D. Recreation Reportx - Palmerston North City Council

May 2011www.greenaway.co.nzPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 1Rob Greenaway & Associates

8 Appendix 2: On-line literature search by location and activity ................................. 47List of FiguresFigure 1: Puketoi wind farm and transmission route location .................................................................... 4Figure 2: Puketoi wind farm location and study area (15km distance from turbines) ................................ 7Figure 3: Lower North Island road flows by all travellers in 2005. Source: NZTSG 2007 ....................... 10Figure 4: Occupation trends for commercial accommodation 2000 - 2009 ............................................. 11Figure 5: Route 52 (yellow) ..................................................................................................................... 12Figure 6: Location of tourism operations within 15km of turbines ........................................................... 14Figure 7: Reserves (TDC and DOC) near Puketoi .................................................................................. 19Figure 8: How supportive are you of the following energy sources/technologies to generateelectricity for New Zealand? ........................................................................................................... 21Figure 9: Local route for oversized traffic and site access points (TEAM 2011) ..................................... 23Figure 10: How supportive are you of the following energy sources/technologies to generateelectricity for New Zealand? ........................................................................................................... 40Figure 11: Public opinion on electricity generation from wind 2004 & 2009 (UMR Research 2004 &Synovate 2009 for EECA) in Stephenson and Ioannou (2010) ...................................................... 40Figure 12: Responses to the question: How supportive are you of ...? EECA Consumer MonitorPublic Opinion Survey Oct-Dec 2009 (Synovate) in Stephenson and Ioannou (2010) ................... 41Figure 13: Monthly guest nights, Manawatu RTO and New Zealand, Jan 2000 – Oct 2010 ................... 42List of TablesTable 1: Number of large accommodation providers by district, Jan 2010. ............................................ 11Table 2: Location key to Figure 4 ............................................................................................................ 14Table 3: Department of Conservation-administered public lands............................................................ 15Table 4: Tararua District Council administered reserves ........................................................................ 17Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 3Rob Greenaway & Associates

1 SummaryThis report describes the potential tourism and recreation effects of a wind farm proposed by MightyRiver Power for an area along the crest of the Puketoi Range in the Tararua District. The wind farmproject site spans 19 private farms with 53 turbines proposed. A transmission line is also proposedfrom the Puketoi Range to connect with the electricity reticulation system at Mighty River Power’sTuritea Wind Farm site (not yet consented) on the northern end of the Tararua Range (Figure 1).Figure 1: Puketoi wind farm and transmission route locationTurbine locationsTransmission route10kms1.1 Summary of recreation and tourism valuesTourism and recreation settings in the study area (a 15km radius from the turbine corridor, see Figure2) are generally small-scale, and are often a diversification of farming activities (such as on-farmbackpackers, gardens and motorcycle tours). Castlepoint is the most significant visitor destination inthe locale, but is outside defined study area. Route 52 (from Dreyers Rock in the south to just north ofWimbledon) has limited presence as a tourism route but has appeal as a back-road motorcycle,driving and cycling opportunity.The study area is a relatively low use setting in relation to recreation and tourism, with few operationsestablished as destinations in themselves (see Figure 6 on page 14 for locations). The latter includeCosta Plenty 4X4 Park, the Herdword equestrian centre and Kanuka Wilderness Hunting. The PuketoiRange is an important component of the regional landscape and provides a backdrop to recreationand tourism activity in the immediate area.Reserves in the study area include settings with natural values, specifically those in the Makuri Gorgeand the Waewaepa, Puketoi and Coonoor Stewardship Areas. Puketoi has local hunting values andPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 4Rob Greenaway & Associates

