Literacy Trends in Pakistan - UNESCO Islamabad

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All this suggests that a considerable number of non-literates, in the form of non-enrolled and dropout children, are being added every year to thealready massive pool of illiterates. It has been estimated that if past trends continue, and no significant acceleration occurs in the rate ofpromotion of literacy, Pakistan could well end up with the dubious distinction of being home to more than 108.7 million non-literates by 2025AD, as per projection procedures adopted in National Education Policy (1998-2010), keeping in view the population growth factor. To preventsuch a denouncement, it is important to launch, a massive national effort aimed simultaneously at the eradication of illiteracy, and Education ForAll (EFA) in accordance with the goals of Dakar Framework of Action.13.5 Lack of Institutional InfrastructureOne of the root causes of sporadic, staggered and half-hearted programmes of adult literacy in the country is that adult literacy and non-formalbasic education have not been institutionalized in Pakistan. There never existed permanent organizational set-up at national and provincial level.In 1981, a Literacy Commission was created at federal level, on adhoc basis, under development budget. Neither was this Commissionconverted into a permanent body (i.e. under re-current budget) nor was any efforts made to staff this important organization with competentexperts and specialists. During 1982-2000, most of the time, the executive posts of the Commission were filled on political grounds but notbased on professional competence or experience of incumbents in the field of literacy and mass education. During 1990s, Balochistan created askeleton structure in the form of Directorate of Literacy and Non-formal Education. After the abolition of National Literacy Commission atFederal level in 2001-2002, Punjab has recently started to shape literacy and mass education in an institutionalized form. Punjab earlierconstituted the Punjab Commission for Literacy and EFA, and now in 2003 a separate Department of Literacy and Non-formal Education headedby a separate Minister, but it is still in its infancy. Sindh and NWFP have not established any institution on a permanent basis for this importanttask. The absence of a system of equivalence of certification for Non-formal basic education institutions is another constraint. The formaleducation system remained reluctant to accepting and recognizing any equivalence for entry into the formal system.14. LITERACY AND FERTILITY-A STRONG CORRELATIONTable VIII-A to VIII-E in Part II of this profile and Table 15 (Part-I), shows that literacy rate has strong correlation with fertility rate. Statisticson literacy rate and fertility rate in Pakistan indicate that the fertility rate is directly dependent on the level of education of mothers. In otherwords, the educational level of mothers inversely influences family size. The illiterate women in Pakistan have 4.71 children on an average,while literate and secondary school certificate holder women have 3.63 –3.21 children. This correlation is quite significant and emphasizes theimportance of literacy and schooling because studies suggests that schooling of girls also affects fertility. Table 15 reveals that among illiteratewomen, Sindh has the highest fertility rate while in the province of Punjab as well as in other provinces, literate women and specifically thedegree holders have the lowest fertility rate.32
AreaLiteracyrateTable 15Mean Fertility Rate Comparison in Pakistan (By Provinces)Female literacyrateAverage numbers of children born by women who are:Illiterate Literate Matric & above Degree Holders &abovePunjab 46.56 35.10 4.46 3.97 3.02 1.97Sindh 45.29 34.78 5.33 4.01 3.68 2.38NWFP 35.41 18.82 5.03 3.41 3.07 2.98Balochistan 24.83 14.09 4.13 3.11 2.91 2.12All Pakistan 43.92 31.58 4.71 3.63 3.21 2.59Source: Census Report of 1998.Table 15 also shows that in comparison to women in provinces, a Balochistani woman has the lowest fertility rate at all levels (except degreelevel), while a Sindhi woman has the highest. Another interesting outcome of the analysis of this table is that from among all the provinces,Balochistan has the lowest fertility rates for illiterate, literate and women educated upto the secondary level and beyond.33
Page 2 and 3: ContributorsDescription and Analysi
Page 4 and 5: Literacy Trends in PakistanUNESCO O
Page 6 and 7: Part I - An Analysis of Literacy Tr
Page 8 and 9: Part II Statistical Tables (Based o
Page 10 and 11: an education that includes learning
Page 12 and 13: district. This information on liter
Page 14 and 15: In the present day context, when pa
Page 16 and 17: 7. FUNCTIONAL LITERACYThe definitio
Page 18 and 19: Middle Level (Level II)A) TARGET GR
Page 20 and 21: Table - 3Comparison of Pakistan wit
Page 22 and 23: Previous attempts made for the enha
Page 24 and 25: 11. CURRENT LITERACY SITUATION IN P
Page 26 and 27: Graph No. 1Growth of Literacy Rate
Page 28 and 29: Table 7 below indicates the highest
Page 30 and 31: Table 8Literacy Growth Rate Trends
Page 32 and 33: District has progressed from a very
Page 34 and 35: Table 11Districts in Various Litera
Page 36 and 37: 13.2 Public Expenditure on Primary
Page 38 and 39: lowest female literacy rate in Paki
Page 42 and 43: Graph No.4LITERACY RATE DIRECTLY EF
Page 44 and 45: 16. LITERACY AND NATIONAL PLAN OF A
Page 46 and 47: 17.1 Why has it been established?Th
Page 48 and 49: Table 16 - Focus Areas and Key Stra
Page 50 and 51: 17.5 Resource MobilizationThe Liter
Page 52 and 53: PART - IIStatistical Tables(Based o
Page 57: Table IILiteracy Rates (10 Years &
Page 62: Growth RateYearsAll Areas Urban Rur
Page 66 and 67: N.W.F.P.1972 15.50 23.10 4.701981 1
Page 71 and 72: Table VLiteracy Rates (10 Years & a
Page 74 and 75: Table VI-ADistrict-wise Rate (10 Ye
Page 76 and 77: Province/DistrictBoth Male Female B
Page 82 and 83: All Areas Urban RuralProvince/Distr
Page 86 and 87: Table VI-DDistrict-wise Rate of Lit
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All Areas Urban RuralProvince/Distr
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Table VI-BDistrict-wise Rate of Lit
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Province/DistrictHyderabadBadinThat
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Province/DistrictKarachi SouthKarac
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All AreasUrbanRuralProvince/Distric
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Table VII-CDistrict-wise Rate of Li
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Table VII-BDistrict-wise Rate of Li
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IlliterateLiterate Matric & above D
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Illiterate Literate Matric & above
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Table VIII-BLinkage between Literac
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Illiterate Literate Matric & above
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Table VIII-DLinkage between Literac
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Table IX-ADistrict-wise Participati
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Province/District/ Population Schoo
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Table IX-DDistrict-wise i i Partici
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Table X-CDistrict-wise Participatio
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Province/District/ All Areas Urban
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Table X-DDistrict-wise Participatio
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ProvincelDistrictl All Areas Urban
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ProvincelDistrictl All Areas Urban
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BIBLIOGRAPHYAdam Curle. Planning fo
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Formulae used for Calculating the G
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