Population Density in State Prisons - Bureau of Justice Statistics

u.s. Department of JusticeBureau of Justice Statistics...Population Densityin State PrisonsBy Christopher A. Innes, Ph.D.BJS StatisticianThe 694 State prisons in operation onJune 30, 1984, provided an average of 57square feet of living space per inmatein general and special housing andconfined inmates to their housing unitsfor an average of 11 hours per day.Other findings from the 1984 PrisonCensus include:• Nationally, 34% of inmates werehoused in single-cell units; 24% weredouble-celled; and the remaining 42%were housed in units with three or moreinmates.• Housing units with two inmates hadthe highest density, with an average of34 square feet per inmate. Inmates insingle celis had an average of 68 squarefeet, or twice as much l'oom perinmate.• About 1 in 5 inmates resided for 10hours or more per day in a generalhousing unit that provided less than 60square feet of floor space. Nearly 1 in5 prisons had at least 40% of theirinmates residing in these conditions.Almost three-fourths of State prisons,housing 59% of all inmates, had 10% orless of their inmates residing in such~ conditions.• Population densities were highest inprisons in Southern and Western States,in larger institUtions, in maximumsecurity facilities, in male-only prisons,and in the oldest prisons.• Between 1979 and 1984, the openingof 138 new State prisons and the reno-This Special Report examines oneof the most serious problemsfacing our corrections systemtoday--the sufficiency of housingresources. Based on the 1984Prison Census, which collecteddetailed information on over180,000 housing units at 694 Stateprisons, it examines the amount,nature, and use of housing space inour N.ation's State prisons. Otherimportant aspects of correctionalresources addressed by the prisoncensus, such as detailed informationon staffing, educational andvation or expansion of existing prisonsadded nearly 5.4 milUon square feet ofhousing space, an inel'ease of 29%.Inmate population, however, increased45% over the same period. As a result,the average square feet per inmatedropped 11 %.• The number of correctional officersgrew faster than the inmate populationbetween 1979 and 1984, resulting in adecrease in the number of inmates perofficer from 4.6 to 4.1.• The total percentage of inmateshoused in less than 60 square feetchanged little since 1978, but a higherproportion were living in multipleoccupancy housing in 1984.• There was little evidence thatpopulation density levels were directlyassociated with elevated death rates,inmate-on-inmate rates of assault, orDecember 1986work programs, and support services,await further research.Special thanks are due to thenearly 700 wardens who expendedsubstantial time and effort tocomplete the highly detailedprison census. Now availablethrough the Criminal JusticeArchive at the University ofMichigan, the 1984 Prison Censusprovides our most comprehensivesource of information on prisonresources in the United States.Steven R. SchlesingerDirectorthe frequency of institutional disturbances.Rather, such events tendedto occur more frequently 'in maximumsecurity facilities, regardless of theirpopulation