Approaches to Improving the Delivery of Social Services in Difficult ...

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Approaches to Improving the Delivery of Social Services in Difficult Environments• Scale up through a non-state mechanism where there is a lack ofpolitical will. One option is to use the UN as a lead organisation tomanage service delivery in these contexts. Its neutrality may position itwell in unwilling environments. Where possible, align with statesystems to facilitate eventual hand over.• Explore new ways of working for both humanitarian and developmentagencies; humanitarian agencies will need to engage more fully withthe long-term role of the state in service provision, and to develop abroader more flexible and less commodity-driven range of instrumentsfor social protection. Development actors could usefully learn fromhumanitarian agencies about assessing poverty in extreme situations,using principles to gaining access to poor populations in contestedregions and about the importance of protection as opposed to justassistance. And donors need to develop new ways of funding, enablingsocial service provision for example to be planned on longer budgetcycles from humanitarian budgets.63. On the demand side, approaches include the following:• Work through civil society organisations to empower the poor todemand their rights to services. This is effective where there iscapacity to deliver and where political judgment indicates that theregime will not regard this as a threat.• Move resources down to community level through local committeeor similar structures. Communities themselves can then makedecisions about where to target resources. This has proved aneffective approach in countries merging from conflict, although thereare risks that resources can be captured by powerful groups.• Reduce the costs to families of accessing services by introducingsocial safety nets. One example is cash for work programmes.Road-building, for example, can both provide income for the poorand re-establish access to markets for communities suffering fromisolation brought about by conflict or exclusion.This working paper is intended to stimulate public discussion. It is not necessarily DFID orUK Government policy30
Approaches to Improving the Delivery of Social Services in Difficult EnvironmentsReferencesArmon, J., Berry, C. Duncan, D. (August 2004) Service delivery in difficult environments: Thecase of Nepal. DFID, London. Available at: http://www.grc-dfid.org.uk/grc/docs/EB96.pdfBranchflower, A., Smart, M. and Hennell, S. (2004) How important are difficult environmentsto achieving the MDGs? PRDE Draft Working Paper, DFID, London.Black, RE et al (2003) ‘Where and why are 10 million children dying every year?’ Lancet, 361:2226-34.Bhushan, I., Keller, S., and Schwartz, B. (2002) Achieving the twin objectives of efficiency andequity: Contracting for health services in Cambodia. Asian Development Bank, Policy BriefSeries 6, Manila. Available at: http://www.adb.org/Documents/EDRC/Policy_Briefs/PB006.pdfBreidlid, A. with Carm, E. (September 2003) A study of education sector partnerships inSudan: an assessment of the educational work of three Norwegian NGOs. Lins, OsloUniversity College, Norway.Buchanan-Smith, M., Maxwell, S. (June 2004) ‘Linking relief and development: an introductionand overview.’ IDS Bulletin, vol 25, no.4 pp 2-16,. Abstract available at:http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/bulletin/bull254abs.htm#linkingChalmers, M. (March 2004) Spending to Save? An Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness ofConflict Prevention versus Intervention after the Onset of Violent Conflict: Phase 2 SynthesisReport. Centre for International Cooperation and Security, Department of Peace Studies,University of Bradford.Chesterman, S., Ignatieff, M. and Thakur, R. (July 2004) Making states work: from statefailure to state-building. International Peace Academy/United Nations UniversityCrisp, J. (May 2001) Mind the gap! UNHCR, humanitarian assistance and the developmentprocess. UNHCR, Geneva. Available at: http://www.jha.ac/articles/u043.htmDas Gupta, M., Grandvoinnet, H., Romani, M. (January 2003) Fostering community-drivendevelopment: what role for the state? World Bank Research Working Paper 2969. Availableat: http://econ.worldbank.org/view.php?type=5&id=24036Development Cooperation Directorate, Development Assistance Committee. (November2001) Poor performers: basic approaches for supporting development in difficult partnerships.Available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/56/21684456.pdfDepartment for International Development. (January 2002) Conducting conflict assessments:guidance notes. DFID, London. Available at:http://www2.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/conflictassessmentguidance.pdfDepartment for International Development (October 2001) The causes of conflict in sub-Saharan Africa (Framework document). DFID/FCO/MoD, London.Department for International Development Health Systems Resource Centre (2003) KosovoHealth Profile. Available athttp://www.dfidhealthrc.org/shared/publications/Country_health/europe/Kosovo.pdfEmpowerment community of Practice Newsletter (August/September, 2004) The dangers,risks and unintended consequences of empowerment. World Bank, Washington DC.Available at::http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvext.nsf/68ByDocName/CommunityofPracticeNewsletter?OpenDocument&ExpandSection=1This working paper is intended to stimulate public discussion. It is not necessarily DFID orUK Government policy31
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