .Oft 10 to 30 cm ; dark brown to brown (10YR 4/3, dry), very weakly decomposed, matted,sedge peat ; von Post scale of humification 3 .Oh 30 to 70 cm ; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, dry) strongly to very stronglydecomposed woody peat ; von Post scale of humification 7 to 8 .R 70 cm plus ; bedrock.Michael's Harbour: Fibric Humisol .HorizonFiber content, % Ph _ Extractable (ppm)Depth,.015 M Ccm unrubbed .1 rubbed CaC12 % P Ca K1 On 0-10 -- -- -- 35 353 .9 115 .7 133 .72 Of2 10-30 80 58 4 .1 45 1012 .9 241 .6 40 .03 Oh 30-70 34 6 4 .9 90 2700.0 369 .7 13 .5 II 'I

- 203-SOIL PROFLLE : Mill Pond (07-84-0005-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E6Mil Grid. : 21 UXE 1725 6125ELEVATION : 30 to 45 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material 1 : Skeletal and coarse loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal(till) ; siltstone and sandstone lithology .Parent Material 2 : Stratified and sandy skeletal ; extremely to strongly acidic ;glaciofluvial ; coarse basic, siltstone and sandstone lithology .Landform : Morainal, loamy and gravelly, level .Slope : Simple slope of class 1(0-05%) ; level .Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained ; medium transmissibility ; slow surface runoff;and Drainage :seepage absent.Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .Stoniness andRockiness :Present Land Use :Very stony, moderately rocky.Logged over.Vegetation: Kalmia ang~usti jzolia , Prunus pensylvanica , Rubus idaeus ,Vacinium angustifolium .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixed non-claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 204-FH 8 to 0 cm ; black (lOYR 2/1, matrix moist), moderately to well decomposed organicmaterial derived predominantly from mosses, needles, small twigs and other woodfragments ; abundant, medium and coarse roots ; irregular, abrupt horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 2 cm ; light brownish gray (IOYR 6/2, matrix moist), fine sandy loam; weak, fine,subangular blocky structure; weak, very fine to fine, granular secondary structure, nonsticky,friable, soft, non- plastic consistence ; abundant, medium and coarse roots ; highlyporous horizon; less than 10% angular gravelly coarse fragments ; irregular, abrupthorizon boundary.Bfl 2 to 19 cm ; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist) gravelly fine sandy loam ;weak fine to medium granular structure ; non- sticky, very friable, soft, non-plasticconsistence ; abundant, fine and medium roots ; highly porous horizon; 30% by volumeangular gravelly and angular cobbly coarse fragments ; irregular gradual horizonboundary .Bfl 19 to 36 cm; yellowish brown (IOYR 5/4, matrix moist) very gravelly fine sandy loam ;weak, fine to medium, granular structure; non- sticky, very friable, soft, non-plasticconsistence ; plentiful, fine and medium roots ; highly porous horizon; 50% by volumeangular gravelly and angular cobbly coarse fragments ; irregular, gradual horizonboundary .BC36 to 54 cm; brown (lOYR 5/3, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak tomoderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak to moderate, fine to mediumsubangular blocky secondary structure ; non-sticky, friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ;few, fineroots; moderately porous horizon ; 30% by volume angulargravelly and angularcobbly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .IICg 54 cm plus ; brown to dark brown (IOYR 5/3, matrix moist) gravelly sandy loam ; many,fine, distinct, yellowish brown (IOYR 5/8) mottles ; very weak, medium to coarse,subangular blocky structure ; very weak, fine, granular secondary structure ; non-sticky,very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; very few, very fine and fine roots ; moderatelyporous horizon; 40% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments .

- 205-Mill Pond : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPe pomSodiumPyrophosphateT Fe Al% %AmmoniumOxalateFe%AlosaDithioniteCitrateFe A1 Mn% % osa1 FH 8-0 _-2 Ac 0-23 Bfl 2-19 4 .8 1 .9 0.1 19 0.0 0.14 0.40 -- -- -- -- -- --Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cm4 Bf2 19-36 4 .5 1 .7 0.1 17 0 .8 0.29 0.42 -- -- -- -- -- --5 BC 36-54 4 .6 1 .5 0 .1 15 1 .9 0.13 0.44 -- -- -- -- --6 IIC 54+ 4 .8 0.7 tr -- 7 .5 0.06 0.24 -- -- -- -- -- --iParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationmeq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm . Total Pyroph .Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol .Ca K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % O.M .1 __ __ __ __ -_ __ _- __ __ _- _- __23 0.18 0.06 0 .08 0.19 0 .51 47 61 .1 11 .2 10 .2 7 .2 15 .7 16.9 23 .4 15 .5 -- --4 0.17 0.06 0.12 0.72 1 .07 73 55 .0 12 .8 10.6 5 .3 13 .1 13 .2 33 .3 11 .7 -- --5 0.18 0.05 0 .08 0 .25 0.56 49 64 .8 15 .1 10.9 7 .2 14 .7 16.9 29 .9 5 .4 -- --6 0.26 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.46 59 63 .4 11 .5 11 .3 8 .0 16 .4 16.3 31 .7 4 .9 -- --Ash

- 206-SOIL PROFILE : Milord Arm (07-80-0043-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E/6Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 3580 5886ELEVATION : 15 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material : Coarse loamy and coarse silty; extremely to strongly acidic ;glaciofluvial ; sandstone lithology .Landform : Fluvial ; gravelly and sandy; hummocky.Slope: Simple slope ofclass 3 (2-5%), facing northeast ; site at lower slopeposition.Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained ; medium transmissibility; slow surface runoff;and Drainage : seepage absent .Depth to Bedrock:More than 100 cm.Stoniness and Very stony, non-rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use : Productive woodland .Vegetation :Picea marianaSOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, coarse loamy, mixed non- claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 207 -LF 18 to 0 cm ; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material, predominantly derivedfrom needles, small twigs and other wood fragments ; abrupt, smooth horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 12 cm ; light brownish gray (lOYR 6/2, matrix moist) ; fine sandy loam ; moderate tostrong, medium, subangular blocky structure ; sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plasticconsistence; plentiful, fine and medium roots ; common, medium and coarse, random,inped pores; 10 to 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizonboundary .Bf 12 to 20 cm ; dark yellowish brown (IOYR'/4, matrix moist), coarse sandy loam; weak tomoderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; non-sticky, friable, soft, non-plasticconsistence ; common, fine and medium roots ; common, fine and medium horizontalpores ; 10 to 20% gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary.Bfjgjl 20 to 45 cm; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 3/4, matrix moist), gravelly fine sandy loam;common, medium, distinct, yellowish brown (IOYR 5/8) mottles ; moderate, fine tomedium, subangular blocky structure ; slightly sticky, very friable, soft, non-plasticconsistence ; few, fine roots ; 20 to 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy,gradual, horizon boundary .Bfj gj2 45 cm plus ; dark yellowish brown (l0YR 4/4, matrix moist), gravelly coarse sandy loam;common, fine and medium, distinct, yellowishbrown (IOYR 5/8) mottles ; moderate, fine,subangular blocky structure ; slightly sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence;40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

- 208-Milord Arm : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .HorizonDepthcm1 LF 18-0pH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPi -eim îSodiumPyrophosphateFe%Al%AmmoniumOxalateFe%Al%DithioniteCitrateFe%Al%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cm2 Ac 0-12 3 .5 1 .5 tr 3 .5 0.2 0 .1 0 .2 0 .1 0 .4 0 .1 tr l l3 Bf 12-20 4 .1 3 .3 0 .1 33 5 .0 0 .2 1 .1 0.2 1 .0 0 .6 0 .4 tr 124 Bfjgj 1 20-45 4.6 1 .4 tr 4 .2 0 .1 0 .4 0 .2 1 .8 0 .4 0 .4 tr 125 Bf '2 45+ 4.4 1 .3 tr 0 .1 0.3 0 .2 1 .0 0 .5 0 .4 tr 12Exchangeable Cationme9 /100 gCa . K AlParticle Size DistributionCEC Total o/o sand/Particle size in mm .Total PyroPh .Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol .me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5-.25 .25- .1 .1- .05 % % O.M .Ash2 0.37 0.46 0.05 1 .22 2.10 31 53 .0 10 .9 8 .6 5 .8 12 .1 15 .5 32 .2 14 .8 -- --3 0.18 0.06 0 .05 0.64 0 .93 32 62 .5 13 .7 12 .5 8 .4 14 .3 13 .6 24 .3 13 .2 -- --4 0.37 0.27 0.05 tr 0.69 39 59 .9 9 .2 10 .3 7 .2 15 .1 18 .1 29 .8 10 .9 --5 0 .33 0 .25 0.05 0.61 1 .24 53 63 .4 13 .2 13 .9 8 .1 13 .8 14 .4 25 .4 11 .2 -- --

-209-SOIL PROFILE : Milord Arm Brook (07-80-0066-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid. : 21 UXE 1740 4800ELEVATION : 75 m above MSL .SOIL SITES :Parent Material : Coarse loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial ;sandstone lithology .Landform : Glaciofluvial; sandy ; hummocky .Slope : Complex slope ofclass 4 (6-9%), facing south ; site at lower slopeposition.Soil Moisture Well drained ; medium transmissibility ; moderate surface runoff;and Drainage : seepage absent .Depth to Bedrock :More than 100 cm.Stoniness and Slightly stony, non-rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use : Productive woodland .Vegetation : Picea mariana, Betula papyrifera, Alnus rugosa, Pleurozium spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, coarse loamy mixed non- clay ; acid,cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 21 0-LF 7 to 0 cm, range 7 to 8 cm ; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material derivedpredominantly from needles, leaves, feathermoss and wood fragments ; abundant,medium, oblique roots ; smooth abrupt, horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 9 cm, range 6 to 12 cm ; light brownish gray (IOYR 6/2, matrix moist), white (IOYR811, matrix dry) loam ; weak to moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure ; moderate,fine to medium, granular secondary structure ; slightly sticky, very friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; plentiful, medium, oblique roots; many, medium pores; irregular,abrupt horizon boundary.Bf 9 to 33, range 23 to 27 cm ; strong brown (7 .5YR 4/6, matrix moist), light yellowishbrown (IOYR 6/4, matrix dry), gravelly, very fine sandy loam; weak, medium, subangularblocky structure; weak, very fine to fme, granular secondary structure ; slightly sticky,very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; few, medium, oblique roots ; highly poroushorizon with many, fine and medium pores ; 30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ;wavy, clear, horizon boundary.BCl 33 to 47 cm, range 14 to 15 cm ; brown to dark brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), palebrown (IOYR 6/3, matrix dry), gravelly, fine sandy loam; moderate to strong, medium,angular blocky structure ; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ;very few, fine, horizontal roots; common, medium and coarse pores; 30% by volumegravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .BC2 47 to 77 cm, range 28 to 33 cm ; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist), palebrown (IOYR 6/3, matrix dry), gravelly, very fme sandy loam ; moderate to strong,medium to coarse, angular blocky structure ; non-sticky friable, slightly hard, non-plasticconsistence ; many, very fine, pores ; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy,clear, horizon boundary .C77 cmplus; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist), darkyellowish brown (IOYR6/4, matrix dry), gravelly loam ; moderate to strong, medium to coarse, angular blockystructure ; non-sticky, firm, hard, non-plastic consistency; very few, very fine pores ; 20%by volume coarse fragments.

Milord Arm Brook : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%1 LF 7-0 __ -_N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%Al%AmmoniumOxalateFe%AI%DithioniteCitrate2 Ae 0-9 3 .6 0.4 tr -- 4 .8 0 .1 tr 0 .2 tr 0 .3 tr tr 6Fe%Al%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cm3 Bf 9-33 4 .5 1 .6 tr -- 15 .5 0 .3 0 .5 0 .5 1 .1 0 .9 0 .7 tr 124 BC1 33-47 4 .5 0 .2 tr -- -- tr 0 .1 0 .2 0 .2 0 .6 0 .2 tr 45 BC2 47-77 4 .7 0 .2 tr -- -- tr 0 .1 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .1 tr 4.1 6 1 C 77+ 4 .3 0 .1 tr -- -- tr tr 0 .2 0 .1 0 .8 0 .1 tr 7IParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationmeq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph.Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol .Ca M.- I K Al me l100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5-.25 .2 5- .1 .1- .OS % % O.M . °l°AshIli2 0.15 0.10 . 0.05 0.72 1 .02 0 46 .4 2 .9 2 .2 2 .3 12 .9 26 .1 45 .4 8 .2 -- --3 0.22 0.14 0.09 0.89 1 .34 51 59 .0 4 .7 5 .9 5 .0 15 .9 27 .5 32 .4 8 .6 -- --4 0 .37 0.19 0.08 0.50 1 .14 45 54 .6 6 .5 6 .3 5 .1 14 .6 22.1 33 .3 12 .1 -- --5 0.20 0 .11 0.05 tr 0.36 29 69 .0 3 .5 3 .2 3 .0 21 .1 38 .2 26 .2 4 .9 -- --6 0 .35 0.34 0.10 0.64 1 .43 27 50 .4 6 .5 6 .0 4 .2 13 .2 20 .5 37 .9 11 .7 -- --

- 21 2-SOIL PROFILE : Mint Pond (07-81-0008-1-07)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E6Mil . Grid. : 21 UXE 3575 5860ELEVATION :Between 15 and 30 m above MSLSOIL SITE :Parent Material : Organic material predominantly derived from sedges and grasses .Wetland Classification : Sedge, slope fen ; 0.5-2 .5 slope .Area of Wetland :Soil Moistureand Drainage :Water Table :8 ha.Very poorly drained.Apparent water table 0 to 10 cm below the surface.Depth of Peat : 120 cm .Vegetation: Carex spp, Eriophorum spp, Sphagnum spp, Kalmia olifoliLarix laricina (1-1 .5 m high, 3-5 cm D.B.H .)SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Terric Mesisol, fennic, euic, cold peraquic, coarse loamy,moderately deep .Of0 to 15 cm, dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry), very weakly decomposed, matted, sedge peat;von Post scale ofhumification 3 .Oml 15 to 70 cm ; brown (10 YR 5/3, dry), moderately decomposed, matted, sedge peat ; vonPost scale ofhumification 4 to 5 .Om2 70 to 120 cm; brown (10YR 5/3, dry), moderately decomposed, matted, sedge peat; vonPost scale ofhumification 5 .Cg 120 cm plus ; gravelly silt loam.Mint Pond: Terric Mesisol .HorizonFiber content, % Ph Extractable (ppm)Depth,.015M Ccm unrubbed rubbed CaC12 % P Ca 'FM- K1 Of 0-15 80 52 5 .3 62 1218 .5 242 .1 11 .22 Oml 15-70 88 36 4 .6 55 890 .5 169 .1 5 .63 Om2 70-120 60 36 4 .7 70 856 .2 141 .6 3 .9

