1. Volatile Oils (Essential Oils)Introduction, significance, sources, active constituents, methods of obtainingvolatile oils, chemistry and classification of:(a) Hydrocarbon volatile oils: Cubeb and Turpentine oil.(b) Alcoholic volatile oils: Peppermint, Coriander and Cardamom.(c) Aldehydic volatile oils: Bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel,lemon,cinnamon and bitter almond oil(d) Ketonic volatile oils: Camphor, spearmint, caraway, Buchu(e) Phenolic volatile oils: Clove, Thyme.(f) Phenolic ether volatile oils: Fennel, Anise, Myristica.(g) Oxide volatile oils: Eucalyptus, chenopodium.(h) Ester volatile oils: Rosemary.(i) Miscellaneous volatile oils: Allium, Anethum.2. Resins and OleoresinsIntroduction, classification, active constituents and pharmacological uses ofjalap, turpentine, asafoetida, benzoin, rosin, cannabis, podophyllum, ipomea,myrrh, and balsam.3. TanninsIntroduction, classification, biosynthesis, extraction, identification, occurrencein plants, their role in plant life and chemical study of tannins in kino,myroblan, catechu, nutgall, castanea, and krameria.4. Natural Toxicantsa) General Introduction to Plant ToxicologyDefinition, clasificatand chemical nature of plant toxins. Plant toxicities inhumans and animalsb) Higher Plant ToxinsEssential oils: Terpene(cineol, pine oil), Phenyl propane(apiol, safrole,myristicin), Monoterpene(thujone, menthafuran) Plant acids (oxalic acid,amino acid, resin acid), Glycosides (cardiotonic, cyanognic), Alkaloids(imidazole, pyrrolizidine, tropane).c) Lower Plant ToxinsBacterial toxins (Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum), Algaltoxins (Microcystis aeruginosa, Cyanobecteria, Gonyaulax cantenella).d) MycotoxinsFungal toxins (Aspergillus spp., Claviceps purpurea), Mushrooms(Amanita spp.).e) Study of Toxins, their Prevention and Control MethodsDescription, pharmacognostic features, pharmacological actions, chemicalconstituents, treatment, side-effects, contra-indications, warnings,prevention and control methods of Abrus precatorius, Papaversomniferum, Eucalyptus spp., Nicotiana tabaccum, Cannabis sativa,Digitalis purpurea, Datura stramonium poisoning.5. An introduction to Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals60 | Pakistan Pharmacist Federation; www.pharmacistfed.pk,www.pharmafed.wordpress.com, www.pharmarev.com, info@pharmacistfed.pk,
6. Tumor Inhibitors from PlantsIntroduction of anticancer agents of natural origin, as Catharanthusroseus,Colchicum autumnale, Podophyllum peltatum, rifamycin antibiotics, macrolideantibiotics, anti-AIDS agents and immunostimulants.7. Introduction to Clinical PharmacognosyGeneral introduction and historical background of clinical Pharmacognosy. Study of treatmentby herbal medicines.8. Clinical Use of Herbs &Herbal MedicineDiabetes: Gymnema sylvestre, Melia azadirchta,Momordica charantia, Syzygium jambulana.Cardiac diseases:Digitalis spp., Convallaria majalis, Urgeniaindica, Allium sativum, Punica granatum.Hepatitis:Berberis vulgaris, Picrorhiza kurroa, Lawsoniainnermis.Respiratory diseases:Skin diseases:Ficus religosa, Adhatoda vasica.Aloe vera, Angelica archangelica, Menthapiperita, Citrus spp., Commiphora mukul.CNS disorders: Strychnosnux-vomica, Datura stramonium,Cannabis sativa, Papaver somniferum, Atropabelladonna.Musculo-skeletal disorders: Nigella sativa, Phycotis ajowan, Trigonellafoenum-graecum, Zingiber officinale.Renal disorders:Reproductive disorders:G.I.T. disorders:Cucumis melo, Berberis vulgaris, Zea mays,Tribulus terrestris.Saraca indica, Ruta graveolens, Nigella sativa,Glycyrrhiza glabra, Claviceps purpurea,Myristica fragrance.Foeniculum vulgare, Ferula foetida, Cuminumcyminum, Aegle marmelos, Prunus domestica.PHARM 527 PHARMACOGNOSY-IV (Advanced-II) [Lab.]Cr. Hr.: 01 Marks: 50NOTE:- Practical of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis ofthe above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities,e.g. Extraction of the active constituents of crude drugs and chemicaltests for their identification. Isolation and separation of activeconstituents of crude drugs by paper and thin layer chromatography.Also include the following experiments• Determination of Iodine value; Saponification value and unsaponifiablematter; ester value; Acid value.• Chemical tests for Acacia; Tragacanth; Agar; Starch; Lipids.(castor oil,sesameoil, shark liver oil,bees wax); Gelatin.61 | Pakistan Pharmacist Federation; www.pharmacistfed.pk,www.pharmafed.wordpress.com, www.pharmarev.com, info@pharmacistfed.pk,
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NATIONAL CURRICULUM REVISIONCOMMITT
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The aims and objectives of Doctor o
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14. To prepare pharmacy graduates f
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1. DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICS: Descr
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1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White.
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effervescent, granulated salts. Har
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Parasympathetic antagonists.f. Gang
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Sources, structure, preparation, de
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Microbiology with special reference
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Objectives• Develop vision of his
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1) Basic Concepts of Islam & Scienc
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Chondroma, Fibroma, Leomyoma, Neofi
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14. Pharmacology by Ran & Dell, 6 t
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their identification. Isolation and
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Horwood Publishing limited, West Su
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