there is no indication of recreational use of the Coonoor reserve. Waewaepa has hunting values andhas a track used for walking and mountain biking based on an old and stopped road alignment. TheMakuri Gorge and River have visitor values resulting from local scenic qualities and anglingopportunities. Domains within the small settlements in the study area have locally important sport,camping and recreation values.There is insufficient development in the study area to support a description, at the broad level, of it asan important tourism or recreation destination beyond the local level, although Kanuka Wildlife Safarishas a more broad international market.1.2 Summary of effectsInternational research into the effects of wind farms indicates that they have little adverse effect ontourism and recreation activity. This outcome results from the fact that wind farms are rarely built inareas with high tourism profiles, and that there is a mix of personal responses to wind farmdevelopments.The majority of respondents to relevant surveys consider that wind farms have no effect on theiractivities. However, all primary research into the effects of wind farms on recreation and tourism citedin this report describe a portion of respondents who state that wind farm development would have anadverse effect on their likelihood of returning to a visitor setting.A portion of respondents state that wind farms are an attraction, although no data has been located inpreparing this assessment to support the finding that people will visit a region specifically because ofwind farms. Rather, wind farms are something to visit while already in a visitor setting. The portion ofrespondents who do not like wind farms and who state that farms would reduce the likelihood ofvisiting a destination may therefore represent a potential net loss to tourism. None of the studies citedhave reported an actual loss in tourism activity, and the final conclusions are that wind farmdevelopments have negligible effects on tourism and recreation. However, the caveat is that windfarms are generally not built in popular visitor areas where tourism is fully dependent on landscapevalues.There remains very high support from New Zealanders for wind farms generally, and this indicates thatthey will be frequently considered a valid component of many landscapes. Recent data reported inStephenson and Ioannou (2010) indicate that more than 81% of New Zealanders are ‘supportive’ or‘very supportive’ of wind energy generally, and a similar proportion (80%) support wind farms in NewZealand.Effects of the operation of the proposed wind farm on recreation and tourism will relate to the visibilityand audibility of the turbines. Kanuka Wilderness Safaris is the only local tourism operation with adirect dependency on a defined landscape value, although the setting is not ‘wilderness’ by anyrecreation standard. This operation may encounter some client dissatisfaction from the visibility ofturbines from eastern parts of the Kanuka property.Construction effects will largely relate to the presence of construction traffic on local roads during theconstruction period and these are minor and temporary.At the regional level, the Puketoi wind farm, once operational, is likely to have no measurable effect onrecreation or tourism activity. The potential exists to provide some tourism benefit by better marketingRoute 52 as a travelling route, and improved access to the Puketoi and Coonoor reserves, using thewind farm as an attraction. The degree of effort necessary to achieve this should reflect the degree ofcommunity interest in the opportunity to increase local visitor traffic.There are unlikely to be any effects on recreation and tourism values arising from the location of thetransmission infrastructure.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 5Rob Greenaway & Associates

2 IntroductionThis report reviews the potential effects of a wind farm proposed to be constructed along and near thecrest of the Puketoi Range in the Tararua District. Key elements of the proposal include:53 wind turbines with a tip height of up to 160 mApproximately 40 km of new internal roadsUnderground cables beneath the internal roads and overhead cables carrying power from theturbines to the substationSubstationFacilities for operations and maintenanceWind monitoring mastsTemporary construction facilities including lay down areas for turbine components and up totwo concrete batching plantsTransmission lines connecting the wind farm to the national grid2.1 Definitions and scopeThis report deals with recreation and tourism values that may be affected by the development of thePuketoi wind farm. Recreation is loosely defined as activities pursued for pleasure during free time.Tourism is a subset of recreation. A tourist is a person staying away from home for at least one nightwhile undertaking recreation. It is very hard to tell the difference between a tourist and a recreationalvisitor within a recreation setting – they do the same things.A Kiwi family camping by a river might not consider themselves to be tourists, but by definition they arethe same as an Australian visitor staying in the same location, although the Australian may have adifferent expenditure pattern including international air travel. Locally, their social, economic andenvironmental impacts will be very similar.This study does not consider personal recreation undertaken on one’s own property. This couldinclude watching television while glancing out the window at the view, or hunting on a private farm.Effects of a development proposal on such personal and local values are considered to be covered by,for example, landscape assessments, albeit at a generic level. How an individual responds during theirrecreation time to a development when experienced from their own property is personal and specificand is not covered in this report. Effects of the proposal on public recreation spaces are more general.Visitors have more options as to where and how they visit, and the effects of change are more broad;relating to tourism flows, general levels of satisfaction and expenditure patterns.2.2 AimsThis assessment aims to review the potential adverse and positive effects of the Puketoi wind farm,identify and assess the adverse and positive effects of Mighty River Power’s proposed Puketoi windfarm on recreation and tourism values (construction and operation), and identify the potential formitigating any adverse effects.2.3 MethodThis study is largely a ‘desktop’ analysis. The author has not visited the site for this project but isfamiliar with the area. The report is based on:A comprehensive literature review including relevant recreation studies, national and regionalpolicy documents and strategies, popular recreation and tourism guides (index searched forlistings of the study area or potentially relevant locations), internet resources and internationalwind farm case studies and research reports.The review of project designs and associated technical reports (such as noise, landscape,traffic and construction), and communication with their authors.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 6Rob Greenaway & Associates