Parent Material : Skeletal and sandy; extremely to strongly acidic; glaciofluvial ;sandstone lithology .Landform : Low shrub, horizontal fen .Slope : level (0%)-213-SOIL PROFILE : Muddy Hole Brook (07-84-0003-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 1740 4750ELEVATION : Between 15 and 30 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Soil MoistureVery poorly drained ; low transmissibility ; ponding, seepage absent;and Drainage : apparent water table at 3 cm .Depth to Bedrock :More than 100 cm.Stoniness and Non-stony, non-rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use : Fen .Vegetation : Poa spp ., Sphagnum spp ., Eriophorum chamissonis , Potentillafructosa; Alnus rugosa ; Picea mariana ; Larix laricina.SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Rego Gleysol, peaty phase, sandy, mixed non-clay mineralogy,acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .Of 27 to 11 cm ; very dark gray (10YR 3/l, wet) weakly decomposed organic materialconsisting of sphagnum mosses and cotton grass ; abundant, medium and coarse roots;smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .Oh11 to 0 em; black (10YR 2/1, wet) strongly decomposed organic material consisting ofsphagnum mosses, cotton grass, sedges and soft and slightly hard wood fragments ;abundant, medium and coarse roots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .Cgj 0 cm plus ; brown to dark brown (l0YR 4/3, natural wet) loamy fine sand ; massivestructure ; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

- 21 4-Muddy Hole Brook: Rego Gleysol .Sodium Ammonium DithionitePyrophosphate Oxalate CitratepHLime Req .Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/haHorizon cm CaCI % % ratio o us.m % % % % % % % 15 cm1 Of 27-11 __ __ __ _- _- -_ _- __ __ _--2 Oh 11-0 -_ -_ _- _- __ __ -_ __ __ -_ __ __ --13 C ' 0-30+ 4 .6 -- ,0 .6 0.01 59 - 0.04 0.19 -- -- -- -- -- -- :1Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationmeq/100 g CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm . Total fiber contentPerm Gravel SandSilt ClayCa K ] Al me /100 % % 2-1 1- .5 .5-.25 .25- .1 .1-.05 = % % Unrubbed Rubbed100 402 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _- 56 43 1 .03 0.08 0 .05 0 .11 1 .27 9 78 .8 1 .2 2 .2 2 .2 31 .0 42 .2 16 .9 4.3 -- --

-215-SOIL PROFILE : New Bay River (07-81-0023-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 1180 5080ELEVATION :105 m above MSLSOIL SITE :Parent Material : Coarse loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal (till) ;coarse acid lithology .Landform : Morainal ; loamy ; hummocky.Slope : Complex slope ofclass 5 (10-15%)Soil MoistureModerately well drained; medium transmissibility ; slow surfaceand Drainage : runoff; seepage absent.Depth to Bedrock: 50 to 100 cm .Stoniness andRockiness :Present Land Use :Moderately stony, very rocky.Logged over.Vegetation : Prunus vir iniana, Alnus rugosa, Kalmia spp, Pleurozium spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, coarse loamy, mixed non- claymineralogy ; acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 216 -LF 8 to 0 cm ; slightly and moderately decomposed organic material, predominantly derived fromneedles, feathermoss, herbaceous fragments and wood fragments; abundant, fine andmediumroots ; wavy abrupt horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 5 cm ; light brownish gray (IOYR 6/2, matrix moist), pinkish gray (IOYR 7/2, matrix dry),silt loam; moderate to strong, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure ; moderate tostrong, fine to medium, angular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable, slightlyhard, slightly plastic consistence ; few, fine and medium pores; many, very fine and fine,inped pores ; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; broken, abrupt horizon boundary .Bhf5 to 22 cm; yellowish red (5YR 5/6, matrix moist), reddish yellow (IOYR 6/8, matrix dry),loam; strong, very coarse, subangular blocky structure ; moderate to strong, medium tocoarse, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly, friable, slightly hard, non- plasticconsistence ; few, fine and medium roots ; many fine and medium, random, inped pores ; 10to 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Bf 22 to 37 cm ; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist), brownish yellow (IOYR 6/6,matrix dry), sandy loam ; moderate to strong, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; moderateto strong, fine to medium subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable, soft,non-plastic consistence ; very few, fine roots; many, fine and medium, random, inped pores ;10 to 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary .BC 37 to 60 cm plus; dark gray brown (IOYR 4/2, matrix moist) ; very pale brown (IOYR 7/4,matrix dry), gravelly sandy loam ; moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; moderate,fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable, soft, non- plasticconsistence; many, fine and medium, random, inped pores ; 20% by volume gravelly coarsefragments .

New Bay River : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .-217-pHSodiumPyrophosphateHorizonDepth,cm1 :1H O1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPKm,FeAl1 LF 8-02 Ae 0-53 Bhf 5-22 5 .2 4 .5 7 .4 0 .1 74 tr 0 .5 0 .94 Bf 22-37 5 .4 5.0 3 .0 tr -- tr 0.1 0 .65 BC 37-60+ 5 .4 4.9 1 .9 tr -- tr -- --Exchangeable Cationmeq./100 g .Ca I K AlCEC Permme ./100 .Particle Size DistributionGravel Sand Silt Clay BulkDensi2 -- -- -- -- -- 25 33 46 21 --3 tr 0.05 0.10 1 .43 1 .58 33 50 35 15 --4 tr 0.02 0.06 0.40 0.49 25 60 30 10 --5 tr- 0.06 0.49 0.58 35 60 31 9 --

- 21 8-SOIL PROFILE :Norris ArmLOCATION : NTS Map : 2E6Mil . Grid. : 21 UXE 3490 5690ELEVATION : 80 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material : Coarse loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal (till) ;sandstone lithology .Landform : Morainal ; loamy and blocky ; levelSlope : Simple slope of class 1(0-0.55) .Soil Moisture Poorly drained medium transmissibility, slow surface runoff,and Drainage :seepage present.Depth to Bedrock:More than 100 cm.Stoniness and Exceedingly stony, non-rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use :Unproductive woodland.Vegetation : Picea mariana, Sorbus americana , Betula panvrifera , Alnus ru osa,kalmia spp, s hagnum spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, coarse loamy, mixed non- claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 219 -FH 10 to 0 cm, range 5 to 25 cm ; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3, dry) moderately decomposedorganic material, predominantly derived from mosses and herbaceous fragments; abundantfine and medium roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Ahe 0 to 5 cm ; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4, matrix moist), silt loam; weak, medium, subangularblocky structure ; weak, medium granular secondary structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft,non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, fine and medium roots; highly porous horizon with morethan 5% medium and coarse pores ; 10% by volume gravelly rock fragments ; wavy, abrupthorizon boundary .Bfgj 5 to 30 cm ; dark yellowish brown (IOYR4/4, natural wet), gravelly silt loam ; many, medium,distinct, strong brown(7.5YR 5/8) mottles; weak, coarse, subangularblocky structure ; weak,fine to medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, very friable, slightlyhard consistence ; abundant, medium and fine roots; highly porous horizon with more than5% medium and coarse pores; 30% by volume gravelly rock fragments ; wavy, clear horizonboundary .BCgj 30 to 46 cm ; brown (IOYR 5/3, natural wet) gravelly silt loam; many, fine and medium, faint,brownish yellow (IOYR 6/8) mottles ; weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; very weak,fine to medium, subangular blocky secondary structure; non-sticky, very friable, slightlyhard, non-plastic consistence ; few, very fine roots; highly porous horizon with more than 5%medium and coarse pores ; many, fine, spherical, dark yellowish brown (IOYR 3/4) ironmanganeseconcretions throughout the matrix ; 25% by volume gravelly rock fragments ;wavy, clear horizon boundary .BCg 46 cm plus; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2, matrix moist) gravelly sandy loam ; many, coarse,prominent, brownish yellow (IOYR 6/8) mottles ; weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure ;very weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ; non-sticky, friable,slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; slightly porous horizon with less than 2% fine andmedium pores ; 20% by volume gravelly rock fragments .

- 220-Noms Arm : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .SodiumPyrophosphateAmmoniumOxalateDithioniteCitrateHorizonDepth,cm .pH1 :2CaCC%N%C-NratioPmFe%A1%Fe%AI%Fe%A1%Mn%Lime Req.100 kg/ha15 cm)1 FH 10-0 3 .2 41 .8 0 .7 59 .7 26.5 0 .01 0.062 Ahe 0-5 4 .1 5 .4 0 .3 18 .0 0 .0 1 .18 1.623 Bfgj 5-30 4 .4 1 .6 0 .1 , 16.0 0 .0 0.29 0.514 Bcgj 30-46 4 .5 1 .0 0 .1 10.0 1 .9 0.16 0.33 -- -- -- -- -- --5 Bc 46-65 4 .7 0.6 0 .1 6 .0 8 .6 0.06 0.25 -- -- -- -- -- --Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm . Total Pyroph.Ca ~ K ~ A~Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol. O.M . Ashmeq/100 g. ~ 0 /o I 0 /0 2 _ 1 1- .5 .5_.25 .25 _ .1 .1 _.OS 0 /o I0 /o I0 /o ~0 /o1 34.80 11 .84 0 .83 2.00 49 .47 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -2 0.86 0 .24 0:14 2.98 4.22 21 39 .1 4 .8 4.3 3 .7 9 .7 16 .6 53 .1 7 .8 -- -3 0.26 0.08 0.05 1.17 1 .56 47 37 .5 4 .8 5 .0 3 .8 9 .4 14 .6 52 .9 9 .6 -- -450 .370 290.080.070.060.050.580.221 .090 .63352942.564 .67 .013 .18 .010 .35 .36 .912 .914 .59.419 .750 .631 .86 .93 .6--__-_ :1I

- 22 1-SOIL PROFILE : Northern Arm (07-80-0063-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid . : 22 UXE 2570 4047ELEVATION :60 m above MSLSOIL SITE :Parent Material 1 : Skeletal and sandy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal (till) ;sandstone lithology.Parent Material 2 : Fragmental ; extremely to strongly acidic ; glaciofluvial ; mixedlithology .Landform : Morainal ; gravelly ; hummocky and inclined .Slope : Simple slope ofclass 6 (16-30%), facing south ; site at toe position .Soil Moisture Moderately well drained ; medium transmissibility ; slow surfaceand Drainage : runoff; seepage absent .Depth to Bedrock :Stoniness andRockiness :Present Land Use :More than 100 cm.Very stony, non-rocky.Productive woodland.Vegetation : Abies balsamea, Betula pApyrifera, Cornus canadensis , HypnumhylocomiumSOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixed non-claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 222 -LF 20 to 0 cm ; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derived fromneedles, leaves, feathermoss, harbaceous fragments and wood fragments; abundant, mediumand coarse roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 7 cm; gray (lOYR 5/1, matrix moist) gravelly loam ; moderate, medium to coarse,subangular blocky structure; moderate, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure; sticky,friable, slightly hard,- slightly plastic consistence ; abundant, medium and coarse roots;common, fine and medium pores ; 30% by volume gravelly and stony coarse fragments ;irregular abrupt horizon boundary .Bf 7 to 24 cm; stony brown (7.5YR 4/6, matrix moist), gravelly fine sandy loam ; moderate,mediumto coarse, subangular blocky structure ; moderate, fine, subangular blocky secondarystructure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, fine and mediumroots; 40% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments; irregular, clear horizonboundary .BC 24 to 33 cm ; brown to dark brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), gravelly, coarse sandy loam ;moderate to weak, medium, subangular blocky structure ; fine, granular, secondary structure ;non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; few, fine roots ; 40% by volumeangular gravelly coarse fragments; wavy clear horizon boundary .11C 33 to 45 cm plus ; very coarse gravel ; structureless .

- 223-Northern Arm : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%Fe%DithioniteCitrateA1%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cm1 Lf 20-02 Ae 0-7 3 .5 0 .9 tr - 5 .5 0 .2 tr 0 .2 0 .1 0 .3 0 .1 0.0 123 Bf 7-24 4 .6 2 .8 0 .1 28 1 .3 0 .2 0 .5 0 .2 2 .7 1 .5 0 .9 tr 144 BC 24-33 5 .0 1 .3 tr -- 5 .2 tr 0 .2 0.3 1 .6 0 .7 0 .4 tr 815 IIC 33-35 4 .9 0 .5 0 .1 5 -- tr 0 .1 0 .2 0 .9 0 .5 0 .2 tr 5Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Canonsmeq/100 g. GEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph .Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol.O.M. AshCa K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25-.1 .1- .05 %2 0 .83 0.43 0.08 17.24 18.58 35 46 .8 2 .6 4 .0 4 .7 13 .8 21 .7 43 .3 9.9i3 0.78 0.26 0.09 6.39 7.52 47 59 .1 12 .0 7 .9 0.2 16 .9 22 .2 33 .0 7 .9 -- --40.80 0.29 0.090.001 .184875 .119 .814 .18 .916 .715 .617 .77 .1----5 00 .8100.060.001 .1383--------------------

- 224-SOIL PROFILE : Peters Arm (07-80-0056-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 2410 5190ELEVATION :Less than 15 m above MSL.SOIL SITE :Parent Material 1 : Skeletal and coarse loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ;glaciofluvial ; sandstone lithology.Parent Material 2 :Skeletal and sandy, extremely to strongly acidic, glaciofluvial,sandstone lithology.Parent Material 3 : Skeletal and coarse loamy, extremely to strongly acidic,glaciofluvial, sandstone lithology.Landform : Glaciofluvial, cobbly, level .Slope : simple slope ofclass 1(0-0.5%)Soil Moisture Well drained; medium transmissibility ; moderate surface runoff;and Drainage :seepage absent.Depth to Bedrock :More than 100 cm.Stoniness and Very stony, non-rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use :Productive woodland.Vegetation : Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Betula panvrifera .SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixed non- claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 225-Ah 0 to 9 cm ; very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2, matrix moist), very gravelly sandy loam ;weak, fine, granular structure ; plentiful, fine and medium roots ; 80% by volume gravellycoarse fragments ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.9 to 17 cm ; pale brown (IOYR 6/3, matrix moist), very gravelly loam ; very weak, very fine,granular structure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence ;plentiful,fine and medium roots; 80% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizonboundary .BfIIBC17 to 46 cm; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6, matrix moist), very gravelly coarse sandy loam; weakto moderate, fine, granular structure ; single grain secondary structure ; non-sticky, veryfriable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; few, fine roots ; 80% by volume gravelly coarsefragments; wavy gradual horizon boundary.46 to 54 cm ; dark brown to brown(IOYR 4/3, matrix moist), very gravelly coarse sand, singlegrain structure ; non-sticky, loose, non-plastic consistence ; very few, fme roots ; 80% byvolume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .IIIC 54 cmplus ; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 3/4,matrix moist), very gravelly coarse sandy loam ;slightly compact ; single grain structure; non-sticky, loose, non-plastic consistence ; 80% byvolume gravelly coarse fragments.

