14. starptautiskÄ konference 2012 - Latvijas JÅ«ras akadÄmija

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Proceedings of 14th International conference „Maritime Transport and Infrastructure - 2012”The speed of wind required for a wind turbine to operate is at least 5 m/s. The biggest potential ofwind is obtainable in territories with little to no obstacles – on coasts and flat hills.Recently in Europe a construction of offshore wind farms has begun. However there are manyterritories in Europe, including Latvia, where the obtainable wind potential is sufficient for usage of“green energy”, but these territories are still not being fully utilized due to insufficient politicalsupport, thus future production of power is decreasing. From the statistical data of European WindEnergy Association about construction of new wind turbines in the European Union (EU) in the timeperiod from 2001 to 2011[7], it can be deduced that from 2001 to 2009 the amount of constructedwind turbines both offshore and onshore increased, but stayed practically the same in 2010 and 2011.93 offshore wind turbines were constructed in the EU in the year 2006, 318 in 2007, 372 in 2008, 582in 2009, 883 in 2010 and 866 in 2011. The results of the last two years could be explained withinsufficient support from the government due to the global economic crisis and other politicalconcerns. By the end of the year 2011 all 27 countries of the EU had installed wind farms with thetotal power of 9616 MW (Table 1).Wind power installed in Europe by end of 2010 and 2011 (MW) 6Table 1EU countryInstalled 2010(MW)End 2010(MW)Installed2011 (MW)End 2011(MW)Denmark 315 3 749 178 3 871Estonia 7 149 35 184Finland 52 197 0 197Germany 1 493 27 191 2 086 29 060Latvia 2 30 1 31Lithuania 72 163 16 179Poland 456 1 180 436 1 616Sweden 604 2 163 763 2 907Others 6 647 49 828 6 101 55 912Total 9 648 84 650 9 616 93 957Of which offshore and near shore 883 2 944 866 3 810The most power generated by wind farms was in Germany (29 060 MW), Spain (21 674MW), France (6800 MW), Italy (6747 MW) and Great Britain (6540 MW) [7]. The most powergenerated by wind farms in year 2011 was in Germany (2086 MW) and Great Britain (1293 MW), butSlovakia (3 MW), Latvia (31 MW) and Luxembourg (44 MW) generated the least amount of power.Usage of wind energy in LatviaThe strongest winds in Latvia (at 10m height) are along the coast of Courland and in thevicinity of Ainazi (6 m/s average), but in the rest of the territory the speed of wind is less than 5 m/s.The required speed of wind for a wind generator to operate is at least 5 m/s, which means that thecoast of Courland has enough wind resources to be suitable for construction of wind generators.Maritime spatial planning (MSP) will contribute to the growth of wind energy industry inLatvia, because it is one of the tools recommended by the EU, which will help carry out an integratedmaritime policy, including the implementation of maritime planning in the whole EU, and one of themain planning tasks in Latvia is to find the best suitable sites for offshore wind farms according to6 Made by authors based no reference No 7.52
Proceedings of 14th International conference „Maritime Transport and Infrastructure - 2012”Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use ofenergy from renewable sources the renewable energy industry of the countries of the EU.According to the Directive 2009/28/EC all type of renewable energy (including electricity,transport and heating) proportion must be at least 20% of all the consumed energy [6] until 2020, thuswind energy has a substantial significance in reaching the goals of the new energy policy. For Latvia,in accordance with Directive 2009/28/EC Annex I, the main goal till 2020 is to produce renewableenergy in an amount that is equal to 40% of total consumed energy. In 2009 total proportion ofrenewable energy resources is 34,3%, but in 2010 - 32,5%.In compliance with law of 28 October 2010 “Marine Environment Protection andManagement Law” [3] maritime spatial planning (MSP) is a long-term process for developmentplanning aimed at protection of marine environment, rational use of the sea and integratedmanagement, as well as balancing the social welfare and economic development with theenvironmental protection requirements. The main goal of MSP is a marine spatial zoning plan thatidentifies and manages existing and potential interests of maritime spaces and its coasts in a mannerthat best meets the priorities and objectives set by the participants. Project “Development of Maritimespatial planning in the Baltic Sea” (BaltSeaPlan) is implemented from 2009 till 2012 in order tosupport the process of developing, introducing and implementing MSP in the Baltic Sea. There areseven countries: Germany, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. In LatviaBaltSeaPlan is implemented on the Western coast of Latvia in the Latvian territorial waters andexclusive economic zone from Nida till Ovisrags (total water area is about 20 000 km 2 ). Wind farmsare planned in eight areas:1. 12 nautical miles (nm) from Uzava in the reserved area;2. 12 nm from Jurkalne in the priority area;3. 12 nm from Pavilosta in the reserved area;4. 12 nm from Pavilosta and Ziemupe in the priority area;5. About 10 nm from Liepaja in the reserved area together with security and monitoring ofthe coast and 12 nm from Liepaja in the reserved area;6. About 8,5 nm from Bernati in the reserved area together with security and monitoring ofthe coast;7. 12 nm from Bernati in the priority area;8. And 12 nm from Pape in the reserved area.47-80 wind turbines are planned in the Western coast of Latvia. The total budget is about 500– 600 million euro for wind park construction in the Western coast of Latvia. The project is funded bythe EU Baltic Sea Region Programme and part-financed by the European Union (European RegionalDevelopment Fund). The total power of wind parks is estimated about 200 MW, generating 590-910thousands MW electricity per year.Notwithstanding maritime spatial planning in the beginning of year 2012 there are still nowind farms on the coast of Courland, because the opportunity to implement wind generators in the seais delayed by absence of legislative framework. Research must be made before commencing theconstruction of offshore wind power plants, but at the beginning of year 2012 the legislation of Latviadoes not allow any research by the state-owned energy company “Augstsprieguma tikli”, which wasattempted to be delegated to do research on potential wind farm sites by the Ministry of Economy, norby any other companies.By the end of the year 2011 there were 37 operational wind farms in Latvia with total powerof 31 MW, which all are installed on shores or inland (Table 1): 19 of the wind farms are operatingwith output power greater than 0.25 MW, 18 are operating with less then 0.25 MW [5]. The first windgenerators were installed in Ainazi, other wind generators are located in Sarnate, near Liepaja, inUzava, in Gluda Jelgava district, Vircava Kandava district, and there output power varied from 1 to 30MW. There are no wind power plants on the Courland coast of Latvia thus the possibilities ofrenewable energy on the coast of Courland are not fully utilized. Compared to the power output of itsneighboring countries Estonia and Lithuania (Table 1), respectively 184 MW and 179 MW, Latviawith its power of 31MW is very behind.53
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