Feedback from project members regarding tourism and recreation settings encountered duringtheir research, consultation and site visits.2.4 Study areaThe Puketoi wind farm landscape assessment of Brown (2011) indicates that the wind farm would besporadically visible out to Pongaroa and Route 52 to the east, a distance of 9 to 10kms from the windfarm site. To the west, the situation is more complex, with the Waewaepa Range and foothills south ofit blocking most more distant views (beyond around 4kms). Although the wind farm would be distantlyvisible from as far away as the river flats and foothills around the Mangahao and Mangatainoka Rivers,the turbines would have little impact on such views. For the purposes of this assessment, a potentialviewing distance of 15kms has been used to include all areas from which the turbines could potentiallyform some part of the view, although beyond 10kms, any views would be very minor (Figure 2). Forexample, this is greater than the 10km radius used for the Puketoi wind farm social impactassessment (Dialogue 2011), beyond which the farm is considered to be ‘remote’. Consequently, thisassessment takes a conservative approach to the potential scale and scope of effects.The assessment of construction effects considers the effects of construction traffic or other activitieson local roads (see Figure 9 on page 23)The transmission route is considered in light of the landscape assessment of Brown (2011) andFigure 2: Puketoi wind farm location and study area (15km distance from turbines)Turbine locationsTransmission route10kmsincludes locales immediate to the route due to its limited visual catchment (as described in Brown2011).Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 7Rob Greenaway & Associates

2.5 Report structureThis report provides: A summary of all key findings (Section 1).A description of the scheme proposal and the scope, aims, study area and method of thisstudy (Section 2) A summary of the recreation and tourism activities identified in the study area (Section 3).A summary of international and national research relating to the effects of wind farms onrecreation and tourism (Section 4). A review of the effects of the proposal on recreation and tourism values (Section 5).Appendices that provide background data for a complete understanding of the issues raised inthe main body of the report. Specifically:−−A review of national and international literature in relation to the effects of wind farmson recreation and tourism (Appendix 1)A summary of on-line references to recreation and tourism in the study area(Appendix 2)Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 8Rob Greenaway & Associates