- 226-Peters Arm:Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol.HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrate1 Ah 0-9 __ _- __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ --Fe%A1%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/hal5 cm2 Ae 9-17 3 .7 2 .0 0 .1 20 23.4 0 .4 0 .1 0 .6 0 .1 1 .5 0 .1 tr 15i3 Bf 7-46 4 .2 4 .0 0.2 20 52 .0 0 .8 0 .8 1 .6 1 .4 3 .8 1 .2 tr 16 III4 IIBC 46-54 4 .7 1 .0 tr -- -- 0 .1 0 .2 0 .4 0 .7 1 .5 0 .5 tr 35 IIIC 54+ 4.8 0 .5 tr -- -- tr 0 .1 0.3 0 .4 1 .3 0 .3 tr 2Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size inmm .Perm Gravel SandCa K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05SiltTotalClayPyroph.Sol. O.M .Ash2 1 .30 10.59 0 .07 0.94 2.90 84 45 .2 18 .1 6 .5 3 .2 7 .3 10 .1 41 .4 13 .3 -- --3 0 .81 0.34 0.09 1.08 2 .32 87 69 .4 59 .7 4 .4 1 .0 1 .6 2 .7 17 .4 13 .2 -- --4 0 .51 0.33 -0.07 0.00 0 .91 86 88 .5 75 .2 8 .2 1 .2 1 .8 2 .1 7 .63 .8 -- --5 0.59 0.35 0.07 000 1 .01 83 51.0 44 .7 1 5 .3 I 0 .4 I 0 .3 I 0.3 147 .4 1 1 .6 --

SOIL PROFILE : Peters Pond (07-80-0072-1-12)LOCATION: NTS Maps : 2E3Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 1850 5240ELEVATION : 90 m above MSL .SOIL SITE:Parent Material : Skeletal and coarse loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal(till); sandstone lithology .Landform : Morainal ; cobbly and blocky ; hummocky .Slope : Complex slope of class 4 (6-9%)Soil Moisture Moderately well drained ; medium transmissibility ; slow surfaceand Drainage: runoff; seepage absent .Depth to Bedrock : 20 to 50 cm .- 227-Stoniness and Exceedingly stony, moderately rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use :Vegetation :SOIL CLASSIFICATON :Logged over.Prunus vig r inana, Alnus rugosa, kalmia spp, Pleurozium spp.Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol, very shallow lithic, loamy skeletal,mixednon-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .LF 6 to 0 cm ; moderately decomposed organic material consisting ofneedles (60%) and soft andslightly hard wood fragments (40%) 0 .5 cm in size ; abundant, fine and medium roots ; clear,abrupt horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 5 cm; grayish brown (lOYR 5/2, matrix moist) ; gravelly fine sandy loam; moderate,coarse, subangular blocky structure ; moderate, medium, subangular blocky secondarystructure; non- sticky, friable, hard, non-plastic consistence ; plentiful, fine and mediumvertical roots ; common, fine and medium, random pores ; 40% by volume channery coarsefragments; broken, clear, horizon boundary.Bfl 5 to 15 cm ; reddish brown (5YR 4/3, matrix moist), very gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak,medium to coarse, subangularblocky structure ; weak, medium to coarse, granular seconstructure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; abundant fine and medium,horizontal roots ; common, fine, random pores; 50 to 60% by volume, channery, coarsefragments; wavy, diffuse horizon boundary .Bfl 15 cm plus ; reddish brown (5YR 4/4, matrix moist) very gravelly, coarse sandy loam ; weak,medium to coarse, subangularblocky structure; weak, medium to coarse, granular secondarystructure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; common fine, random pores ;80% by volume channery coarse fragments.

- 228-Peters Pond . Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .Sodium Ammonium DithionitePyrophosphate Oxalate CitratePH Lime Req .Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe Al Fe Al Mn 100 kg/haHorizon cm CaCI /o /o ratio m /o /o /° /o /o /° /0 15 cm1 LF 6-0 3 .6 41 .9 0 .3 140 112 .8 0 .1 0 .1 0.1 0 .1 0 .2 0 .1 0 .1 --2 Ae 0-6 3 .4 1 .3 0.1 13 3 .9 0.2 0 .1 0.3 0 .1 0.9 0 .1 tr 12L 101550 .3I r 0 .6 0.9 1 .2 2 .9 1 .1 0.1 l53 Bfl 5-15 . 4 .5 1 .7 0.2 9 8 .2 0.6 1 .0 1 .1 2 .5 3 .2 1 .5 0.1 154 M 15+ 4.6 3 .1 0 .2 16Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm.Perm Gravel Sandmeq/100 8. % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05C Ca I Mg I K ' A1 +siltTotalClayPyroph.Sol . O.M. Ash1 13 .2 4.69 1 .43 0.00 19.32 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 .9 12 .22 0 .23 0 .31 0.05 0.70 1 .29 53 51 .6 8 .1 4 .8 3 .8 14 .3 20 .6 36 .7 11 .8 -- --3 0.74 0.27 0.12 0.83 1.96 71 54 .2 15 .7 9 .6 5 .7 10 .4 13 .3 32 .9 12 .9 -- --14 1 13- 0.21 0.14 10.14 I 2.20 I 93 ' 55 .9 27.0 19 .1 3 .8 7 .5 ' 8 .5 24.8 19.3 --

- 229-SOIL PROFILE : Phillips Head (07-80-0071-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid. : 21 UXE 1945 5090ELEVATION: Between 140 and 155 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material : Coarse loamy; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal (till) ;sandstone lithology .Landform: Morainal ; blocky; hummocky .Slope : Complex slope of class 2 (0.5-2%)Soil Moisture Poorlydrained ; medium transmissibility; very slow surface runoff;and Drainage : seepage present .Depth to Bedrock :31 cmStoniness and Very stony, moderately rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use :Logged over.Vegetation : Alnus ruQosa, kalmia spp, sphagnum spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol, very shallow lithic, coarseloamy, mixed non-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moistureregime .LF 10 to 0 cm ; slightly decomposed organic material consisting ofneedles (30%), feathermoss(40%) and soft and hard wood fragments (30%) 0 .5 cm in size ; plentiful, fine and mediumroots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.Aegj 0 to 16 cm ; light brownish gray to pale brown (l0YR 6/2 .5, matrix moist) silt loam ; many,medium, distinct (5YR 5/8) mottles ; weak, coarse, angular blocky structure ; weak, fine,subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, non- plasticconsistence ; abundant, fine roots ; few, very fine and fine pores ; 10% by volume gravellycoarse fragments ; smooth, clear horizon boundary .Bm 16 to .31 cm; strong brown . . (7.5YR 4/6, . .matrix moist) fine sandy loam ; weak, coarsesubangularblocky structure; weak, fine, subangularblocky secondary structure ; non-sticky,very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ; very few, very fine, horizontal roots ; common,very fine and fine pores ; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .R 31 cm plus; bedrock .

- 230-Phillips Head : Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol .Sodium Ammonium DithionitePyrophosphate Oxalate CitratepHLime Req.Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe A1 Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/haHorizon cm CaCI % % ratio :gym % % % % % % % 15 cm1 LF 10-0 3 .6 51 .2 1 .2 43 127 .2 tr 0 .2 0 .1 0.2 0.1 0.2 tr --2 Aegj 0-16 . 3 .4 1 .6 tr -- 3 .9 0.1 0.1 0 .2 0 .1 0.2 0.1 tr 103 Bm 16-31 4 .2 1 .7 tr -- 9 .0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0 .4 0.3 tr 8Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph .Perm Gravel Sand Silt Clay Sol . O.M . AshCa =I]K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .051 10.80 9.52 2 :06 6.00 28.38 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 .1 10 .42 0 .45 0 .33 0 .07 1 .83 _2.68 25 29 .0 2 .5 1 .3 1 .4 6.6 17 .2 59 .4 j 11 .6 -- --3 0 .11 0.02 0.04 0.44 0.61 21 69.7 7 .8 6.6 6.0 21 .5 27 .7 23 .2 7 .1 -- --li~

- 23 1-SOIL PROFILE : Pitt' s Pond (07-81-0027-1-07)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E6Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 1745 6026ELEVATION :Between 45 and 60 m above MSLSOIL SITE :Parent Material : Skeletal and sandy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; glaciofluvial ;mixed lithology .Landform : glaciofluvial ; cobbly and gravelly ; inclined.Slope : Simple slope of class 5 (10-15%) ; site at upper slope position .Soil Moisture Well drained ; high transmissibility ; slow surface runoff; seepageand Drainage : absent .Depth to Bedrock: More than 100 cm .Stoniness and Very stony, non-rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use :Logged over.Vegetation :SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixed non- claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 232-LF12 to 0 cm; slightly to moderately decomposed organic material predominantly derived fromneedles, feathermoss, herbaceous fragments and wood fragments ; abundant, coarse roots ;wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 3 cm, range 2 to 10 cm ; grayish brown (IOYR 5/2, matrix moist), light gray (IOYR 7/1;matrix dry), very gravelly loam; weak to moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure ;moderate, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable, soft, slightlyplastic consistence ; abundant, medium and coarse roots ; highly porous horizon with manymedium and coarse random pores; 70% by volume gravelly rock fragments ; irregular, abrupthorizon boundary.Bhf 3 to 37 cm, range 32 to 39 cm ; yellowish red (5YR 4 .5/6, matrix moist), brownish yellow(IOYR 6/6, matrix dry), very gravelly sandy loam ; weak to moderate, coarse, subangular,blocky structure ; weak to moderate, medium subangularblocky secondary structure ; slightlysticky, fnm, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium roots ; moderatelyporous horizon with many, very fine, random pores ; 50% by volume gravelly and cobblycoarse fragments; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Bf 37 to 59 cm; dark brown to brown (7.5YR 4/2, matrix moist), very pale brown (IOYR 7/4,matrix dry), very gravelly sand; massive structure; non-sticky, firm, slightly hard, non-plasticconsistence ; weakly cemented by iron; few, fine roots ; moderately porous horizon withcommon, medium and coarse random pores ; 60% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarsefragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .IIC 59 to 72 cm ; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2, matrix moist), light gray (IOYR 7/1, matrix dry)very gravelly loamy sand ; massive structure ; non-sticky, firm, hard, non-plastic consistence ;weakly cemented by iron ; moderately porous horizon with common, medium and coarse,random pores ; 80% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizonboundary .IIIC 72 to 105 cm ; cobbles and coarse gravel ; wavy, clear horizon boundary.IVC 105 cm plus ; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2, matrix moist), light gray (IOYR 7/1, matrixdry) very gravelly sand ; single grain structure ; non-sticky, loose, non-plastic consistence ;80% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments .

- 233-Pitt's Pond : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .pHSodiumPyrophosphateHorizonDepth,cm1 :1H,O1 :2CaClC%N%C-NratioP. .mFe0/0Al0/01 LF 12-0 -_ __ __ __ __ __ __ --2 Ae 0-3 5.4 4.7 6 .5 0 .1 65 tr 0 .6 . 1 .23 Bhf 3-37 5.8 5 .0 1 .3 tr -- tr 0 .1 0 .64 Bf 37-59 5 .7 4 .9 1 .1 tr -- tr 0 .0 0 .25 IIC 59-72 -- __ __ __--6 IIIC 72-1057 IVC 105+ _-Exchangeable Cationmeq./1.00 g .Particle Size DistributionCa MZK AlCEC Perm.me ./100 g .Gravel%Sand%Silt%Clay%BulkDensity2 0.34 0.02 0.20 0.70 1 .23 85 34 42 24 --3 0.16 0.07 0.10 0.40 0.72 72 70 18 12 --4 0.06 0.04 0 .10 0.20 0.42 55 90 5 5 --5 -- -- -- -- -- 91 78 15 7 --6 95 --7 88 90 5 5 __

SOIL PROFILE : Point Leamington (07-84-0004-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E6Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 171649ELEVATION : 50 m .SOIL SITE :- 234-Parent Material 1 : Stratified and sandy skeletal ; extremely to strongly acidic ;glaciofluvial ; mixed lithology .Parent Material 2 : Stratified and loamy skeletal; extremely to strongly acidic ;glaciofluvial; mixed lithology .Landform : Glaciofluvial ; cobbly and gravelly ; inclined.Slope:Simple slope of class 2 (0.5-2%) facing west; site at upper slopeposition.Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained ; high transmissibility ; slow surface runoff;and Drainage : seepage absent .Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .Stoniness and Moderately stony, non-rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use : Old field complex .Vegetation : Poa spp, Alnus rugosa, carex spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, sandy skeletal, mixed non-claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime.

- 23 5-Of28 to 18 cm ; black (7.5YR 2/0, moist) weakly to moderately decomposed sphagnum andsedge peat ; abundant, medium and coarse, vertical roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Om 18 to 0 cm ; black (5YR 2 .5/1, moist) strongly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat;abundant, medium, vertical roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Bhf 0 to 20 cm ; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, matrix moist), very gravelly loam; veryweak, very fine to fine granular structure ; non- sticky, very friable, soft, non-plasticconsistence; abundant, fine and medium, random exped roots ; highly porous horizon ; 80%by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .Bfl 20 to 32 cm ; dark brown (10YR 3/3, matrix moist), very gravelly loamy coarse sand; veryweak, very fine to fine, granular structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plasticconsistence ; few, fine and medium, random, exped roots ; highly porous horizon ; 70% byvolume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary .Bfl 32 to 60 cm; grayishbrown (2.5Y 5/2, matrix moist), very gravelly loamy coarse sand ; weak,fine to medium, granular structure ; non-sticky, very friable, soft, non-plastic consistence ;very few, fine, random, exped roots; highly porous horizon ; 50% by volume gravelly andcobbly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.IIBCg 60 cm plus ; grayish brownto dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4.5/2, matrix moist), gravelly coarsesandy loam ; common, medium, prominent, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles ; moderate,medium, pseudo-platy structure ; weak to moderate, fine, subangular blocky, secondarystructure; non-sticky, firm, slightly hard, non-plastic consistence ; slightly porous horizon;25% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments .

- 23 6-Point Leamington :Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol.',HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrateFe%A1%Mn%Lime Req.100 kg/ha15 cm1 Of 28-182 Om 18-03 Bfh 0-20 5 .7 5 .3 0.3 17 .7 1 .9 1 .01 0.34 -- -- -- -- -- --4 Bfl 20-32 5 .4 3 .4 0.3 11 .3 5 .2 0.63 0.35 -- -- -- -- -- --5 Bf2 32-60 5 .0 2 .0 0 .2 10 .0 6.7 0.51 0.39 -- -- -- -- -- --6 IIBC 60+ 4 .8 0.6 tr -- 7.9 0.09 0 .11 -- -- -- -- -- --Exchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g .Ca M K A1CECPermme /100 .Gravel%Particle Size Distribution% sand/particle size in mm.TotalSand% 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05Silt%TotalClay%Fiber contentPyroph.Sol. O.M.%I _- _- __ -- _- -- -- _- __ _- __ -_ __ - 100 402 100 283 16.34 2.07 0.11 0.00 18.52 92 47 .9 24 .0 8 .6 3 .2 5 .6 6 .4 45 .3 6 .8 -- --4 7.50 0.94 0.09 0.00 8 .53 85 77 .7 51 .9 16 .7 2 .5 3 .1 3 .5 4 .1 18 .2 -- --5 3.78 0.0 0.08 0.00 4.46 67 79 .8 40.9 25 .6 3 .5 4 .3 5 .5 13 .5 6.7 --1 .71 0 .18 0.07 0.08 2.04 41 63 .4 12 .4 15 .9 8 .2 10 .0 17 .0 30 .7 6.0 , -- --Ash

- 237-SOIL PROFILE : Porters Cove (07-80-0049-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map: 2136Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 3290 5760ELEVATION : Less than 15 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material 1 : Stratified and loamy skeletal ; extremely to strongly acidic ;glaciofluvial ; sandstone lithology .Parent Material 2 : Stratified and sandy skeletal ; extremely to strongly acidic ;glaciofluvial ; sandstone lithology .Landform : Glaciofluvial ; gravelly; level.Slope : Simple slope of class 2 (0.5-2%) .Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained; medium transmissibility ; slow surface runoff;and Drainage :seepage absent.Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .Stoniness and Moderately stony, non-rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use: Abandoned farmland .Vegetation :SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Poa spp, Alnus rugosaGleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, fine loamy oversandy skeletal, mixednon-clay mineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 238-Ah 0 to 16 cm ; dark brown to brown (7.5YR 4/4, matrix moist), gravelly coarse sandy loam ;moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure ; moderate, medium, granular, secondarystructure; non-sticky, very friable, soft, slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful, medium roots ;30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary.Ae 16 to 19 cm ; very pale brown (IOYR 7/3, matrix moist), gravelly sandy loam ; weak, medium,subangularblocky structure ; weak, medium, granularsecondary structure ; plentiful, mediumroots; broken, abrupt horizon boundary .Bfgj 19 to 37 cm ; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8, matrix moist), gravelly sandy clay loam ; many,medium and coarse, distinct, yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; weak to moderate, fme tomedium subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine to medium, granular secondary structure;slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence; plentiful, medium roots;30% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, clear horizon boundary .IIBfgj 37 to 48 cm ; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6, matrix moist) very gravelly coarse sand; common,fine, distinct, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottles ; single grain structure ; non-sticky, loose, nonplasticconsistence ; plentiful, medium roots ; common, fine, horizontal pores ; 60% by volumegravelly coarse fragments ; smooth abrupt horizon boundary .IICg 48 cm plus ; gray (5YR 5/1, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sand, single grain structure ; nonsticky,loose non-plastic consistence ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments .

- 239-Porters Cove : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .HorizonDepth,cmpg1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%Al%DithioniteCitrate1 Ah 0-16 4 .0 3 .7 0 .2 19 11 .8 0.5 0 .4 0 .6 0 .7 2 .0 0.6 tr 172 Ae 16-193 Bfgj 19-37 4 .3 3 .7 0 .1 37 3 .5 0 .5 1 .0 0 .7 2 .5 2 .5 1 .4 tr 174 ilBfgj 37-48 4 .7 1 .3 tr -- -- 0 .1 0 .3 0 .4 1 .4 0 .1 0 .65 IIC 48+ 5 .0 0 . .5 tr -- -- tr 0 .2 0 .2 0 .6 0 .6 0 .3 ---l tr 5Fe%Al%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cmtr 11iParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . % sand/particle size inmm .Ca M K AlCECPermme 1100 .Gravel%TotalSand% 2-1 1-.5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .OSSilt%Fiber contentPyroph .Total0 % 0 /oClay Sol . O.M .1 0 .71 0.20 0.09 0.95 1.95 50 64 .4 20 .3 19 .6 9.1 7 .3 8 .1 23 .3 12 .3 -- --2Ash0 /o3 0.54 0.27 0.06 0.86 1 .73 46 70.7 19 .8 25 .8 13 .6 5 .0 6.4 tr 30.3 -- --4 0.46 0.30 0.06 -- 0.82 70 98 .2 37 .5 37 .5 16.4 4 .4 2 .4 tr 4 .1 -- --5- 0.48 0.29 0.07 -- 0.84 54 92 .1 21.6J36.6 24.2 7 .7 2 .0 4 .3 3 .5 -- --

- 240-SOIL PROFILE : Purbeck (07-84-0006-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid. : 21 UXE 176 467ELEVATION : Less than 15 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material : Fine loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; marine ; indifferentiatedlithology .Landform : Marine ; loamy ; level .Slope: Simple slope ofclass 1(0-0 .5) ; level .Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained ; lowtransmissibility ; moderate surfacerunoff;and Drainage : seepage absent .Depth to Bedrock :Stoniness andRockiness :Present Land Use :More than 100 cm.Slightly stony, non-rocky.Productive woodland.Vegetation: Picea marinn Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Chamaedaphnecalyculata, kalmia gng~ustifolia, Hvvum spp .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol, fine loamy, mixed non-claymineralogy, acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 241 -LF 10 to 0 cm ; very dark brown (IOYR 2/2, moist), slightly and moderately decomposed organicmaterial, predominantly derived from needles, small twigs and other wood fragments,abundant, medium and coarse, horizontal roots ; smooth, abrupt, horizon boundary .Ae 0 to 7 cm ; light brownish gray (IOYR 6/2, matrix moist), gravelly silt loam ; weak tomoderate, medium, platy structure; weak to moderate, fine to medium subangular blockysecondary structure ; sticky friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful,medium, horizontal roots ; moderately porous horizon; 20% by volume gravelly coarsefragments ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .Bmgj 7 to 23 cm ; brown (IOYR 5/3, matrix moist) silt loam ; many, fine, faint, dark yellowishbrown (IOYR 3/4) mottles ; weak to moderate, medium, angular blocky structure ; weak tomoderate, very fine to fine angular blocky secondary structure ; sticky, firm, hard, slightlyplastic consistence ; very few, fine, horizontal roots ; moderately porous horizon; 10% byvolume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .BCgj 23 to 41 cm ; brown to dark brown (IOYR 4.5/3, matrix moist) silt loam ; many, fine, faint,dark yellowish brown(IOYR 3/4) mottles ; weak, medium, subangularblocky structure ; weak,very fineto fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ; sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightlyplastic consistence ; slightly porous horizon; less than 10% by volume gravelly coarsefragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .Cg 41 cm plus ; grayish brown (IOYR 5/2, matrix moist) silt loam ; many, fine, prominent, strongbrown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles ; massive structure; slightly porous horizon ; 10% by volumegravelly coarse fragments.

- 242-Purbeck : Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol .HorizonDepth,cm1 Lf 10-0pg1 :2CaciC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1osaDithioniteCitrate2 Ae 0-7 . 3 .4 2 .3 tr -- 7 .5 0 .04 0 .11 -- -- -- -- -- --3 Bmgj 7-23 4 .0 1 .2 tr -- 24 .3 0.14 0.26 -- -- -- -- -- --4 BCgj 23-41 4 .1 0.9 tr -- 61 .3 0.15 0.29 -- -- -- -- -- --5 C 41+' 4 .4 j 0 .2 tr -- 9 .4 0.15 0.05 -- -- -- -- -- --Fe%A1%Mn%Lime Req.100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g. % sand/particle size inmm .Fiber contentCaTM K AlCECPermme /100 .Gravel%TotalSand% 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05SiltTotalClayPyroph .Sol . O.M . Ash2 0.44 0.29 0:05 4.75 5.53 35 22 .2 1 .7 1 .6 1 .2 6 .2 11 .5 64 .9 12 .9 -- --3 0.44 0.21 , 0.12 2 .45 3.22 20 22 .0 2.6 3 .2 2 .3 4 .7 9 .1 61 .7 16.3 -- --4 0.59 0.25 0 .12 1 .33 2.29 17 25 .7 3 .4 3 .6 2 .2 4.5 12 .1 59.4 15 .0 -- --5 2.98 1.48 0 .11 0.19 4.76 20 19.2 1 .9 1 .9 1 .5 3 .7 10 .2 61 .8 19 .0 -- --

i-243-SOIL PROFILE : Red CliffPond (07-81-0005-1-07)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil Grid. : 21 UXE 3120 5480ELEVATION :Between 30 and 45 m above MSLSOIL SITE :Parent Material : Organic material predominantly derived from sedge .Wetland Classification : Sedge, slope fen, 0.5-2 .5% slope .Area of Wetland :Area of Open Water:12 ha.0 .5 ha.Soil Moisture Poorly drained .and Drainage :Water Table : Apparent water table 0 to 10 cm below the surface .Depth of Peat : 280 cm . .Vegetation : Carex spp, Eriophorum spp, S12ha num spp, Larix3uniperus spp .laricina,SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Typic Mesisol, mesic, euic, cold aquic .Oral 0 to 15 cm; dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry), weakly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat ; vonPost scale of decomposition 4 .Om2 15 to 220 cm ; dark brown (10YR 3/3, dry), moderately decomposed, matted, sedge peat; vonPost scale of decomposition 4 .Om3 220 to 280 cm ; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, dry) moderately decomposed, mattedsedge peat; von Post scale ofdecomposition 5 .Cg 280 cm plus ; gravelly silt loam .Red CliffPond : Typic Mesisol .HorizonFiber content, % Ph Extractable (ppm)Depth,.015M Ccm unrubbed rubbed CaCl2 % P Ca K1 Omi 0-15 64 38 5 .3 45 2528 .1 267.4 37 .12 Om2 15-220 60 32 4 .8 35 1449 .4 118 .0 3 .93 Om3 220-280 58 34 4 .7 35 2528 .1 233 .73 .4

-244-SOIL PROFILE: Sharrons Pond (07-81-0009-1-07)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid . : 21 UXE 2456 5110ELEVATION :Between 15 and 30 m above MSL.SOIL SITE :Parent Material :Organic material predominantly derived from sphagnum mosses.Wetland Classification : Domed bog, low shrub, 2 to 5% slope .Area of Wetland:Soil Moistureand Drainage :5 ha.Poorly drained.Water Table : Apparent water table 10 to 30 cm below surface .Depth ofPeat :Vegetation :140 cm.Sphan-urn spp, Carex spp, Kahniapol ifolia, Kalmia angustifolia,Ledum groenlandicum , Piceamariana (0 .5 mhigh, 1-3 cmD.B .H.),Cladonia spp, Rubus chamaemorus, Sarracenia DgMurea.SOIL CLASSIFICATION : Terric Humic Fibrisol, sphagnic, dysic, cold peraquic, sandyskeletal,moderately deep .Ofl0 to 20 cm, yellowish brown (l0YR 5/4, dry), almost undecomposed, fibrous, sphagnumpeat ; von Post scale ofhumification 2.Of2 20 to 60 cm; yellowish brown (l0YR 5/4, dry), very weakly decomposed, fibrous, sphagnumpeat; von Post scale of humification 3 .Of3 60 to 100 cm ; yellowish brown (l0YR 5/4, dry), weakly decomposed, sphagnum peat ; vonPost scale ofhumification 4 .Oh 100 to 140 cm; very dark brown (10YR 2/2, dry), strongly decomposed, slightly sticky,sphagnum and sedge peat; von Post scale ofhumification 7 .Cg 140 cm plus ; gravelly loamy sand.

- 245-Sharrons Pond : Terric Humic Fibrisol .HorizonFiber content, % Ph Extractable (ppm).015MCaCl2Depth,cm unrubbed rubbedC0/o P Ca rK1 Ofl 0-20 94 80 3 .2 35 125 .8 64.6 8 .42 Of2 20-60 78 70 3 .0 33 46 .6 61 .2 2 .83 Of3 60-100 84 76 3 .2 35 108 .4 125 .3 5 .64 Oh 100-140 36 4 3 .4 30 272 .5 148 .9 5 .6SOIL PROFILE : Wing Pond (07-81-0028-1-07)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E6Mil. Grid . : 21 UXE 1700 6460ELEVATION : 30 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material : Skeletal and coarse loamy ; extremely to strongly acidic ; morainal(till) ; mixed lithology .Landform : Morainal ; rubbly ; level .Slope : 1% simple slope ; level microtopography .Soil Moisture Imperfectly drained ; medium transmissibility ; moderate surfaceand Drainage : runoff; seepage present .Depth to Bedrock : More than 100 cm .Stoniness and Slightly stony, non-rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland .Vegetation : Picea Manana, Abies balsamea, Betula pap~rifera; Populusbalsamifera, Populus tremuloides . Sorbus americana .SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, loamy skeletal, mixed non- claymineralogy ; acid, cold, perhumid moisture regime .

- 246-LF 23 to 0 cm, range 17 to 28 cm ; slightly to moderately decomposed organic materialpredominantly derived from feathermoss, needles, leaves, herbaceous fragments and woodfragments ; abundant, medium and coarse roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .Bf 0 to 18 cm, range 16 to 20 cm ; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4, matrix moist), yellowishbrown (IOYR 5/6, matrix dry), gravelly loam ; very weak to weak, medium to coarse,subangular blocky structure ; very weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky secondarystructure; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful, mediumroots; highly porous horizon with common, medium and coarse random pores ; 40% byvolume gravelly coarse fragments; wavy, clear horizon boundary .Bfjgj18 to 34 cm, range 16 to 18 cm; dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2, matrix moist), brown (IOYR5/3, matrix dry), gravelly sandy loam ; few, fine, faint mottles ; very weak to weak, mediumto coarse, subangular blocky structure; very weak, fine, subangular secondary structure ;slightly sticky, very friable, slightly hard, non- plastic consistence; few, fine roots ; highlyporous horizon with many, medium, random pores ; 30% by volume gravelly coarsefragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary.BCgj 34 to 50 cm plus ; grayish brown (IOYR 5/2, matrix moist), light gray (IOYR 7/2, matrix dry)very gravelly silt loam ; many, medium, distinct mottles, weak to moderate, coarse,subangular blocky structure; weak medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ; sticky,friable, very hard, plastic consistence ; very few, very fine roots; slightly porous horizon, withfew, very fine, horizontal pores.

- 247-Wing Pond : Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .pHSodiumPyrophosphateHorizonDepth,cm1 :1H,O1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPyV#m1 LF 23-0 __ __ __ __ __ __ -_ --2 Bf 0-18 5.9 5 .3 3 .2 0.07 46 tr 0 .7 0 .33 Bfjgi 18-34 6 .1 5 .4 1 .3 0.03 43 tr 0.2 0 .34 BC' 34-50 6 .7 5 .5 1 .0 0.01 100 tr -- --FeAlExchangeable Cationmeq./100 g .Particle Size DistributionCa Mg K AlCEC Permme ./100 .Gravel%Sand%Silt%Clay%BulkDensity2 4.40 0.71 0.09 0.19 5.39 58 58 21 21 --3 2.98 0.26 0.10 0.18 3.52 43 66 20 14 --4 4.60 0.57 0.14 0.18 4.95 10 27 59 14 --

-248-SOIL PROFILE : Wiseman Head (07-80-0053-1-12)LOCATION : NTS Map : 2E3Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 2900 5270ELEVATION : 60 m above MSL .SOIL SITE :Parent Material :Organic material predominantly derived from feathermosses andforest litter.Landform :Organic veneer over bedrock.Slope : Complex slope ofclass 3 (2-5%), facing southeast ; site at middleslope position .Soil Moisture Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility ; slow surfaceand Drainage: runoff; seepage present .Depth to Bedrock: 11 cm .Stoniness and Exceedingly stony, very rocky .Rockiness :Present Land Use :Unproductive woodland.Vegetation : Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Betula panvrifera, Sorbusamericana.SOIL CLASSIFICATION :Hemic Folisol, silvic, dysic, cold, perhurnid.LF 12 to 0 cm ; weakly to moderately decomposed organic material consisting offeathermosses(70%), herbaceous fragments (10%), soft wood fragments 2 to 3 cm in size and hard woodfragments up to 10 cm in size (20%) ; abundant fine, medium and coarse random roots ;smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .Cgj 0 to 9 cm ; reddish gray (5YR 5/2, matrix moist) gravelly silt loam; few, fine, faint (5YR 5/3)mottles ; weakto moderate, mediumto coarse, granular structure ; weakto moderate, very fineto fine, granular secondary structure ; slightly sticky, very friable, slightly hard and hard,slightly plastic consistence ; plentiful very fine random, inped roots; common, fine andmedium, random pores ; 50% by volume angular gravelly, coarse fragments ; irregular, clearhorizon boundary . -R 9 cm plus ; igneous, coarse acid bedrock .