densities.IntroductionBetween 1930 and 1984 the Stateprison population more tqan tripled,from 115,314 to 415,796. About twothirdsof this increase, however, occurredbetween 1975 and 1984. Thisrecent growth has placed substantialdemands on correctional resources suchas housing, staff, support facilities, andprograms. This report examines thefirst of these, focusing particularly onthe amount of hou!;ing space availabl~per inmate, the us'e of multiple occupancy,and the amount of time inmates~ confined to housing units.Iscc Pl'isoncrs in 19S~, DJS 13ullclin, NCJ-971l8,April 1985. .-

The 1984 Prison CensusA complete" census of all Stateoperatedconfinement facilities wasinitiated in 1984 to determine howmuch space was available to house theNation's prisoners and how it was beingused. Data collection was sponsoredby the Bureau of Justice Statisticsand was conducted by the Bureal;l of theCensus. The facility census gatheredinformation from all State-operatedcorrectional facilities and the Districtof Columbia's prison system.To be included in this study, afacility needed to be staffed by Stateemployees, used primarily for Stateprisoners, and in operation on June 30,1984. There were a total of 694 suchf.;tcilities. Excluded were privatelyoperated facilities, military or Federalfacilities, fSi!'ilities operated andadministered by 10M I gover~ments, andcommunity-based facilities. (Community-basedfacilities are those where50% or more of the residents departregularly and unaccompanied for work,study, school, or other activity. In1984 there were 209 State-operatedcommunity-based facilities with 13,354inmates.)Each of these 694 prisons describedall of its housing units, defined assleeping quarters-any area where inmatesspend the night-in use on June30, 1984. This excludes, for example,classrooms, recreational or work areas,or other areas of prisons not used forsleeping quarters. For each of themore than 180,000 units in use, theyreported the ra ted capacity of the unit,its exact floor space, the averagenumber of hours per day inmates wereconfined to the unit, and the number ofinmates housed on that date. They alsoprovided information on the unit'ssecurity designation and use (generalhousing, protective custody, administrativesegregation, disciplinaryaction, sick or injured, work release, orother).The facilities provided additionalinformation about the institution as awhole, including staffing, programming,and expenditures, and on the securityclassification, age, size, and othercharacteristics of the physical plant.Basic patterns in population densityOn June 30, 1984, the 694 Stateprisons in operation maintained 381,955prisoners in 180,468 housing units witha total floor space in excess of 23million square feet (table 1). The South2Por information on local jails Sec The 1983 JailCensus, BJS Bulletin, NCJ-95530, Novembcr 1984.Table 1. Sta te prisons, h ousing units, total housing space, andprisoners, by region, Jun e 30, 1984Number Number of Numberof occupied Total occupied ofprisons housing units housing space prisonersU.S. total 694 180,468 23,700,765 sq. ft. 381,955Northeast 104 44,756 4,111,814 66,302Midwest 139 45,198 5,799,248 77,665South 330 60,515 9,990,151 167,313West 