TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES OF POLAND - KSNG Nazwy geograficzne
TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES OF POLAND - KSNG Nazwy geograficzne TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES OF POLAND - KSNG Nazwy geograficzne
w W [v] woda WarszawayY [i ] wyżyna Szyszkiz Z [z] zatoka ZakopaneźŹ [z] źródło ŹródłażŻ [z] żleb ŻninInternational Phonetic Alphabet after ‘Gramatyka współczesnegojęzyka polskiego’ Vol. 1, by Leokadia Dukiewicz, Irena Sawicka,‘Fonetyka i fonologia’, Kraków 1995.Basic Rules of Polish SpellingPolish spelling originated during the Middle Ages. It was thenmodified and improved over the next few centuries. Current Polishspelling is based on the rules codified in 1936 with a few minorchanges.The following rules apply to the Polish spelling (whichsometimes are in conflict with each other):– the phonetic rule, stating that each voice should berepresented by a unique letter as in dom, las, woda,– the morphological rule, stating that a link between differentforms of one word or its derivatives should be maintained despite thefact that their current pronunciation may differ e.g. próg, gen. sgprogu, bór sg, bory pl,– the historic rule, which maintains different orthography ofsounds formerly pronounced differently (compare rzeka and żuławy,bór and pustynia, chłodnia and huta), and– the conventional rule, e.g. capitalization of geographic names.Rules of PronunciationThere are 36 phonemes in Polish. In Polish spelling thesephonemes are represented by particular letters or by theircombinations. A single letter can correspond to more than onephonemevariants, and also two separate letters can represent the same16
phoneme (e.g. ch – h, rz – ż). In particular the rules refer to thepronunciation of nasal vowels and voiced consonants.Phoneme Pronunciation Example Position(API)/ ~ o / ~ o Gąski before fricative consonantsom Dąbki before p, bon Łącko before c, cz, d, dz, ton Mącice before ć,ci,dź,dzioη Łąkowo before k, g/b/ p Lubsko,Niesóbbefore voiceless consonantsand as final soundsbBusko,Kołbielin other positions/x/ x Chełmx Hrubieszów in standard pronunciation/γ/ γ Hrubieszów voiced in regional pronunciation(eastern Poland)/d/ t Zawadka,Nowogródbefore voiceless consonantsand as final sounds/dz/d Dębsko in other positions)tsKłodzko,Luboradzbefore voiceless consonantsand as final soundsd ) zRadzyń in other positions17
- Page 1: The Iterate Manual
- Page 4 and 5: 3. OtherAbbreviations..............
- Page 6 and 7: I. LANGUAGE1. General Characteristi
- Page 8 and 9: The letters ą, ę, ń never appear
- Page 12 and 13: dź/)tçŁódź,Niedźwiedźbefore
- Page 14 and 15: Also, adjectives formed from geogra
- Page 16 and 17: Kresowe (borderland) dialects are c
- Page 18 and 19: shepherd’s settlement. Many names
- Page 20 and 21: Western and Northern Poland) by S.
- Page 22 and 23: - publishing the official gazetteer
- Page 24 and 25: - 1:50,000 (for environs of large c
- Page 26 and 27: IV. GLOSSARY OF GENERIC TERMSAND CO
- Page 28 and 29: DziałDzielnicaDzwonnicaElektrociep
- Page 30 and 31: Kolej jednotorowaKolej linowaKolej
- Page 32 and 33: NadajnikNadleśnictwoNasypNieckaNie
- Page 34 and 35: PółnocPółwysepPradolinaPromPró
- Page 36 and 37: Stacja benzynowaStacja kolejowaStan
- Page 38 and 39: Węzeł (drogowy)WiaduktWiataWiatra
- Page 40 and 41: Austria Austria EuropeAzerbejdżan
- Page 42 and 43: Kenia Kenya AfricaKirgistan Kyrgyzs
- Page 44 and 45: Salwador El Salvador Central Americ
- Page 46 and 47: V. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ON MAPSThe
- Page 48 and 49: gm. gmina seat of communeGOPGórno
- Page 50 and 51: P. Krajobr. Park Krajobrazowy lands
- Page 52 and 53: źr. źródło spring, sourceżw.
- Page 54 and 55: 3. Other AbbreviationsPolishAbbrevi
- Page 56 and 57: 8. Województwo opolskie OP Opole9.
- Page 58 and 59: 24. Powiat ząbkowicki Ząbkowice
w W [v] woda WarszawayY [i ] wyżyna Szyszkiz Z [z] zatoka ZakopaneźŹ [z] źródło ŹródłażŻ [z] żleb ŻninInternational Phonetic Alphabet after ‘Gramatyka współczesnegojęzyka polskiego’ Vol. 1, by Leokadia Dukiewicz, Irena Sawicka,‘Fonetyka i fonologia’, Kraków 1995.Basic Rules of Polish SpellingPolish spelling originated during the Middle Ages. It was thenmodified and improved over the next few centuries. Current Polishspelling is based on the rules codified in 1936 with a few minorchanges.The following rules apply to the Polish spelling (whichsometimes are in conflict with each other):– the phonetic rule, stating that each voice should berepresented by a unique letter as in dom, las, woda,– the morphological rule, stating that a link between differentforms of one word or its derivatives should be maintained despite thefact that their current pronunciation may differ e.g. próg, gen. sgprogu, bór sg, bory pl,– the historic rule, which maintains different orthography ofsounds formerly pronounced differently (compare rzeka and żuławy,bór and pustynia, chłodnia and huta), and– the conventional rule, e.g. capitalization of geographic names.Rules of PronunciationThere are 36 phonemes in Polish. In Polish spelling thesephonemes are represented by particular letters or by theircombinations. A single letter can correspond to more than onephonemevariants, and also two separate letters can represent the same16
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