- 249-Wiseman Head : Hemic Folisol .Sodium Ammonium DithionitePyrophosphate Oxalate CitratepgLime Req.Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe Al Fe AI Fe Al Mn 100 kg/haHorizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % % 15 cm1 LF 12-0 3 .8 41 .9 1 .4 30 101 .4 tr 0 .1 0 .1 tr 0.2 0.1 0.1 --2 0-9 3 .6 2 .0 0 .1 20 12 .9 0 .1 lx 0 .1 0.1 0 .2 tr tr 14'Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. TotalPerm Gravel SandSilt ClayCa K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5- .25 .25-.1 1701i % %Pyroph .Sol .O.M .%Ash1 21.00 5.21 0.16 -- 26.37 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.9 15 .02 0.60 0.33 0.04 0.50 2.48 59 35 .8 4.3 4 .8 4 .4 9 .9 12 .5 51 .2 13 .0 -- -

-250-Table 48 . Engineering particle size classes for selected soil profiles .Sieve Analysesv.f.UnifiSandDepth ed % Pass % Pass % Clay % Silt (0.05-0111 Soil Name cm Class . No. 4 No . 200 2 u 2-5 u mm 2-4 mm 4-8 mm 8-16 mm 16-31 .5 mm 31 .5 mmAlderburn 34+ SM 78 18 7 .7 4.6 11 .1 19 11 5 2 4(80-0042)Alderburn 38-53 SM 56 29 6 .7 19 .4 6 .4 16 13 18 11 2(80-0058)Alderburn 42-60 GM 46 18 3 .3 11 .4 6 .1 7 10 12 15 18(80-0061)Alderburn 21-40 SM 77 21 4 .0 12 .3 8 .8 31 13 7 5 --(80-0065)Alderburn 52=70 SM 53 12 2.5 5 .3 8 .6 14 24 18 4 --(80-0067)Alderburn 34+ SM 76 32 4 .3 19 .4 17 .2 8 6 6 6 6(80-0068)Alderburn 41+ SM 65 -- 4 .9 14 .7 -- 16 8 8 8 11(81-0018)Brown's Arm Bk . 36+ GM 42 48 13 33 3 .4 20 13 8 3 4(80-0048)Burnt Arm 45-55 GM 51 13 3 .3 7 .4 4 .3 12 14 20 13 2(80-0073)Dogberry Brook 45-60 SM 80 29 5 .8 18.0 10 .0 11 9 7 3 --Gills Point 34-50 SM 61 14 4 .2 6 .6 6 .4 10 11 11 8 9(80-0059)High Point 50-67 SP 56 5 0.0 3 .8 1 .7 9 11 10 194(80-0062)76-80 SP 54 2 1 .8 0 .0 0 .4 9 10 9 13 14I

-251 -Sieve Analysesv .f.UnifiSandDepth ed % Pass % Pass % Clay % Silt (0.05-01 % % %Soil Name cm Class . No . 4 No . 200 2 u 2-5 u mm 2-4 mm 4-8 nun 8-16mm 16-31 .5 mm 31 .5 mmHigh Point 40-60 SP 62 2 1 .8 0 .0 1 .0 29 19 11 7 0(80-0064)Milord Arm 45+ SM 63 21 5 .2 12 .0 6 .8 16 11 8 8 11(80-0043)Milord Arm Bk. 45+ SM 52 23 5 .4 15 .2 4 .0 20 14 17 10 7(80-0041)Milord Arm Bk. 42-75 SM 82 27 3 .5 18 .8 27 .4 10 10 5 3 -(80-0066)Northern Arm 33-35 GP 26 -- -- -- -- 8 4 5 8 57(80-0063)Peters Arm 47+ SM 53 9 2.3 5 .0 2 .5 11 11 12 15 9(80-0050)Pitt's Pond 59-72 GW 28 - 1 .4 3 .0 - 7 7 7 4 54(81-0027)105+ SW 70 - 2.2 2 .2 - 24 16 8 4 2

APPENDIXAdditional Soil Profile DescriptionsandAnalyses for Selected Soils

-255-SOIL NAME : Alderburn (07-80-0042-1-12)Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Fine loamy and cobbly morainal till ;sandstone lithology ; hummockyNTS Map : 2E/6 Mil . Grid: 21 UXE 3670 5745Slope: Complex slope of 2-5%, facing north ; site at middle slope positionElevation : Between 45 and 60 m above MSLDrainage : Well drained; medium transmissibilityPresent Land Use : Cleared landStoniness/Rockiness : Exceedingly stony, slightly rockyVegetation : --PROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsLF 15-0 -- needles (60%V), woodfragments (10% V), loamyaggregates (30% V)Ae 0-5 gray brown gravelly fine very weak medium subangular very friable -- abundant,(IOYR 5/2) sandy loam to coarse blocky mediumBf 5-12 dark yellowish gravelly fine weak medium subangular very friable -- plentiful,brown sandy loam blocky fine(IOYR 3/4)Bm 12-22 str6ng brown gravelly fine weak medium subangular very friable -- plentiful,(7.5 YR 4/6) sandy loam to coarse blocky fineBC 22-23 yellowish brown gravelly fine very weak medium subangular very friable -- few, very(1OYR 5/4) sandy loam to coarse blocky fineC 34+ dark brown to gravelly fine weak coarse subangular friable -- --brown sandy loam blockyl OYR 4/3

- 256-Alderburn (07-80-0042-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N% .C-Nratio, PlmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%Al%AmmoniumOxalateFe%Al%DithioniteCitrateFe%Al%Mn%Lime Req.100 kg/ha15 cm1 LF 15-0 3 .6 26 .7 0 .8 33 79 .8 0 .3 0 .2 0 .3 0 .2 0.6 0 .2 tr --2 Ae 0-5 , 3 .5 0.8 0 .1 8 8 .5 0 .2 0 .1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 tr 93 Bf 5-12. 4 .2 3 .2 0 .2 16 7 .8 0 .5 0 .7 0 .7 1 .8 2 .0 1 .0 tr 174 Bm 12-22 4 .8 1 .5 0 .1 5 7 .2 tr 0.3 0 .2 1.6 0 .6 0.5 tr 115 BC 22-34 5 .2 0 .5 tr -- 6 .2 tr 0.1 0 .2 1 .2 0 .5 0.3 tr . 76 C 34+, 5 .9 0 .2 tr -- -- tr 0 .1 0 .1 0 .6 0 .4 0.2 tr 3r CaExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 .Mg CEC Total.Perm GravelK Al me /100 . %Particle Size Distribution ' .sand/Particle size inmm . Total 'PYroPh .Silt Clay Sol . O.M .% %'Sand% 2-1 1-.5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1-.US1 7.50 4.96 0.64 0.00 13.10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 15 .5 46 .22 0.33 2.09 0:06 1.00 3.48 43 55 .3 6 .3 5 .7 5 .3 16 .7 21 .3 34 .5 10 .2 -- --3 0.40 0.30 0.12 1.33 2.15 34 59 .9 9 .8 8 .3 6 .6 16 .0 19 .3 25.6 14 .5 -- --4 0.34 0.26 0:08 0.00 0.68 30 61 .7 11 .3 9 .7 6 .9 15 .4 18 .4 27 .9 . 10 .4 -- --5 0 .31 0.23 0.08 0.00 0.62 41 64.7 9 .2 9.8 7 .3 17 .8 20 .6 28 .2 7.1 -- --6 0 .31 0 .23 0 .07 0.00 0 .61 42 69 .7 9 .8 12 .3 10 .0 18 .7 18 .8 11 .4 18 .9 -- --Ash

Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and coarse loamy morainal till ;sandstone lithologyNTS Map : 2E3 Mil. Grid : 21 UXE 790 5480Slope : Simple slope of 2-5%, facing north; site at Crest positionElevation : Between 100 and 125 m above MSLDrainage : Well drained ; medium transmissibilityPresent Land Use : Unproductive woodlandVegetation :Picea mariana, Abies balsamea,Ponulus tremuloides , Pleurozium spp .- 257-SOIL NAME : Alderburn (07-80-0065-1-12)Stoniness/Rockiness :Slightly stony, non-rockyPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsLF 8-0 -- needles, feathermoss, abundant,herbaceous fragments, woodmedium andfragmentscoarseAe 0-8 dark grayish brown gravelly loam weak coarse and subangular very friable -- abundant,(10 YR 4/2) very coarse blocky medium andcoarseBf 8-14 dark yellowish gravelly loam very weak fine to subangular very friable -- abundant,brown medium blocky medium(1 OYR 4/6)Bm 14-21 , strong brown gravelly fine very weak fine to subangular very friable -- common, fine(7 .5 YR 4/6) sandy loam medium blocky and mediumBC 21-40+ brown to dark brown gravelly fine very weak fine subangular very friable -- few, fine rootsI OYR 4/3 sand loam block

-258-SOIL NAME : Alderburn (07-80-0045-1-12)Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Coarse loamy, bouldery and cobblymorainal till ; sandstone lithology ; levelNTS Map : 2E/6 Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 3496 5715Slope : Simple slope of 0.5-2%Elevation: Between 60 and 70 m above MSLDrainage : Well drained ; medium transmissibilityPresent Land Use : Productive woodlandStoniness/Rockiness : Exceedingly stony, non-rockyVegetation : Betula payyrifera, Abies balsameaPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsLF 18-0 -- leaves, needles, twigs, wood abundant,fragmentsmediumAe 0-2 gray brown gravelly fine very weak medium subangular -- abundant,(IOYR 5/2) sandy loam blocky mediumBfl 2-16 strong brown gravelly fine very weak medium to subangular -- plentiful,(7.5 YR 4/6) sandy loam coarse blocky mediumBf2 16-36 brown to dark brown gravelly fine very weak medium to subangular friable -- plentiful, fine(7 :5 YR 4/4) sandy loam coarse blockyBC 36+ yellowish brown gravelly fine very weak coarse subangular very friable -- few, finelOYR 5/4 sand loam block

- 259-Alderburn (07-80-0045-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrateFe%Al%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/hal5 cm1 LF 18-02 Ae 0-23 Bfl 2-16 4 .2 4 .5 0.2 23 5 .1 0 .7 0.9 0 .9 2 .3 2 .4 1 .4 tr 174 Bf2 16-36 4 .2 1 .9 0.1 19 5 .0 0 .2 0.4 0 .5 1 .4 1 .3 0 .9 tr 145 BC 36+ 4 .6 0 .9 0.1 9 -- tr 0.2 0 .3 1 .3 0.7 0 .3 tr 6Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph .Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol. O.M ..Ca ]M-- K AI me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05Ash23 0.56 0.36 0 .08 1 .75 2 .75 46 54 .2 5 .8 7 .7 6 .3 15 .2 19 .3 32 .4 13 .4 -- --4 0.32 0 .25 '0.06 0.56 1 .19 27 54 .2 7 .5 7 .8 5 .6 14 .6 18 .6 33 .2 12 .7 -- --1510.22 I 0.20 0.05 1 tr I 0.47 I 39 I 55 .7 1 7 .4 1 8 .1 1 6 .7 1 14 .7 L 18 .8 1 34 .0 1 10 .3 -- I __

Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and coarse loamy morainal till,sandstone lithology; hummockyNTS Map : 2E3 Mil. Grid : 21 UXE 2547 4670Slope : Complex slope of 6-9%, facing west; site at upper slope positionElevation: 30 m above MSLDrainage : Well drained ; medium transmissibilityPresent Land Use : Unproductive woodlandVegetation :Abies balsamea, Picea mariana,Betula panyfera-260-SOIL NAME : Alderburn (07-80-0058-1-12)Stoniness/Rockiness :Moderately stony, moderately rockyPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsLH 10-0 -- needles (40%), feathermoss abundant,(40%), soft wood fragments medium and(20%) coarseAe 0-4 brown gravelly massive -- - -- abundant,(7 .5 YR 5/4) sandy loam medium andcoarseBfl 4-16 strong brown gravelly fine massive -- -- friable -- plentiful,(7.5 YR 4/6) sandy loam medium andcoarseBf2 16-27 dark yellowish brown gravelly very fine very weak medium subangular friable -- few, medium(IOYR 4/4) sandy loam blocky130 27-38 yellowish brown gravelly loam very weak coarse subangular friable -- few, medium(I0YR 5/4)blockyBC 38-53 light olive brown gravelly loam weak coarse subangular very firm - very few, finel0YR 4/3 sand loam block

- 261-Alderbum (07-80-0058-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrate1 LFH 10-0 4 .1 25 .6 1 .0 26 24 .0 0 .4 0 .3 0 .4 0.3 0 .8 0 .3 tr --2 Ae 0-43 Bfl 4-16 4 .3 3 .5 0 .2 18 3 .5 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .5 2 .2 1 .2 tr 174 Bf2 16-27 4 .6 1 .6 0 .1 16 5 .7 0 .2 0 .4 0 .4 1 .3 0 .8 0 .6 tr 115 Bf3 27-38 4 .4 1 .6 tr -- -- 0 .2 0 .4 0 .3 1 .1 0 .7 0 .5 tr 146 BC 38-53+ 4 .4 0 .5 tr -- -- tr 0 .1 0 .1 0 .2 0 .6 0 .2 tr 7Fe%A1%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph.Penn Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol . O.M . AshCa M K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25-.1 .1- .051 21 .75 3.77 1.43 0.00 26.95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 10.2 42 .223 1 .21 0.29 0.12 11 .90 13.52 43 70.4 9 .6 12 .2 9.2 21 .8 17 .5 23 .9 5 .7 -- --4 0.88 0.22 -0.08 5.84 7.02 32 66.7 3 .4 4 .6 4 .6 27 .4 25 .3 30 .2 3 .1 -- --5 0.74 0.23 0.08 8.90 10.18 59 40.5 3 .0 3 .0 3 .0 13 .0 18 .4 48 .8 10 .7 -- --6 1.10 0.59 0.0$ 7.22 8.98 60 34 .6 3 .8 3 .8 3 .8 7 .9 16 .1 48 .5 16.9 -- --

- 262-SOIL NAME : Alderbum - non-stony (07-80-0061-1-12)Classification : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and coarse loamy morainal till ;sandstone lithology ; inclinedNTS Map : 2E6 Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 2650 4398Slope : Simple slope of 2-5%, facing west ; site at lower slope positionElevation : 75 m above MSLDrainage : Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; seepagePresent Land Use : Unproductive woodlandStoniness/Rockiness : Moderately stony, non-rockyVegetation: Picea mariana, Abies balsamea,Betula pauvrifera, Prunus vir ig n,~ianaPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon / (cm) l (most) 1 Texture 1 Grade t Size t Kind t moist Mottles RootsLF 14-0 -- needles, leaves, feathermoss, -- - -- -- abundant,wood fragmentsmedium andcoarseAe 0-5 dark gray gravelly loam very weak medium subangular friable - abundant,(IOYR 4/1) blocky medium andcoarseBhf 5-20 dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam weak medium to subangular friable -- plentiful,(IOYR 4/6) coarse blocky mediumBfl 20-42 yellowish brown very gravelly very weak medium to subangular very friable -- few, fine(I0YR 5/6) fine sandy loam coarse blockyBf2 42-60 dark brown to brown gravelly coarse very weak medium subangular friable --IOYR 5/4 sand loam block --