121 29,999 3,799,552 70,675Table 2. Distribution of housing space and inmates in State prisons,by type of housing and region, June 30, 1984----------------------------------------------~Occupied housing spaceNumber of inmatesGeneral Special Other General Special OtherU.S. total 20,039,908 sq. ft. 1,866,359 sq. ft. 1,794,498 sq. ft. 335,282 32,671 14,002Northeast 3,600,764 298,671 212,379 58,674 5,001 2,627Midwest 4,733,721 409,252 656,275 68,496 7,210 1,959South 8,460,320 795,428 734,403 148,032 13,865 5,416West 3,245,103 363,008 191,441 60,080 6,595 4,000Table 3. Population density characteristics of State prisons, JWle 30, 1984Percent ofPercent Average inmates in Average numberof all square feet multiple of hours per dayinmates per inmate occupancy confined to unitAU prisons 100.0% 57.3 sq. ft. 66.5% 11.3 hoursNumber of persons per II nitOne inmate 33.5 68.2 0 12.3Two 23.5 34.4 100.0 11.03-5 3.4 45.8 100.0 11.36-49 15.6 63.9 100.0 10.750 or more 23.9 61.8 100.0 10.5Housing unit useGeneral housing 87.857.3 70.1 10.4Special purpose 2.557.1 30.0 19.9Other 3.1 128.2 65.4 15.0Security designationMaximum secUl'ity 33.4 52.8 48.9 13.1Medium 44.7 57.1 71.9 10.8Minimum 21.9 64.3 81.8 9.5Age of facilityOver 100 years 11.8 49.2 42.8 13.550-99 22.7 58.9 58.7 11.525-49 17.6 53.0 77.7 10.715-24 13.3 53.8 75.3 11.25-14 19.5 60.6 72.6 10.85 or less 15.1 64.9 68.0 10,6Size of facility1-499 inmates 22.3 66.0 73.9 10.3500-1000 26.9 58.1 68.4 11.1More than 1000 50.8 52.7 62.6 11.8l

Table 4. Number of State prisons, number of inmates, average SCjllllre feet per inmate,and percent in multiple housing, by use of unit and State, Jlme 30, 1984Ucncrul housing Sl2ccial hOUsing Other housingPercent Pcrcent PercentNumbel' NumbCl' /lverulie of inmutes Numbel' Average of inmates Number Avel'age of Inmatesof of squure feet in multiple of square feet in mUltiple of square feet in multipleprisons inmates per inl11ate occupancy inmates per inmate occupancy Inmates pel'inmate occupancyU.S. total 694 335,282 57.3 70.1 32,671 57.1 30.0 13,930 93.3 65.8Alabama 12 7,068 59.6 83.8 464 57.7 .9 139 77.5 77.0Alaska 12 1,428 71.4 76.7 119 66.0 52.1 43 49.6 72.1Arizona 12 6,337 77.0 76.4 654 61.5 89.3 63 230.1 19.0Arkansas 7 3,263 76.2 76.6 304 70.0 91.8 98 126.5 69.4California 36 32,607 48.0 89.2 3,479 47.8 19.9 3,064 44.8 78.1Colorado 9 2,047 76.1 27.9 522 96.1 33.9 17 128.5 94.1Connecticut 13 4,337 49.8 44.1 278 55.8 53.2 440 59.0 37,0Delaware 6 1,754 87.9 43.3 5 60.0 0 78 72.3 75.6District of Columbia 5 1,931 90.1 83.4 414 57.3 12.6 232 89.3 100.0Florida 40 21,180 54.4 85.0 2,202 64.3 32.6 414 64.9 96.9GeorGia 23 11,250 82.5 '/9.2 943 62.5 21.2 470 680.4 47.7Hawaii 7 1,127 37.8 93.4 161 35.6 82.0 421 20.4 99.SIdaho 3 962 45.7 91.5 83 52.4 50.6 46 45.2 100.0lllinois 25 13,951 57.3 62.8 1,449 56.6 17.5 367 71.9 33.8indiana· 11 8,138 52.4 70.5 421 51.4 24.9 82 90.3 62.2Iowa 10 2,250 63.0 47.6 353 49.7 4.8 83 99.5 61.4Kansas 7 3,255 38.9 73.4 447 52.2 9.4 37 69.5 78.4Kentucky 10 4,392 71.8 64.3 136 61.3 7.4 8 371.4 37.5Louisiana 11 9,207 71.7 89.0 869 SO.6 61.7 333 77.7 S3.2~laine 4 935 49.6 60.0 65 54.0 0 11 56.0 0),1 ary land 14 10,621 49.7 55.8 1,433 4.1.3 50.1 299 135.3 69.2~lassachusetts 