14. starptautiskÄ konference 2012 - Latvijas JÅ«ras akadÄmija
14. starptautiskÄ konference 2012 - Latvijas JÅ«ras akadÄmija 14. starptautiskÄ konference 2012 - Latvijas JÅ«ras akadÄmija
Proceedings of 14th International conference „Maritime Transport and Infrastructure - 2012”Fig.2. Connection site at port of GothenburgLeft - hardware and close-up of the container connection place.Middle - interior view of the connection container.Right image – connected ship [8].Port of Helsingborg (Sweden)Scandlines ferries use connection of 400 V / 50 Hz, 2 x 250 A for vessel night stay in port thatgives a limited access to the vessel's equipment and machinery. Sundbussarna ferries also use 400V/50 Hz, 2 x 125A connection, but HH-Ferries use 440V/50 Hz connection.2.Connection parameter selection2.1. Ship mains frequencyMost of the commercial fleet (around 80%) is known to work with the network frequency of60Hz. However, a different picture emerges when examining the passenger ferries and cruise ships,which carry passengers in the Baltic Sea region. For example, Shipping Company Tallink ferries areusing 50Hz frequency networks.Also, most of the nearby ferry shipping companies such as Scandlines, works with 50Hzfrequency, although a number of TT-Line ships operates with a net frequency of 60 Hz. It should benoted that most of the regional ports (Stockholm, Gothenburg, Lübeck, Zeebrugge, Helsingborg,Kotka, Oulu, etc.) with the exception of a few ones ( e.g. Antwerp, Rotterdam) provide shore powerconnections offering a 50Hz alternating current frequency only [5.6].Some ports beside the shore power supply with 50Hz frequency are planning to offer also theconnection of the 60Hz (Gothenburg, Trelleborg, Tallinn, etc.). The U.S. major passenger Ports (LosAngeles, Seattle, Long Beach, Pittsburg, Juneau, etc.) offers connection with 60Hz frequency only.2.2. Ship supply voltageThe differences between ship power system voltages are considerably higher. Most mediumand small ferries has net voltage 400V , however, some passenger ferries has 440V system (TT-Line)and some also 690V [2]. It should be noted that both of Riga to Stockholm Tallink ferries Romantikaand Festival has a 690V system. There are also ships with a higher voltage network. Usually they arevessels with electric propulsion. For these vessels use of 6.6 kV or 6.3 kV are common. Some Balticand North Sea region ports offer a high-voltage connection of 6.6 kV power supply, for example,Gothenburg, Antwerp, Oulu, etc. High-voltage power supply voltages of vessels may vary, so portsoffer different high-voltage standard connections, e.g., Lübeck and Piteå 6 ( 6.3 ) kV, but Gothenburgalso 10kV. The U.S. major passenger ports, serving primarily large cruise ships, Seattle, Los Angeles,92
Proceedings of 14th International conference „Maritime Transport and Infrastructure - 2012”Juneau, Long Beach actually standardized shore power supply voltages, offering a 6.6 kV highvoltage60 Hz connection, but some terminals (Seattle, Juneau) also 11kV connection [7].It should noted that sometimes a high-voltage shore power connection are used for ships withlow-voltage power grid. In this case, high voltage makes it possible to reduce the number of bulkyparallel cables, which is important for high power transmission. This solution requires a high voltagetransformer, deployed at the ship.2.3. Ship-shore power supply connectionsThe connection capacity is an important factor in assessing the connection costs. It isdetermined by both the existing power facilities, and the potential amount of reconstruction andinvestment in new power lines, cables, transformers deployment. The vessel required connectioncapacity depends on the type of ship, size and other parameters.In assessing the potential of the Freeport of Riga, let us restrict it to passenger ferries andcruise ships.A study of ferries employed at Baltic and North Sea trade reveals that the maximum power,while at pier, is in the range of 1400kW to 3600kW. For Tallink ferry Romantika maximum requiredpower in summer is around 1600kW and does not exceed 2400kW in winter.Estimation of the power consumption for a cruise ship is considerably more complicated.There are some surveys, such as done for the cruise ships arriving the port of San Francisco [1]. Thissurvey, done for 40 vessels, shows that the average power consumption at the port can range from1500kW to 10000kW. Since about 95% of cruise ships standing at pier have average powerconsumption of less than 7000kW, this value can also be accepted as the average cruise ship's powerconsumption. However, for the port of Riga, this capacity may be overstated. Wider research onnecessary power for cruise and passenger vessels use to berth at Baltic Sea ports are necessary.Fig. 3. Tallink ferry is connected to the shore at Stockholm harbor.Shore power delivery technology is best suited for ships arriving in port on a regular basisand for this fleet the shore power supply will provide a major environmental impact.Technical safety plays an important role in choosing technology to use for a shore powerconnection. When creating / designing the shore connection systems it is necessary to investigate and93
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Proceedings of 14th International conference „Maritime Transport and Infrastructure - <strong>2012</strong>”Juneau, Long Beach actually standardized shore power supply voltages, offering a 6.6 kV highvoltage60 Hz connection, but some terminals (Seattle, Juneau) also 11kV connection [7].It should noted that sometimes a high-voltage shore power connection are used for ships withlow-voltage power grid. In this case, high voltage makes it possible to reduce the number of bulkyparallel cables, which is important for high power transmission. This solution requires a high voltagetransformer, deployed at the ship.2.3. Ship-shore power supply connectionsThe connection capacity is an important factor in assessing the connection costs. It isdetermined by both the existing power facilities, and the potential amount of reconstruction andinvestment in new power lines, cables, transformers deployment. The vessel required connectioncapacity depends on the type of ship, size and other parameters.In assessing the potential of the Freeport of Riga, let us restrict it to passenger ferries andcruise ships.A study of ferries employed at Baltic and North Sea trade reveals that the maximum power,while at pier, is in the range of 1400kW to 3600kW. For Tallink ferry Romantika maximum requiredpower in summer is around 1600kW and does not exceed 2400kW in winter.Estimation of the power consumption for a cruise ship is considerably more complicated.There are some surveys, such as done for the cruise ships arriving the port of San Francisco [1]. Thissurvey, done for 40 vessels, shows that the average power consumption at the port can range from1500kW to 10000kW. Since about 95% of cruise ships standing at pier have average powerconsumption of less than 7000kW, this value can also be accepted as the average cruise ship's powerconsumption. However, for the port of Riga, this capacity may be overstated. Wider research onnecessary power for cruise and passenger vessels use to berth at Baltic Sea ports are necessary.Fig. 3. Tallink ferry is connected to the shore at Stockholm harbor.Shore power delivery technology is best suited for ships arriving in port on a regular basisand for this fleet the shore power supply will provide a major environmental impact.Technical safety plays an important role in choosing technology to use for a shore powerconnection. When creating / designing the shore connection systems it is necessary to investigate and93
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