- 263-Alderburn (07-80-0061-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmPH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrate1 LF 14-0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --2 Ae 0-5 3 .4 2 .5 0.1 25 4 .8 0 .6 0 .2 0 .5 0.2 1.0 0 .2 tr 153 Bhf 5-20 4 .2 6 .5 0.3 22 3.9 1 .0 1 .5 1 .1 3 .1 2 .8 2 .1 tr 174 Bfl 20-42 4 .5 3 .0 0.1 30 3.9 0 .4 0 .8 0 .6 1 .7 1 .6 1 .2 tr 165 Bf2 42-60 4 .8 2 .9 0.1 29 -- 0 .4 0 .8 0 .7 2 .1 1 .2 0 .9 tr 17Fe%A1%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph .Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol . O.M . AshCa K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .051 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- --2 0 .81 0.47 0.07 14 .5 15.92 43 46.9 4 .8 4 .5 4 .3 13 .6 19 .7 39 .6 13 .5 -- --3 0 .71 0.24 0.10 27 .2 28.25 40 51 .8 8 .6 7 .4 5 .7 12 .9 17 .2 37 .4 10.8 -- --4 0.86 0.19 0.14 4.44 5.63 75 55 .8 12 .9 9 .2 6 .1 12 .2 15 .5 34 .6 9 .5 -- --5 1 .14 0 .31 0.08 6.39 7.92 63 61 .3 14 .5 10 .1 6 .6 14 .0 16 .1 29 .9 8 .8 - --

- 264-SOIL NAME :Alderburn (taxadjunct(07-80-0067-1-12)Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and sandy morainal till ; sandstoneand shale lithology ; inclinedNTS Map : 2E3 Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 1810 4830Slope : Simple slope of 10-15%, facing southeast ; site at middle slope positionElevation : 45 m above MSLDrainage : Well drained ; medium transmissibilityPresent Land Use : Abandoned farmlandStoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, slightly rockyVegetation : Picea mariana, PWulustremuloides, Betula papyrifera,Alnus rueosa, Poa spp .PROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsAh 0-30 dark brown gravelly coarse, sandy loam very weak very fine to granular very friable - abundant,(IOYR 3/3) fine medium and fineBf 30-44 dark reddish brown very gravelly very weak fine to granular very friable -- few, fine(5YR 3.4) coarse sandy medium'loamBfcj 44-52 dark yellowish brown very gravelly very weak fine to granular very firm -- very few, very(IOYR 3/4) loamy coarse medium fine and finesandBCcj 52-70 very dark grayish very gravelly very weak fine to granular very firm -- --brown loamy coarse mediumlOYR 3/2sand

- 265-Alderburn (07-80-0067-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmPH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrate1 Ah 0-30- 4.4 5 .3 0.3 18 5 .5 0.7 0 .4 1 .3 0 .7 2 .6 0 .8 tr 152 Bf 30-44 4 .3 4 .5 0.2 23 -- 1 .5 1 .0 2 .5 1 .4 3 .8 1 .5 tr 153 Bfcj 44-52 4 .7 2 .3 0.1 23 -- 0.5 0 .6 0 .9 0 .9 1 .1 0 .7 tr 1014 BCc' 52-70+ 4 .9 0 .7 tr -- -- 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .5 0 .5 0 .4 tr 5Fe%A1MnLime Req .100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm . Total Pyroph .Penn Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol . O.M . AshCa M ; K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 ] .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05 %1 3.85 0.41 0.11 1 .17 5.54 74 58 .5 21 .2 9.1 4.8 11 .3 12 .0 26 .3 15 .2 -- --2 3.05 0.38 0 .04 1 .61 5 .08 79 68 .2 20 .3 8 .5 5 .0 14 .0 20 .4 23 .7 8 .1 -- --3 3.30 0.33 0.09 0.56 4 .28 68 83 .8 31 .0 11 .9 5 .4 14 .8 20 .8 9.Q 7 .2 -- --4 1 .38 0.22 0.06 tr 1.66 61 80 .2 22 .4 12 .6 7 .4 16.1 21 .7 13 .5 6 .3 -- --

- 266-SOIL NAME : Alderburn (07-80-0068-1-12)Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Coarse loamy, morainal till ; sandstonelithology ; levelNTS Map : 2E3 Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 1940 5060Slope: Simple slope of 0.5-2%Elevation : 160 m above MSLDrainage : Well drained ; medium transmissibilityPresent Land Use : Logged overStoniness/Rockiness : Moderately stony, non-rockyVegetation : Prunus vir iana, Alnus ru osa,kalmia spp .PROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsLF 6-0 - needles (70%), feathermoss(20%), wood fragments (10%)Ae 0-7 light brownish gray very fine very weak coarse and subangular friable - plentiful, fine(IOYR 6/2) sandy loam very coarse blocky and mediumBf 7-21 dark brown loam very weak coarse angular very friable -- plentiful, fine(7.5YR 3/4) blocky and mediumBf 21-34 strong brown fine sandy very weak coarse subangular very friable -- plentiful, fine7.5YR 4/6) loam block_BC 34+ ] reddish browngravelly fine very weak coarse platy very friable -- few, fine5YR 4/4 sand loam

- 267-Alderbum (07-80-0068-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%Al%AmmoniumOxalateFe%Al%DithioniteCitrate1 LF 6-0 3 .2 53 .4 1 .0 53 14 .0 tr tr tr tr 0 .1 0 .1 tr --2 Ae 0-7 3 .6 0 .7 tr -- 3 .9 tr tr tr tr 0 .2 0 .1 tr 63 Bf 7-21 4 .1 3 .4 3 .1 1 4 .2 0.8 1 .0 1 .5 1 .4 2 .0 1 .2 tr 174 BFj 21-34 4 .5 1 .3 0 .1 13 9.0 0.1 0.4 0 .4 1 .2 0.5 0.5 tr 105 BC 34+ 4 .6 0 .4 tr -- -- tr 0 .2 0 .1 0 .5 0 .3 0.1 tr 5Fe%Al%Mn%Lime Req.100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size inmm.Perm Gravel SandCa M K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05SiltTotal Pyroph .Clay Sol . O.M .1 0 .09 0.32 0.25 0.00 0.66 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 .4 86 .72 1.34 0.15 0.05 1 .28 2.82 15 54 .2 1 .4 1 .8 2 .6 17 .9 30.6 40.8 5 .0 --3 0 .14 0.17 0.10 2.47 2.88 21 47 .2 5 .0 4 .3 3 .5 13 .0 21 .3 43 .9 8 .9 -- --4 0 .18 0.10 0.07 0.72 1.07 26 60 .9 71 .7 7 .6 5 .0 15 .4 25 .1 32 .3 6 .8 -- --5 0.14 0 .11 0.07 0.53 0.85 33 65 .0 9 .0 8 .0 5 .6 17 .0 25 .4 28 .7 6 .3 -- --Ash

-268-SOIL NAME : Alderburn (07-80-0070-1-12?Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Coarse loamy, stony morainal till ;sandstone lithology ; inclinedNTS Map : 2E3 Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 1400 4530Slope : Simple slope of6-9%, facing south; site at upper slope positionElevation : Between 45 and 60 m above MSLDrainage : Well drained ; medium transmissibilityPresent Land Use :Stoniness/Rockiness : Exceedingly stony, non-rockyVegetation :PROFILE DESCRIPTIONIStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsLF 15-0 -- needles, feathermoss, wood abundant,fragmentsmediumAe 0-7 grayish brown very fine very weak medium subangular friable -- plentiful, fine(IOYR 5/2) sandy loam blockyBf 7-24 dark yellowish brown gravelly very fine very weak medium to subangular very friable -- few, fine(IOYR 4/6) sandy loam coarse blockyBfj 24-39 strong brown gravelly fine weak medium to subangular friable -- very few, fine .(7.5 YR 5/6) sandy loam coarse blockyBC 39-46 brown gravelly fine weak medium to subangular friable -- --I0YR 5/3 sand loam coarse block

- 269-Alderburn (07-80-0070-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpg1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%AI%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrateFe%AI%Mn%Lime Req.100 kg/hal5 cm1 LF 15-02 Ae 0-7 3 .5 1 .1 tr -- 4 .2 , 0 .2 tr 0.2 tr 0 .4 0 .1 tr 93 Bf 7-24 4 .1 2 .1 0 .1 21 5 .2 0 .6 0 .7 0.1 0.9 1 .5 0 .8 tr 134 BFj 24-39 4 .6 1 .2 0 .1 12 4 .2 0 .1 0 .4 0 .2 1 .0 0.8 0 .7 tr 125 BC 39-46 4 .4 0 .6 tr -- -- tr 0 .2 0 .2 0.5 0 .3 0 .1 tr 7Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph.Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol . O.M.Ca = K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25-.1 .1- .05Ash2 0.21 0 .21 0 .05 1 .06 1 .53 26 53 .9 3 .2 4 .4 5 .1 16 .5 24 .7 38 .4 7 .63 0.16 0.19 0.08 1 .67 2.10 36 69 .0 7 .5 8 .5 8 .2 19 .6 25 .2 24.1 6 .94 0.18 0 .13 0.07 0.44 0.82 35 70 .2 7 .1 8 .4 8 .8 21 .9 23 .9 23 .6 6 .25 0.16 0 .11 0 .05 0.44 0.81 32 68 .2 6.7 9 .6 8 .8 21 .2 21 .9 24 .7 7 .1

- 270-SOILNAME : Alderburn (taxad unct) (07-80-0074-1-12)Classification : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and coarse loamy, cobbly and- blocky morainal till ; sandstone lithology;NTS Map : 2E3 Mil . Grid: 21 UXE 1372 4697 hummockyElevation : Between 135 and 155 m above MSL Slope : Complex slope of 16-30%, facing northwest ; site at lower slopepositionPresent Land Use : Logged overDrainage : Well drained; medium transmissibilityVegetation: Prunus vir Alnus rugosa,Poa spp . Pleurozium gìniana,spp . Stoniness/Rockiness : Very stony, non-rockyPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsLF 10-0 -- - needles, herbaceous fragments, abundant,wood fragmentsmedium andcoarseAe 0-7 grayish brown gravelly very fine very weak fine to subangular very friable - abundant,(IOYR 5/2) sandy loam medium blocky medium andcoarseBf 7-21 dark reddish brown gravelly loam very weak medium to subangular very friable -- plentiful,(SYR 3/3) coarse blocky medium andcoarseBfj 21-36 strong brown gravelly fine very, weak fine granular very friable - plentiful,(7.5YR 4/6) sandy loam mediumBC 36-48 dark brown to brown very gravelly very weak very fine subangular very friable -- --(7.SYR 4/4) fine sandy blockyloam

- 271-Alderburn (07-80-0074-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%Al%DithioniteCitrateFe%A1%Mn%Lime Req.100 kg/ha15 cm1 LF 10-02 Ae 0-7 __ __ __ _- __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ --3 Bf 7-21 4 .2 8 .8 0 .4 22 2 .7 1 .1 2 .4 1 .5 3 .5 2 .9 3 .3 tr 174 BFj 21-36 4 .6 1 .8 0 .1 18 5 .2 0.2 0 .5 0 .3 1 .4 0.6 0 .8 tr 145 BC 36-48 4 .6 0 .9 tr -- -- 0.1 0 .3 0.2 1 .0 0.6 0 .4 tr 11Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in nun . Total Pyroph .Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol.O.M . AshCalm-- K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1-.052 __3 0.75 0.25 0.17 3 .14 4 .31 46 45 .2 11 .2 8 .0 4.2 8 .4 13 .4 40.1 14 .7 -- --4 0.32 0 .21 0.07 0.67 1 .27 42 55 .9 9 .5 9 .1 6.0 13 .2 18 .3 36.0 8 .1 -- --5 0.30 0 .11 0.0612d 1 .00 98 52 .9 8 .2 7 .5 5 .8 13 .5 17 .9 38 .6 8 .5 -- --

- 272-SOIL NAME: Alderburn (taxadjuncl) (07-81-0018-1-07)Classification : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and coarse loamy, morainal till ;sandstone lithology ; levelNTS Map : 2E3 Mil. Grid : 21 UXE 1790 5278Slope : Simple slope of 0.5%, facing west ; site at upper slope positionElevation : Between 75 and 90 m above MSLDrainage : Well drained ; medium transmissibilityPresent Land Use : Logged overStoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, non-rockyVegetation : Prunus virgiana , Alnus Mg sa,kalmia spp, Pleurozium spp .PROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon (cm) (moist) Texture Grade Size Kind / (moist) Mottles Roots JLF 7-0 - needles, leaves, feathermoss, plentiful, finewood fragmentsand mediumAe 0-6 light brownish gray loam weak fine to subangular very friable - plentiful, fine(IOYR 6/2) medium blocky and mediumBhfj 6-17 yellowish red sandy loam very weak fine to subangular very friable -- few, fine and(5YR 4.5/4) medium blocky mediumBC1 17-41 yellowish brown gravelly very weak coarse subangular friable -- very few, fine(IOYR 5/4) sandy loam blockyBC2 41+ dark yellowish brown gravelly weak medium to pseudo friable - very few, fine(IOYR 4/4) sandy loam coarse angularblock

- 273-Alderburn (07-81-0018-1-07)pHSodiumPyrophosphateHorizonDepth,cm IH1 :1O1 :2CaClC%N%C-NratioPmFeAl1 LF 7-0 __ _- __ __ __2 Ae 0-6 4 .1 3 .3 0 .8 0 .1 8 tr -- --3 Bhfj 6-17 5 .0 4 .6 8 .8 0 .2 44 tr tr 0 .44 BC1 17-41 5 .5 5 .1 2 .0 tr -- tr tr 0 .35 BC2 41+ 5 .7 5 .1 0 .9 tr -- tr -- --Exchangeable Cation meq./100 g .Ca M K A1Permmeq ./ Gravel100 . [ %Particle Size DistributionSand%Silt%Clay%BulkDensity2 tr 0.19 0.10 3.81 4.10 24 40 45 15 --3 0.06 0.06 0.10 1 .02 1 .24 31 55 29 16 0 .94 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.18 0.30 42 55 35 10 1 .55 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.19 0.29 51 j 30 30 10 1 .8

- 274-SOIL NAME : Barry's Pond Taxa junct (07-80-0054-1-12)Classification : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and coarse loamy, blocky andcobbly morainal till veneer ; igneous,NTS Map : 2E3 Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 2910 5245 coarse acid lithology; hummockyElevation : Between 45 and 60 m above MSL Slope : Complex slope of 6-9%Present Land Use : Unproductive woodland Drainage : Moderately well drained ; medium transmissibility ; seepageVegetation: Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Stoniness/Rockiness : Exceedingly stony, very rockyPrunus vir ing- iana PROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color Consistence[Horizon ~ (cm) ~ (moist) ~ Texture ~ Grade ~ Size I Kind I (moist) 1 Mottles I Roots ILF 13-0 -- needles (60%), feathermoss abundant,30%), wood fragments (10%) medium and fineAe 0-12 gray very gravelly very weak medium to granular very friable -- plentiful, fine(IOYR 5/1) coarse sandy loam coarsel3hf 12-32 reddish brown very gravelly very weak fine to granular very friable -- few, very fine(5YR 4/4) coarse sandy loam medium and fineR 32+ igneous, coarse acid bedrockand bedrock rubble T