13 3,914 60.4 50.2 425 50.5 29.2 186 65.5 36.0~lichigan 29 11,798 66.8 34.0 881 56.9 0 471 90.0 56.9~linnesota 7 1,875 65.9 3.3 149 74.3 1.3 224 83.7 4.0~I1ssissippi 6 3,887 49.9 99.0 442 50.2 41.2 229 49.3 100.0~llssouri 11 6,812 47.9 70.2 898 54.4 18.2 153 52.6 94.8~lontana 3 790 55.9 58.1 41 64.4 0 5 740.0 0Nebraska 5 1,460 61.8 55.4 75 59.9 29.3 78 103.7 89.7Nevada 8 2,426 54.3 71.4 479 54.9 37.6 164 34.5 90.6New Hampshire 1 276 42.2 12.7 81 41.9 13.6 156 88.1 21.8New Jersey 11 9,040 64.0 48.2 704 73.1 0 299 83.1 72.9New ~lexico 4 1,247 77.5 37.8 275 66.1 0 22 66.4 0New York 41 28,056 66.8 36.1 2,268 59.4 7.0 94~ 93.0 21,5North Carolina 79 13,518 54.7 84.5 1,139 61.8 17.9 1,230 80.4 68.6North Dakota 2 427 69.2 29.3 4 52.0 0 5 72.0 0Ohio 13 13,756 53.2 85.2 2,237 57.2 51.3 314 103.3 69.1Oklahoma 14 5,591 65.2 71.3 325 91.5 1.2 li87 52.9 77.6Oregon 7 3,195 46.4 72.5 21.3 47.8 2.S 13 203.8 92.3Pennsylvania 9 10,785 51.2 55.0 994 55.6 25.9 503 81.2 69.0Rhode Island 6 919 63.4 66.7 150 69.6 77.3 32 111.1 65.6South Carolina 19 6,690 44.8 88.3 539 63.7 39.7 304 56.4 73.0South Dakota 2 721 49.8 53.1 72 48.3 38.9 3 60.0 0Tennessee 13 6,443 56.2 91.4 973 54.0 57.9 231 154.9 91.8Texas 27 31,274 39.8 90.5 2,933 41.2 48.2 554 87.6 34.7Utah 2 t,178 67.8 50.9 235 50.0 0 44 118.0 77.3Vermont 6 412 59.3 64.S 36 68.0 44.4 58 50.5 9B.3Virginia 41 8,650 66.7 62.1 614 70.1 5.9 63 115.8 60.3Washington 15 6,090 47.2 80.3 298 55.8 28.9 95 60.0 49.5West Virginia 3 1,293 71.0 56.7 130 94.5 70.8 47 287.6 100.0Wisconsin 17 4,053 69.7 26.0 224 82.2 4.5 70 98.5 52.9Wyoming 3 646 89.7 22.9 36 79.0 0 3 79.0 0.. Seventy-two units in Indiana, housing 72 inmates, could not be classified and are excluded.all sorts, including physical space. 3About 9% of all inmates were in suchspecial housing, thereby segregatedfrom the general housing population.Finally, some housing (listed as \lother\l• in table 2) is routinely used for otherpurposes such as infirmaries or, in afew cases, special programs. Becauseof the unusual nature of this housing, ithas been excluded from the computationsof average square footage perinmate presented below.3See McGee, R., G. Warner and N. Harlow,.!l!£.Special Management Inmate. National Institute ofJustice, Mareh 1985.Nationally, about a third of all inmateswere in single-person cells withan average of 68 square feet of livingspace each (table 3). Nearly 1 in 4inmates were residing in two-personcells averaging about 34 square feet perperson. Many of these may have beenhoused in cells originally intended forsingle occupancy.Overall, inmates in either general orspecial purpose housing had an averageof about 57 square feet of livingspace. About 7096 of the Inmates ingeneral housing and about 3096 of those3in special housing were in multipleunits.Those living under a minimum securitylevel of custody had more room perinmate (64 square feet) than in othersecurity designations, but were morelikely to be in multiple housing (81%).Inmates under maximum security hadthe least amount of room (53 squarefeet) but were also least likely to be inmultiple housing (4996). Older andlarger facilities were most denselypopulated but used less multipleoccupancy housing.

