TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES OF POLAND - KSNG Nazwy geograficzne

The letters ą, ę, ń never appear at initial positions of words.Therefore, capital letters are only used when each letter in a word iscapitalized, e.g. DĄBKI, CZĘSTOCHOWA, POZNAŃ.Sounds, which do not exist in Latin, are designated by letterstogether with diacritical marks as well as by digraphs. The followingdiacritical marks exist in Polish:– accents (l'accent aigu) over letters ó, ć, ń, ś, ź,– oblique line crossing the letter ł,– dot over ż,– hooks bent to right under ą and ę.In vowels these hooks represent nasality. The accent over óreflects its former pronunciation (a sound between o and u).In consonants, accents over ć, ń, ś and ź represent palatal soundsand are written before a consonant letter, e.g. Śrem or at the wordfinalposition, e.g. Poznań. Their palatalization before vowels ismarked by the letter i,e.g.Siedlce.A dot over ż represents a postalveolar consonant, as oppose to adental z.The oblique line crossing ł represents a dental sound (as opposeto alveolar l), which tends to disappear (see Pronunciation Table) andis a relic of historic phonetics (like ó).The following digraphs exist in Polish: ch, cz, dz, dź, dż, rz, sz.In alphabetical lists digraphs are not represented as separate letters,but are listed under their first letter, and then in a strict alphabeticalorder, e.g. ch is placed between cę and ci, cz between cy and drespectively.Below is the list of Polish letters and digraphs together withtheir basic phonetic equivalents in international transcription. Theseexamples refer both to generic terms and geographic names.Polish Letterand DigraphInternationalPhoneticTranscriptionGeneric TermGeographic NameaA [a] gaj Adamów, JasieńąĄ [ ~ o ] dąbrowa Gąskib B [b] basen Bór)cC [ ts] cmentarz Cedry14