3 Description of recreation and tourism settingThis section gives a brief overview of the key findings of each area of review. Referencing for all datadiscussed in this summary are presented in the relevant appendices. The section concludes with amap detailing the key recreation settings and tourism services of interest to this study.Data are drawn from:New Zealand Tourism Strategy Group databases,Regional tourism organisation promotional information (on-line and published),On-line references to tourism and recreation opportunities and operations,Popular published tourism guides, such as Lonely Planet,Advice from members of the Mighty River Power consultant team as to recreation and tourismsettings encountered during discussions with landowners and other members of thecommunity.3.1 Domestic and international tourism flowsThe New Zealand Tourism Strategy Group (NZTSG, a division of the Ministry of EconomicDevelopment) has developed a Tourism Flows Model that identifies the air and road movements ofdomestic and international travellers within New Zealand. 1 The data for international visitors is sourcedfrom the NZTSG’s International Visitor Survey and the domestic data from a periodic householdsurvey.Full-year data are available up to 2007 on-line. The NZTSG has published a summary of the 2005data at a regional level, which is comparable to that for 2007. Figure 3 shows the results for the lowerNorth Island. The minimum thresholds for each data subset for inclusion in the study results are:Domestic day travellers: 4,000 travellers on each road sectionDomestic overnight travellers: 1,000 travellers on each road sectionInternational travellers: 1,000 travellers on each road sectionOnly State Highway 2 (Wellington to Woodville and north), in the vicinity of the Puketoi wind farm,exceed these thresholds. All roads east of SH2 are absent from the dataset due to low use.The text for the regional summary of tourism flows for the lower North Island is (NZTSG 2007):The heaviest tourism flows occur in and around Wellington, with secondary flows extendingnorth up State Highway 1 as well as west to Wanganui and east to Palmerston North.Wellington day trippers generate almost 40% of the 7.9 million of tourism movements alongthe Kapiti Coast, with overnight travellers generating an additional 18%. The flows through thelower North Island are predominantly domestic, with international flows accounting for lessthan 7% of all flows through Dannevirke, 16% between Bulls and Levin and 9% betweenParaparaumu and Wellington. The northern road flows get progressively smaller as thedistance from Wellington increases, reflecting the fact that a significant proportion of tourismtraffic in the lower North Island is generated by residents of the Wellington region.3.2 Commercial Accommodation MonitorThe Puketoi wind farm study area for recreation and tourism lies entirely within the Tararua Districtand the area serviced by Destination Manawatu – the regional tourism organisation (RTO). However,although the Manawatu RTO area, as defined by the Ministry of Economic Development, includes thedistricts of Manawatu, Rangitikei, Tararua and the city of Palmerston North, the organisation(‘Destination Manawatu’) only promotes its two financial-member districts – Manawatu and PalmerstonNorth.1 http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/Data--Analysis/Analytical-Tools/Tourism-Flows-Model/Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 9Rob Greenaway & Associates

Figure 3: Lower North Island road flows by all travellers in 2005. Source: NZTSG 2007Statistics New Zealand reports the Commercial Accommodation Monitor (CAM) monthly for each RTOand local authority (Statistics New Zealand, 2010). This illustrates trends in occupation of certain –generally larger – commercial accommodation 2 , the origins of accommodation users, employee levelsand capacity. The survey is considered a ‘census’ (participation is compulsory) and is not based on asample of accommodation providers. However, the survey does not have a 100% response rate andmissing data are ‘imputed’ to provide a reasonable estimate of the total accommodation scene. It doesnot appear that any respondents are located within the study area for this assessment.Figure 4 shows the trends in annual guest nights for the Tararua District between 2000 and 2009,compared with those for the whole of New Zealand and the Masterton District. The national trend hasbeen for a slow increase in guest nights, with a recent drop coincident with the 2008-09 internationalrecession. The Tararua District has remained stable at a relatively low level of activity (28,000 guestnights in 2009). The Tararua District contributed 0.11% of national guest nights in 2009. TheMasterton District has some similarities to Tararua in terms of location and population 3 , althoughMasterton is closer to the population centre of Wellington, but also has SH2 running through it.Masterton District has four times the guest nights of Tararua and has not recovered from a dip in 2003and shows a general decline in guest nights (128,000 guest nights in 2009).2 Hotels (includes hotels and resorts), Motels (includes motor inns, motels and apartments), Hosted (includes private hotels,guest houses and B&Bs), Backpacker/hostels, Caravan parks/camping grounds. These establishments must be registered forGST and have a turnover of a least NZ$30,000 per annum. Therefore, small establishments that are not GST registered or earnbelow the threshold level are not included in the survey. A large proportion of these are hosted/B&Bs. Some establishmentsmay also be overlooked if they are involved in the accommodation industry as a secondary commercial activity, for example,farm-stay tourist accommodation within the main farm business. Consequently there is under-coverage of small accommodationproviders.3 17,750 at 2010 for Tararua and 23,400 for Masterton at 2010 (Statistics NZ data).Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 10Rob Greenaway & Associates