There were also substantial differencesamong the States. In fiveStates-Hawaii, Idaho, Mississippi,Tennessee, and Texlls-90% or more ofthe inmates in general housing sharedtheir confinement quarters with otherinmates (table 4). Average squarefootage per inmate ranged from 37.8 to51.2. By contrast, in six States­Colorado, Minnesota, New Hampshirr:,North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming-30%or less of the generalhousing inmates were residing inmultiple occupancy units. Among theseStates, average square footage rangedfrom 42.2 to 89.7.•Twelve Sta tes reported tha tat least50% of the inmates in special housingwere being held in multiple occupancyquarters. This may reflect problems inthe alloca tion of available space inthose States, since segregated quartersby definition are normally singleoccupanthousing.Nationwide, inmates housed in lessthan 40 square feet made up 28% of theregularly housed population (table 5).Less than a fifth of all immates inregular housing had 80 square feet ormore per person.The actual square footage of floorspace per inmate varied considerably by(·egion. In the South and West abouthalf the inmates lived in units providingless than 50 square feet of floor space'nearly a third . had less than 40 square 'feet of floor space. The Northeast hadthe lowest percentage of inmates inless than 40 square feet.As noted above, cells housing twoinmates provided the least amount ofspace per person, with 3 out of 4 inmatesin double cells receiving lessthan 40 square feet of floor space. Bycomparison, only 2% of those housed insingle cells had less than 40 square feetof floor space.Trends in population density, 1919-84Since 1979, the opening of 138 newState prisons and the renovation or ex-T able 5. Cumulative distribution of inmates in State prisons, June 30, 1984TotalPel'cent of inmates in housing units with:number of Less than Less than Less than Less thaninmates· 40 sq. ft. 50 sq. ft. 60 sq. ft SO sq. ft.U.S. total 367,953 27.8% 44.5% 62.0% 83.8%Northeast 63,675 16.8% 30.4% 51.3% 78.9%Midwest 75,706 25.4 41.2 58.7 87.3S outh 161,897 31.6 49.6 65.1 83.9\ Vest66,675 32.2 50.8 68.4 84.0Uni t sizeOne inmate 123,215 2.0%-18.1% 44.4% 79.2%Two 86,564 76.0 92.4 94.9 98.33 -5 12,530 51.2 65.6 76.5 87.86 -49 57,580 18.5 37.4 59.6 76.550+ 88,064 19.5 37.1 53.5 80.1Uni t useGeneral housing 335,282 28.8% 45.0% 61.8% 83.6%S pecial 32,671 17.9 42.2 64.4 86.0Other 14,002 27.0 42.1 52.0 71.4*R efers to inmates in general and special housing exceptund er "Unit use" whp.re "Other" is shown for comparison.pansion of existing prisons added nearly5.4 million square feet of housing space(table 6). The total increase in space,29%, was exceeded, however, by a 45%growth in the number of inmates. Forall housing types (including infirmariesand other residential space), prisonsin 1979 provided an average of 69.5square feet of floor space per inmate.In 1984, average space per inmate inState prisons was 7.6 square feet less(61.9 square feet).Per-inmate reductions in spacesince 1979 were greatest in SouthernStates, from 74.9 to 59.7 square feet.In 1984, however, Western States averagedthe lowest per capita space (53.8square feet). Only in the Midwest didcapacity expansion exceed the increasein prisoner population.A similar 1978 survey of prisonsfound that 65% of the Nation's inmateswere foused in less than 60 squarefeet. The June 30, 1984, prison censusindicates that 62% of inmates at thattime were similarly housed (table 7).The proportion of prisoners in multipleoccupancy units, however, increasedfrom 59% to 67%, and the proportion in4See Amel'iclln Prisons nnd Jails, Vol. Ill:Conditions and Costs of Confincment, NationalInstitute of Justicc, October 1980.multiple occupancy units with less than60 square feet per inmate rose from43% to 47%.Combining average spaceand confinement timeA fuller picture of populationdensity in State prisons emerges whenthe space available per inmate iscombined with the amount of time eachday an inmate is confined to his livingunit. Standards established by theAmerican Correctional Association callfor 60 square feet per single cellprovided that inmates spend no morethan 10 hours per day there and at least80 square feet '1fen more than 10 hoursare spent there. Advisory guidelinesissued by the U.S. Department ofJustice in 1980 proposed a standard ofat least 60 square feet for no more than10 hours per day or at least ~o squarefeet for more than 10 hours.Other factors contributing to thetotality of conditions within facilitiesmust be