- 275-Barry's Pond (07-80-0054-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%AI%AmmoniumOxalateFe%Al%DithioniteCitrate1 LF 13-0 3 .3 51 .8 1 .0 52 111 .0 tr tr tr tr 0 .1 tr tr --2 Ae 0-12 3 .3 3 .3 0.1 33 12 .9 0 .3 tr 0 .3 0.1 1 .0 0 .1 tr 173 Bhf 12-32 4 .1 7 .2 0.3 34 . 31 .9 . 1 .1 I 1 .7 I 2 .7 I 3 .7 I 7 .2 I 2 .6 0 .1 I 12Fe%Al%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm.Ca M K AlPerm Gravel Sandme /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 .25- .1 .1- .05SiltTotalClayPyroph.Sol. O.M .1 6.90 3.00 0.15 -- 10 .05 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 .6 4 .82 0 .25 0.50 0.09 0 .95 1 .79 94 66 .9 29 .2 13 .6 5 .9 9 .2 9 .0 22 .3 10.8 -- --3 0 .19 0.24 0.07 1 .36 1 .86 91 64.0 37 .6 13.0 4 .5 4 .9 4 .0 19 .5 16.5 -- --Ash

- 276-SOIL NAME : Gander (Taxadjunct) (07-80-0055-1-12)Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Coarse loamy morainal till veneer ;mixed lithology; hummockyNTS Map : 2E3 Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 2927 5180Slope : Complex slope of 6-9%Elevation : 60 m above MSLDrainage : Moderately well drained ; medium transmissibility; seepagePresent Land Use : Unproductive woodlandStoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, non-rockyVegetation : Picea mariana, Prunus virginiang,Abies balsamea, Betula panyriferaPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles Roots, LF 4-0 -- needles (60%), feathermoss (30%),soft wood fragments (30%)Ae 0-10 gray gravelly silt very weak coarse and angular friable --- plentiful, fine(IOYR 5/1) loam very coarse blocky and mediumBf 10-22 strong brown gravelly loam weak medium to subangular very friable -- plentiful, fine(7 .5 YR 4/6) coarse blocky and mediumBC 22-31 yellowish brown gravelly fine very weak coarse and subangular friable -- few, fine and(IOYR 5/8) sandy loam very coarse blocky mediumC 31+ yellowish brown gravelly fine very weak coarse and subangular friable - few, very finelOYR 5/4 sand loam very coarse block and fine

- 277-Gander (07-80-0055-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpg1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%Al%AmmoniumOxalateFe%Al%DithioniteCitrate1 LF 4-0 3 .6 38.1 1 .0 38 70 .8 0 .2 0 .2 0 .2 0 .1 0.5 0 .1 tr --2 Ae 0.10 3 .5 0 .3 tr -- 5 .8 0 .1 tr 0 .1 tr 0 .2 tr tr 83 Bf 10-22 4 .3 2 .5 tr -- 7 .8 0 .4 0 .5 0 .7 2 .0 2 .3 0 .1 tr 164 BC 22-31 4 .8 0 .4 0.1 4 5 .1 tr 0 .1 0 .3 1 .0 0 .8 0 .3 tr 55 C 31+ 4 .8 0 .3 tr -- -- tr__] 0 .1 0 .4 0 .7 0 .2 tr 4Fe%Al%Mn°/oLime Req.100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph.Penn Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol . O.M.Ca M K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .051 12.00 3 .31 0.09 0.00 15 .40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 8 .6 27 .02 0.17 0 .13 0-04 0.72 1 .06 30 39 .5 5 .1 3 .4 2 .8 9 .4 18 .8 53 .8 6.6 -- --3 0.22 0.16 0.07 0 .64 1 .09 27 43 .4 9 .8 7 .3 4 .3 8 .2 13 .8 48 .0 8 .6 -- --4 0.28 0.16 0.06 0.00 0.50 27 49 .7 14 .3 8 .5 5 .5 9 .3 12 .0 45 .6 4 .7 -- --5 0.26 0.19 0.07 0.00 0.52 29 52 .8 11 .5 10 .1 6 .1 11 .5 13 .7 43 .9 3 .3 -- --Ash

Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and sandy glaciofluvial ;sandstone lithology ; hummockyNTS Map : 2E3 Mil . Grid: 21 UXE 1670 4610Slope : Complex slope of 0.5-5%, facing south ; site at lower slope positionElevation : Less than 15 m above MSLDrainage : Moderately well drained ; high transmissibilityPresent Land Use : Productive woodlandVegetation :Picea mariana, Betula Papyrifera, Alnusrugosa, Abies balsamea, Pleurozium spp .- 278-SOIL NAME : Hi Point (07-80-0064-1-12)Stoniness/Rockiness :Slightly stony, non-rockyPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsLF 9-0 -- needles, leaves, feathermoss,herbaceous fragments, woodfragmentsAe 0-1 pinkish gray gravelly loamy amorphous - single loose -- plentiful,(7.5 YR 6/2) coarse sand grain medium andcoarseBf 0-25 reddish brown gravelly loamy amorphous - single loose -- few, very fine(5YR 4/4) coarse sand grainBCI 25-40 dark brown to gravelly coarse amorphous -- single loose -- very few, finebrown sand grain(7.5YR 4/4)BC2 40-60 dark brown gravelly coarse amorphous -- single loose - --7.5 YR 3/4 sand gain

High Point (07-80-0064-1-12)- 279-Sodium Ammonium DithionitepHPyrophosphate Oxalate CitrateLime Req .Depth, 1 :2 C N C-N P Fe A1 Fe Al Fe A1 Mn 100 kg/haHorizon cm CaCI % % ratio m % % % % % % 0 % 15 cmII 'i1 LF 9-02 Ae 0-13 Bf 1-25, 4 .5 2 .3 0 .1 23 11 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .8 1 .1 1 .9 0 .9 0.2 9I 4 BC1 25-40 4 .7 0 .8 tr -- 20 .0 0 .1 0 .2 0.4 0.7 0 .7 0 .4 tr 6i~ 5 BC2 40-60 4 .7 0 .9 tr -- -- 0 .1 0 .2 0.4 0 .6 0 .8 0 .4 tr 7,Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size inmm. Total Pyroph .Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol . O.M . AshCa M!~ K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25-.1 .1- .05 °lo % °lo1 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ __ ._ __ _- __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __3 0.68 0 .18 0.07 tr 0.83 57 87 .3 49 .0 32 .3 3 .2 1 .6 1 .2 0.8 11 .8 -- -4 0.32 0.26 0.07 tr 0.65 61 92 .1 53 .5 34.8 1 .9 1 .1 0 .8 tr 8 .8 -- --5 0.76 0 .22 0 .07 tr 1.05 67 94 .6 57 .8 34 .2 1 .6 0 .6 0 .4 tr 5 .4 -- --

- 280-SOIL NAME : Milord Arm Brook (07-80-0041-1-12 )Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and coarse loamy glaciofluvial ;mixed lithologyNTS Map : 2E6 Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 3717 5860Slope : Simple slope of 0.5-2%, facing southeast ; site at middle slopeElevation : Less than 15 m above MSL positionPresent Land Use : Cropland Drainage : Moderately well drained; medium transmissibility; seepageVegetation : - Stoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, non-rocky

- 28 1-Milord Arm Brook (07-80-0041-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrate1 Ap 0-20 4 .4 4 .1 0.2 21 52 .0 1 .0 0 .6 1 .2 0.7 2 .3 0 .8 tr 162 Ape 20-33 __ _- __ -_ _- __ __ __ _- __ __ __ --3 Bf 23-33 4 .2 3 .1 0.2 16 11 .5 0 .7 0 .8 0.9 0.9 1 .8 0.9 tr 174 BC 33-45 4 .2 0 .7 0 .1 7 -- 0 .1 0 .3 0 .2 0.4 0.4 0 .2 tr 85 C 45+ 4 .5 0 .4 tr -- -- 0 .1 0 .2 0 .2 0 .3 0 .5 0 .2 tr 7Fe%A1%Mn%Lime Req.100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size in nun.Perm Gravel SandCa M t~, K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .1- .05]alit%Total Pyroph .Clay Sol.O.M . Ash% % %1 2 .94 1 .20 0.16 1.06 5.36 82 49 .2 18 .8 7 .4 3 .3 8 .5 11 .3 38 .1 12 .7 -- --23 0 .98 0.44 0.08 1 .58 3.08 80 55 .5 23 .8 9.0 3 .9 8 .3 10.5 34 .6 9 .8 -- --4 0.46 0.23 0.06 0.64 1.29 59 47 .2 9 .2 7.3 4 .6 10 .4 15 .7 43 .1 9 .7 -- --5 0 .83 0.38 0.08 0.58 1 .87 68 35 .8 5 .1 5 .8 4 .2 8 .2 12 .5 47 .4 16 .7 -- --

- 282-SOIL NAME : Milord Arm Brook (variant) (07-80-0046-1-12)Classification : Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and coarse loamy glaciofluvial ;over skeletal and clay marine ; sandstoneNTS Map : 2E6 Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 3480 5745 lithology ; hummockyElevation : Between 45 and 60 m above MSL Slope : Complex slope of 2-5%, facing northwest; site at upper slopeposition, slope length 125 mPresent Land Use : Productive woodlandDrainage : Well drained ; medium transmissibilityVegetation : Picea mârianaStoniness/Rockiness : Exceedingly stony, slightly rockyPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsLF 15-0 - needles, small twigs, wood abundant,fragmentscoarseBhf 0-12 dark brown silt loam moderate medium to subangular friable -- plentiful,(IOYR 3/3) coarse blocky coarseBfl 12-27 dark brown gravelly loam weak medium subangular friable -- plentiful,(16YR 3.3) blocky mediumBfZ 27-42 brown gravelly loam weak medium subangular friable -- few, fine(16YR 5/3)blockyIIBC 42+ gray brown gravelly moderate medium to subangular very friable - --(lOYR 5/2) sandy clay coarse blocky

- 283-Milord Arm Brook (07-80-0046-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpg1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%Al%DithioniteCitrateFe%A1%Mn%Lime Req.100 kg/ha15 cm1 LF 15-02 Bhf 0-12 5 .7 7 .4 0.5 19 11 .0 1 .2 1 .2 1 .6 1 .9 2 .5 1 .6 0 .5 83 Bfl 12-27 5 .6 4 .3 0.3 14 11 .6 1 .1 1 .1 1 .2 1 .4 2 .1 1 .3 0 .3 74 Bf2 27-42 5 .2 1 .3 0 .1 13 -- 0 .3 0 .3 0.4 0.5 0.9 0 .4 tr 55 IIBC 42+ 5 .2 1 .0 0.1 10 -- 0 .2 0 .2 0.2 0 .3 0.6 0 .3 tr 2Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size inmm.Perm Gravel SandCa M,a, K Al me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05SiltTotalClayPyroph.Sol . O.M .Ash2 12.50 3.42 0.27 0.00 16.19 6 26.9 0.8 1 .0 1 .0 6 .1 18 .0 60.3 12 .8 -- --3 12 .93 1 .55 0.16 0.00 14.64 63 37 .0 7 .4 5 .8 3 .9 8 .3 11 .6 45 .2 17 .8 -- --4 4.29 0.78 0.11 0.00 5.18 60 50 .4 13 .6 10 .0 5 .9 9 .6 11 .3 34 .7 14 .9 -- --5 3.80 0 .73 0.10 0.00 4.63 56 54 .0 11 .0 10 .3 6 .9 12 .3 13 .6 9 .6 36 .4 -- --

I- 284-SOIL NAME : Northern Arm (07-80-0069-1-12)Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and coarse loamy, blocky andcobbly morainal till over skeletal andNTS Map : 2E6 Mil. Grid : 21 UXE 1210 4370 sandy, glaciofluvial; sandstone lithologyElevation : Between 1,5 and 30 m above MSL Slope : Simple slope of 16-30%, facing northwest ; site at middle slopepositionPresent Land Use : Logged overDrainage : Well drainedVegetation : Kalmia snp, Prunus vir ing-iana,Po ulus tremuloides Stoniness/Rockiness : Slightly stony, non-rockyPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsLF 7-0 - needles, leaves, feathennoss, abundant,herbaceous fragments, wood fragmentscoarseAe 0-2 - loam very weak medium subangular friable abundant,blockycoarseBf 2-10 dark yellowish gravelly fine very weak medium to subangular friable abundant,brown sandy loam coarse blocky fine(IOYR 3/6)Aeb 10-14 brown gravelly fine very weak medium to subangular friable abundant,(IOYR 5/3) sandy loam coarse blocky fineBC 14-23 yellowish brown gravelly coarse weak medium to subangular very friable plentiful,(IOYR 5/8) sandy loam coarse blocky fineIIBC 23-45 yellowish brown gravelly loamy amorphous -- single grain very friable -- few, fineIOYR 5/6coarse sand

- 285-Northern Arm (07-80-0069-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmPH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrateFe%A1%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cm1 LF 7-0 .2 Ae 0-23 Bf 2-10 4 .2 3 .8 0.1 38 18 .8 0 .4 0.8 0 .8 1 .9 1 .8 1 .1 tr 174 Aeb 10-14 4 .3 1 .2 tr -- 13 .2 0 .1 0 .3 0 .2 0 .5 0 .6 0 .3 tr 115 BC 14-23 4 .8 1 .2 tr -- 4 .2 tr 0 .3 0 .5 2 .1 1 .8 0 .9 tr 146 IIBC 23-45+ 5 .1 0 .2 tr -- -- tr 0 .1 0 .3 0.7 0.4 0 .2 tr 5Particle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size inmm . Total Pyroph.Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol . O.M. AshCa K A1 me 1100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .U523 0.23 0.16 0.10 2.30 2 .79 38 64 .3 11 .5 9 .0 6 .1 18 .5 19 .2 26 .0 9 .7 -- --4 0.19 0 .11 '0-08 1 .64 2.02 34 60 .1 8 .4 8 .6 6 .3 17 .1 19 .6 31 .0 8 .9 -- --5 0.32 0.14 0.06 tr 0.52 44 54 .1 14 .4 10 .9 5 .1 11 .6 12 .1 39 .4 6.5 -- --6 0.28 0 .18 0.06 tr 0.62 65 87 .4 14 .3 20 .4 12 .5 21 .7 18 .4 6 .7 5 .9 -- --

- 286-SOIL NAME : Peters Ann (07-80-0050-1-12)Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and sandy, cobbly glaciofluvial ;sandstone lithology ; terracedNTS Map : 2E3 Mil . Grid: 21 UXE 3260 5650Slope : Simple slope of 10-15%, facing south ; site at upper slope positionElevation : 60 m above MSLDrainage : Moderately well drained ; medium transmissibility ; seepagePresent Land Use : Abandoned farmlandStoniness/Rockiness : Moderately stony, non-rockyVegetation: Poa spp, Pleurozium spp, Alnus regosaBetula papyrifera, Picea marianaPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade size Kind moist Mottles RootsAM 0-7 dark gray brown gravelly coarse very weak to fine to granular very friable -- abundant,(IOYR 4/2) sandy loam weak medium medium andcoarseAh2 7-15 strong brown gravelly loam very weak to coarse subangular friable -- abundant,(7.5YR 4/6) weak blocky fine andmediumAe 15-25 grayish brown gravelly coarse very weak medium to subangular very friable -- plentiful,(IOYR 5/2) sandy loam coarse blocky fine andmediumBft 25-37 strong brown gravelly coarse very weak medium to subangular very friable - plentiful,(7 .5 YR 4/6) sandy loam coarse blocky very fineand fineBf2 37-54 brown to dark brown very gravelly amorphous - massive very friable -- plentiful,(7 .5 YR 4/4) loamy coarse very finesandand fineBfc 54+ pale brown very gravelly loamy moderate fine to granular strongly -- --l0YR 6/3 coarse loam medium cemented

- 287-Peters Arm (07-80-0050-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrate1 Ahl 0-7 3 .9 4 .6 0 .4 12 2 .8 0 .6 0 .3 0 .4 0 .2 1 .2 0 .4 tr 152 Ah2 7-15 3 .8 3 .1 0 .2 16 15 .0 0 .5 0 .3 0 .5 0 .3 1 .2 0 .3 tr 153 Ae 15-25 3 .4 0 .4 0 .1 4 10 .2 0 .2 tr 0 .2 0 .1 0 .5 0 .1 tr 104 Bfl 25-37 4 .0 2 .7 0 .1 27 26 .2 0 .4 0 .5 0 .7 1 .0 2 .5 0 .8 tr 105 Bf2 37-54 4 .4 1 .6 0 .1 16 0 .1 0 .3 0 .3 1 .2 1 .5 0 .6 tr 116 Bfc 54+ 4 .7 1 .4 0 .1 14 0 .1 0 .3 0 .2 1 .2 1 .0 0 .5 tr 6Fe%A1%Mn%Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g. CEC Total % sand/particle size in mm. Total Pyroph .Ca K A1Permme /100 .Gravel%Sand% 2-1 1- .5 .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .05Silt%Clay%Sol . O.M .°lo1 1.79 0.40 0 .13 0.47 2.79 -- 63 .7 16 .4 21 .7 6 .8 9.6 9 .2 24 .5 11 .8 25- .2 82.82 1.75 0.44 0.10 1 .56 3.85 52 44 .4 9.4 15 .2 5 .3 7 .4 7 .1 47 .4 8 .2 -- --3 0.78 0.36 0.07 1 .14 2.35 32 59 .9 10 .0 17 .7 7 .5 12 .0 12 .7 30 .6 9 .5 -- --4 0.46 0 .25 10.06 1 .22 1 .99 36 69 .9 19 .4 28 .7 8 .3 7 .3 6 .2 17 .7 12 .4 -- --5 0.41 0.30 0.07 0.00 0.78 67 78 .7 23 .1 38 .2 8 .7 5 .9 2 .8 13 .4 7 .9 --61-0.75 0 .33 0.07 0.00 1 .15 60 85 .5 29 .3 32 .2 8 .7 9 .2 6 .1 8 .7 5 .8 -- --Ash

- 288-SOIL NAME : Peters Arm (07-80-0057-1-12)Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and sandy, cobbly and blockyglaciofluvial ; sandstone lithology ; inclinedNTS Map : 2E3 Mil. Grid : 21 UXE 2608 4810Slope : Simple slope of 0.5-2%Elevation: Less than 15 m above MSLDrainage : Well drained ; medium transmissibility ; seepagePresent Land Use : Unproductive woodlandStoniness/Rockiness : Very stony, moderately rockyVegetation : Abies balsamea, Picea marianaPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth Color ConsistenceHorizon ~ (cm) ~ (moist) ~ Texture ~ Grade ~ Size ~ Kind / (most) ~ Mottles ~ RootsLF 10-0 -- needles, feathermoss, herbaceous abundant,fragments, wood fragmentsmediumand coarseAe 0-7 grayish brown gravelly loam weak fine granular very friable -- abundant,(IOYR 5 .2)mediumand coarseBf 7-22 dark brown very gravelly coarse weak fine to subangular very friable -- few, fine(7.5YR 3/4) sandy loam medium blockyBC 22-30 dark brown to gravelly loamy weak medium subangular very friable -- few, finebrown coarse sand blocky(7.5YR 4/4)C 30-35+ reddish brown very gravelly amorphous -- single loose - --2.5YR 4/4 coarse sand rain

- 289-Peters Arm (07-80-0057-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%A1%AmmoniumOxalateFe%A1%DithioniteCitrate1 LF 10-0 __ _- -_ __ -_ __ _- __ __ --2 Ae 0-7 3.6 0.8 tr -- -- 0 .3 tr 0 .7 0 .1 0.9 0.1 tr --3 Bf 7-22 4 .3 3 .8 0 .2 19 5 .1 0 .7 0.7 1 .9 2 .3 4 .3 1 .6 tr 164 BC 22-30 4.8 0.7 tr -- 12 .5 tr 0.3 0 .4 0 .7 1 .0 0.4 tr 95 C 30-35 4.8 0.7 tr -- -- tr 0.2 0 .3 0.5 0.6 0.3 tr 7Fe%A1%Mn°/0Lime Req .100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size inmm . Total Pyroph .Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol . O.M .Ca = K A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1-.5-r .5- .25 .25- .1 .1- .OS °%o % %Ash%2 1.18 0.49 0.06 1 .42 3 .15 65 49 .2 17 .5 8 .0 3 .9 8 .0 11 .8 41 .6 9 .2 -- --3 0.99 0.30 0.06 11 .12 12.47 78 60 .6 36 .1 11 .3 3 .5 3 .8 5 .9 26 .8 12 .6 -- --4 0.43 0 .19 0 .05 0.00 9 .63 65 83 .6 48 .1 18 .7 5 .5 6 .5 4 .7 12 .0 4 .4 -- --5 0.33 0.17 10 .05 0.00 7.87 65 87 .7 29 .9 19 .3 14 .5 17 .7 6.3 9 .2 3.0 -- --

- 290-SOIL NAME : Purbeck (07-80-0048-1 -12)Classification : Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol Parent Material and Landform : Skeletal and fine loamy, blocky marine ;indifferentiated lithology ; levelNTS Map: 2E6 Mil . Grid : 21 UXE 3380 5716Slope : Simple slope of 0-0.5% .Elevation : Less than 15 m above MSLDrainage : Imperfectly drained; medium transmissibilityPresent Land Use : Productive woodlandStoniness/Rockiness : Very stony, non-rockyVegetation : Picea marianaPROFILE DESCRIPTIONStructureDepth, ColorConsistenceHorizon cm moist Texture Grade Size Kind moist Mottles RootsAh 0-10 black silt loam amorphous -- massive very friable -- plentiful,(10YR 2/1)mediumAe 10-12 light yellowish silt loam moderate medium subangular friable -- plentiful,brown blocky medium(I0YR 6/4)Bf 12-30 yellowish brown silt loam moderate medium to subangular friable -- plentiful,(I0YR 3/4) coarse blocky fine andmediumBfj 30-46 brown gravelly weak to fine to subangular friable -- few, fine(16YR 5/3) silt loam moderate medium blockyBC 46+ grayish brown gravelly weak to fine to subangular friable - --IOYR 5/2 silt loam moderate medium block

- 29 1-Purbeck (07-80-0048-1-12)HorizonDepth,cmpH1 :2CaCIC%N%C-NratioPmSodiumPyrophosphateFe%Al%AmmoniumOxalateFe%Al%DithioniteCitrate1 Ah 0-10 5 .6 15 .7 0.9 18 25 .5 0 .8 1 .3 1 .0 1 .6 1 .6 1 .4 0 .4 --2 Ae 10-12 __ -_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _- __ __ --3 Bf 12-30 4 .0 2 .5 0 .1 25 4 .2 0.6 0 .3 0 .5 0 .3 1 .1 0 .4 0 .1 154 1 Bfj 30-46 4 .0 0 .8 tr -- 8 .0 0 .2 0 .2 0 .3 0 .3 0 .7 0 .2 tr 11j 5 BC 46+ 4 .5 0 .4 tr -- -- 0 .1 tr 0 .2 0 .1 0 .8 0 . 1 tr 6Fe%A1%Mn%Lime Req.100 kg/ha15 cmParticle Size DistributionExchangeable Cationsmeq/100 g . CEC Total % sand/particle size inmm . Total Pyroph.Perm Gravel SandSilt Clay Sol . O.M . AshCja~K ~ A1 me /100 . % % 2-1 1- .5 .5-.25 .25- .11 14.80 2.52 0.20 -- 17 .52 -- 35 .7 2 .0 3 .6 4 .4 11 .1 14 .6 51 .2 13 .1 49 .5 64 .423 1 .11 0 .31 0.08 0 .97 2.47 27 22 .0 6 .4 4 .2 2 .0 3 .3 6.0 56 .1 21 .9 -- --4 0.50 0.27 .0.08 0.89 1 .74 50 14 .7 1 .2 2 .0 1 .4 2 .3 7 .7 63 .3 22 .0 -- --5 2.98 1 .86 0 .11 0.00 4.95 47 12 .4 1 .3 1 .6 1 .3 1 .8 6 .4 62 .8 24.8 -- --

- 292-REFERENCESAgriculture Canada. 1976 . Agroclimatic Atlas-Canada. Agrometeorology Research and ServiceSection, Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada,Ottawa, Ontario .Canada Soil Survey Committee, Subcommittee on Soil Classification . 1978 . The Canadian systemof soil classification . Agric . Can.Pub1.1646 . Supply and Services Canada, Ont . 164 pp .Coleman, A.P. 1926 . The Pleistocene ofNewfoundland . Jour . Geology 34:193-223 .Damman, A.W.H . 1975 . Unpublished manuscript. Major characteristics of the ecoregions ofNewfoundland . 16 pp .Dean, P.L . 1977 . A report on the geology and metallogeny of the Notre Dame Bay Area.Newfoundland Department ofMines and Energy, Report 77-10 . 17 pp.Decks Awash 1981 . Botwood and out the bay . Vol. 10, No . 5, Publ . Extension Services M.U.N .Dube, P.A. 1981 . Climate and soil requirements for economically important crops in Canada.Editors : E. Small, J . Dumanski, J . Lendvay- Zwickl, Research Branch, Agric . Canada.Dyke, A .S . 1972 . A geomorphological map and description of an emerged pleistocene delta,Eastport peninsula, Newfoundland . Maritime Sediments 8 :68-72 .Forest Resources and Lands, Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Dept . of, 1980 . Peatlandinventory, Eastern Newfoundland (prepared by Northland Associates Ltd .) .Geological Survey of Canada. 1969 . Botwood, Sheet 2E/3 . Geophysics paper 4472 .Geological Survey of Canada . 1969 . Point Leamington, Sheet 2E/6 Geophysics paper 4461.Holland, W.D ., Coen,G.M.,1976 . Soils ofWaterton LakesNational Park, Alberta. Alberta Instituteof Pedology, Information Report, NOR-X-65 .Hornbrook, E.H.W. ; Davenport, P.H . ; Grant, D.R. 1975 . Regional and detailed geochemicalexploration studies in glaciated terrain in Newfoundland . Newfoundland and LabradorDepartment of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division, Report 75-2 .Jennes, S.E. 1960 . Late Pleistocene glaciation ofeastern Newfoundland. Bull . Geol . *Soc . Amer.71:161-180 .Lands Directorate, Environment Canada. 1965 . Soil capability classification for agriculture . TheCanada Land Inventory Report, No . 2 ; Queen's Printer Ottawa.Lundqvist, J . 1965 . Glacial geology in northeastern Newfoundland . Geol . Foren . Stockh . Forh.87:285-306.

- 293 -MacClintock, P . ; Twenhofel, W.H.1940 . Wisconsin glaciation ofNewfoundland . Geol . Soc . Amer.Bull . 51:1729-1756 .Manning, F .D . 1973 . Winter snowfall averages and extremes at synoptic observing station .Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment, Report CLI-1-73 .McKeague, J.A . ed. 1981 . Manual on soil sampling and method of analysis . Can . Soc . Soil Sci .Mills, G.F . ; Hopkins, L .A. ; Smith, R.E . 1977 . Organic soils of the Roseau River watershed inManitoba; Canada Department ofAgriculture Monograph No . 17 .Parent, L.E . 1981 . Guidelines for peatland management in eastern Canada . Tech . Bull . 15, ResearchStation, Saint-Jean, Quebec, Agriculture Canada.Rose, R.D . et a1,1969 . Use of soils in the fourteen-county Appalachia region of New York State .Agronomy Mineu 69-5 . Dept . ofAgronomy, Cornell University .Rowe, J.S.,1972 . Forest regions ofCanada . Environment Canada, Can. For. Service, Publ . No . 1300 .Schnitzer, M . ; Desjardins, J.G.1965 . Carboxyl and Phenolic Hydroxyl groups in some organic soilsand their relation to the degree ofhumification . Can. J. Soil Sci . Vol . 45 :257-264 .Sim, V.W.1952 . A comparison ofthe site and function of four towns in northeast Newfoundland .Smallwood, J.R., chief ed . 1981 . Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, Volume I.Newfoundland Book Publishers (1967) Ltd.Twenhofel, W.H . ; MacClintock, P.1940 . Surface ofNewfoundland. Bull . Geol . Soc . Amer . 51 :1665-1728 .United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1971 . Guide for interpretingengineering uses of soils. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C . 77PP-United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1983 . National SoilsHandbook. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C .Van de Hulst, J.W. 1985 . Soils ofthe Comfort Cove Peninsula, Newfoundland . Soil Survey Report15 (Interim) . 220 pp.Wall, G.J . ; Webber, L.R.1970. Canadian Journal of Public Health ; 61:47-53 .Wall, G.J. ; Dickinson, W.T. ; Greuel, J.1983 . Rainfall erosion indices for Canada east ofthe RockyMountains . Can . J. Soil Sci . 63 :Wang, C . ; Rees, H.W. 1983 . Soils ofthe Rogersville-Richibucto region ofNew Brunswick, ReportNo . 9 . Agriculture Canada. Min. Supply and Services, Canada . 239 pp .

- 294 -Wischmeier,W.H . ; Johnson, C.B . ; Cross, B .V . 1971 . A soil erodibility nomograph for farmland andconstruction sites . J. Soil and Water Conservation . 26:189-193 .

-295-COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES OF PLANTSCommon NamesLatin Namesalder, mountainAlnus cris a (Ait .) Purshalder, speckled Alnus Mgosa (Du Roi) k . Spring .ash, American mountainSorbus americana Marsh.aspen, tremblingPonus tremuloides Michx.bake appleRubus chamaemorusbirch, swamp Betula pumila L . var .birch, white Betula panyrifera Marsh .blueberry Vaccinium ang-ustifolium Ait .Bulrush, tufted Scirpus cespitosus L . var. callosus Bigel .Bunchberry Cornus canadensis L .cherry, choke Prunus virginiana L .cherry, pinPrunus pensvlvanica L .f.Cinquefoil, shrubby Potentilla fruiticosa L .fir, balsam Abies balsamea, L . Mill .grass, russet cotton- Eriophorum chamissonis C.A. Meygrass, wood-Scimus atrocinctus Fern.grasses Poa spp .juniper, common Juniperus communis L . var deppressa PurshLabrador-tea Ledum Uoelandicum Oedr .laurel, bog kalmia p olifolia Wang .laurel, sheep kalmia anaustifolia L .leatherleafChameadanhne cal,, cyulata (l .) Moenchmaple, mountain Acer , spicatum Lam . -maple, red Acer rubrum L .moss, club Lycopodium spp .moss, feathermoss reindeerHypnum hylocomiumCladonia spp.

-296-COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES OF PLANTSCommon NamesLatin Namesmoss, sphagnum Sphagnum spp .moss, Schreber'smoss, steppitcher plantPleurozium schreberiHylocomium splendensSarracenia purpureapoplar, balsam Populus balsamifera L.raspberry Rubus idaeus L .rush Juncus spp .sedge Carex spp .spruce, blackPicea mariana (Mill .) BSPtamarack Larix lancina (Du Roi) K. Kochwillowsalix s