considered to evaluate fullyissues of prison population density, butS;;;;nual of Standards for Adult CorrectionalInstitUtions, American Correctional Association,August 1977.6 Federal Standards for Corrections, Department ofJustice, 1980.Table 6. Comparison oC housing space and number oC inmates in State prisons, June 30, 1979, and June 30, 1984Numberof erisons1979 1984Total squarefeet of occupiedhousi ng seaceNumber of mmates1979 1984 1.979 1984Average sq. ft.eer inmate1979 1984Percent change, 1979-84, in:Square feet Numberof occupied ofhousing space inma tesU. S. totalNortheastMidwestSouth'"West568851012929069410413933012118,329,37 6 23,700,765 263,553 381,9552,680,296 4,111,814 40,700 66,3023,865,478 5,799,248 59,399 77,6659,118,294 9,990,151 121,708 167,3132,665,308 3,799,552 41,746 70,69569.565.965.174.963.861.961.174.759.753.829.051.150.09.642.644.962.930.837.569.3Note: All data refer to general, special, andother housing.* The South showed an Increase of more than2 million square feet In new facilities 'Julltsince 1979. However, there was a recluctionof space at facilities existing in 1979 due toclosings of facilities, conversions of prisonsto other uses, and conversion of some prisonhousing space to other prison purposes.4

with respect to the amount of housingspace available and the number of hoursinmates are confined to their housingunits, the standards of 60 square feetand 10 hours per day have appearedrepeatedly.About a third of all inmates in Stateprisons were confined to quartet·s for 10hours or more per day (table 8). Abouta fifth of all ir

•proportion than prisons in the Midwestand the West.Large prisons, those with an averag'edaily population of more than 1,000prisoners, made up 15% of the Nation!sprison facilities but housed more thanhalf its inmates. These institutionswere more likely to be facilities wit.hthe highest population density. Amonglarge prisons, 3 out of 10 were in thehighest density categories compared toabout 1 in 7 of the smaller prisons (lessthan 500 inmates). FUrther, large prisonstended to be significantly older,with an average age of 52 years, comparedto 25 years for smaller prisons.This kind of housing was most commonin the Northeast and Midwest, whereover half of the inmates were housed infacilities more than 60 years old.Population density also varied bythe custody level of the facility, thesex of inmates housed, and the age ofthe facility. Nearly 37% of themaximum security prisons in the Nationwere classified as having the highestpopulation density compared to about6% of minimum security institutions.The percentage of male-only prisonswith the highest density housing wasalso much greater than the percentageof female-only prisons. Three out offour prisons built between 1980 and1984 reported the lowest density conditions.By contrast, the oldest prisons(built more than a century ago) weremost likely to be institutions with thehighest density.Effects of population densityA number of previous studies haveexamined the relationship betweenincreased population density oroccupancy in prison and observedchanges in the physical or emotionalconditions of inmates. While somestudies conclude that the effects aregenerally negative, others concludethat such effects do not vary consistently"rith increased populationdensities.Data from the 1984 Census for theannual period prior to June 30, 1984indicate that the greatest number ofinmate deaths, assaults, and institutionaldisturbances generally occurredin medium and maximum security facilities;the least number occurred iriminimum security facilities (table 10).7 For recent discUssions oC this topic based onavailable cmplr\l\

.Jiprevalence of these negative eventsincreases with greater populationdensities.The kinds of inmates housed infacilities of different security grades,then, may be a more important factorthan population density for understandingvariation in the rates at which inmatedeaths, assaults, and disturbancesoccur. In addition, it remains to bedetermined whether rates for certainevents, such as illness, deaths, or suicides,are more likely to occur in prisonthan they occur outside prison for comparablerace, age, and sex groups.Finally, there is some evidence thatcorrectional systems may respond topressures of population growth by increasingthe level of supervision overinmates. The 527 prisons that wereincluded in both the 1979 and 1984Censuses experienced a 34% increase intheir inmate populations and a 29%expansion in their housing space, but a43% increase in their number of correctionalofficers. These prisons reportedmore suicides in 1984 than in1979 but fewer homicides. Total staffincreases nationally in state prisonsbetween 1979 and 1984 were identicalto the increase in the number of inmates(45%); however, since most ofthe personnel increase over the periodwas among correctional officers, thenumber of inmates per oJficer actuallydropped from 4.6 to 4.1. 'l'hus, thoughinmates in State prisons may have hadless space available per person in 1984than in 1979, the improvement instaffing may have helped to control theprevalence of some negative events.MethodologyThis report is based on informationsupplied by each of the State prisons inoperation on June 3D, 1984. Eachprison reported the size, occupancy,and use of each type of housing unit.For example, a facility might reporthaving 30 cells, each 65 square feet,housing 24 inmates. In this case, six ofthe cells are assumed to be empty andeach inmate therefore has 65 square, feet. If the facility reported that 36inmates were housed in the units, the• occupancy of the cells was distributed; on the assumption of minimum density.Thus 22 of the cells were assumedto have one inmate each with 65 square.. feet and 8 of the cells were assumed to. have two inmates ("doubled bunked")8[n 1979 there wel'e a total of 93,570 full-time stoffworking in correctional institutions, of which 57,799were classified as correctional officers. On June30, 1984, Stllte prison employees numbered 135,471,of which 92,153 were correcUonal oC!icers.!'>U.S. 0,1'.0. 1987- 181-478,40023with each inmate having 32.5 squarefeet.Data for the District of Columbiadiffer from prisoner counts published inPrisoners in 1984, which reported 4,834inmates at yearend, because this reportonly deals with the 2,597 inmates underthe District of Columbials jurisdictionand housed in on~ of its prison facilitiesat midyear 1984. This report, therefore,does not reflect changes in theway the District of Columbia is housingboth jail and prison inmates since June30, 1984.Death rates and assault rates werecomputed using reports of incidentsfrom July I, 1983, to June 3D, 1984.Disturbances included incidents describedby prison officials as riots,food fasts, or strikes (by inmates). Noprison reported more than five suicidesor more than six homicides in the 12-month period. The rates reported arebased upon the average daily popula tionduring the same time period. Althoughthe actual population at risk will behigher because of movement in and outof an institution, the average dailypopulation, as reported by the prison,was the best available estimate.913JS Bulletin, NCJ-97118, Apl'1I1985.Bureau of Justice Statistics SpecialReports are prepared principally byBJS staff under the direction ofJosepll M. Bessette, deputy directorfor data analysis. The report waswritten by Christopher A. Innes withthe guidance and assistance ofLawrence A. Greenfeld, correctionsunit chief. It was edited by Frank D.Balog. Marianne Zawitz providedassistance in data presentation.Marilyn Mal'brook, publications unitchief, administered report production,assisted by Millie J. Baldea andJeanne !-lards. Data collection andprocessing wel'e conducted byRichard Meyer, Regina Yates, andPauline Fain of the U.S. BU1'eau ofthe Census.December 1986, NCJ-I03204New releases from BJS7• Data quality policies and procedures:Proceedings of a BJS/SEARCHconference, 82 pp., NCJ-101849, 12/86• ill2 directory of automated criminaljustice information systems, NCJ-102260, 1,000 pp., 12/86• Capital punishment, 1985 (BJSbUlletin), NCJ-I02742, 11/86• Tracking offenders: White-collarcrime (BJS special report), NCJ-102867, 11/86 .ll.S. UtpllrlmtAI or Ju~lI(,tBureau or Jut;lI~c Slnttt;tl~'Crime and JusticeFacts, 1985CrimeThe volume 01 crime 1Crime trends 2Victims of crime 4The location of crime 6The economic cost of crime 7The relatronshlp between vlotlmand offender 8Crime profiles 9Rape 9Household burglary 10Bank robbery 11Automated teller machineloss or theft 12The crlmlnnljustlce responseReporting crime 13Criminal Justice processing 14Indigent detense 16Pretrial release 17Appeals 18The cost of criminal Justice 19SentenCing and corroctionsSentenCing practices 20Sentencing outcomes 22Time seNed In prison 24Correctional populations 25Prison crowding 26Capital punishment 27RecidiVism 28Prisoners, drugs, and alcohol 29Sources 30Crime and JUstice Facts, 1985 summarizesmuch of what BJS has learnedabout crime and justice in the UnitedStates since December 31, 1985. 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