Figure 4: Occupation trends for commercial accommodation 2000 - 200918035Tararua and Masterton District guest nights (thousands)16014012010080604020-TararuaMastertonNZ2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 200930252015105-New Zealand guest nights (millions)YearTable 1 shows the number of large accommodation providers (those required to participate in theCAM) for each district in the Manawatu RTO area for January 2010. This month is the busiest for alldistricts, bar Palmerston North which shows a peak in March. Palmerston North dominates theManawatu RTO area for accommodation and peak occupation levels (53% in March, showing astronger business focus). The Tararua District peaked at 14% occupancy in January.Table 1: Number of large accommodation providers by district, Jan 2010. Source: CAMDistrict Establishments Beds % occupancy JanManawatu 15 393 21Horowhenua 21 740 35Palmerston Nth 55 1498 34 (53 in March)Tararua 19 391 14Masterton 15 682 32All New Zealand 3,360 4,438,860 49Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 11Rob Greenaway & Associates

3.3 Route 52Route 52, as a named road, runs from Dreyers Rock in the south (the intersection of Dreyers RockRoad and Whangaehu Road), to just north of Wimbledon (the intersection of Birch Road East andWimbledon Road) (Figure 5). It is often referred to on-line (Appendix 2) as a travellers’ alternative toSH2 between Masterton and Dannevirke, adding approximately 50kms to the travel distance on SH2.It is also promoted as a tourist route to Akitio, Porangahau andTaumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu.The main service town on Route 52 is Pongaroa, where fuel is available. Accommodation providersinclude backpackers at Glenross Lodge near Rakaunui, Otapawa Farmstay and Backpackers andKnuckle Bone Lodge, both near Tiraumea. These providers offer farm access to visitors. Nearbyactivity providers include the Costa Plenty 4X4 Park near the summit of the Pahiatua–Pongaroa Road,offering access to off-road 4WD trails on private land, as well as accommodation. Rental baches andlodges are available in Akitio and Herbertville. Limited other local holiday rental accommodation canbe found via an on-line accommodation search, with only one on the Coast Road east of Pongaroareadily located. 4The on-line review (Appendix 2) identifies motorcycle touring as an important use of the Route.Cycling is also referred to. There is no coordinated promotional information available for the Route asa travellers’ attraction in itself.Figure 5: Route 52 (yellow)Herbertville10kms3.4 Angling opportunitiesThe rivers in the study area drain to the east coast (Akitio, Owahanga and Mataikona Rivers) or intothe catchments of the Manawatu and Ruamahanga Rivers. The east coast rivers – such as the Akitio–do not feature as angling rivers in the national angler surveys (Unwin 2009).The Ruamahanga catchment supported 9230 angler days (±1080) in 2007/08, while the Manawatucatchment had 20,670 (±2010) (Unwin 2009). No angler rivers entering the Ruamahanga catchmentare within the study area.Within the Manawatu River catchment, two rivers are of interest: the Makuri River, which passesthrough Makuri, and the Tiraumea River, which passes Alfredton.4 For example: http://www.holidayhomes.co.nz/for-rent/new-zealand/north-island/wellington-manawatu-wairarapa/Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 12Rob Greenaway & Associates

The Tiraumea was reported to have had 40 angler days (±40) in 2007/08 in Unwin (2009). Kent (2007)states, “neither the Tiraumea nor the Mangaone rivers east of Pahiatua are recommended [forangling]. The Tiraumea is slow, sluggish and channelled. Near Kohinui [10ksm SE of Woodville] thereis a section of river where cruising trout can be spotted but access is not easy.”The Makuri River is a reasonably popular angling destination with approximately 590 angler days inthe 2007/08 season (±250) (Unwin 2009).Kent (2007) states that the Makuri River is “highly rated by fly anglers and heavily fished in the regionof the Makuri settlement.”3.5 Tourism operators in Tararua District and near the wind farmThere is no regional tourism organisation covering the Tararua District or all of the Manawatu Region.Although the Manawatu RTO area, as defined by the Ministry of Economic Development, includes thedistricts of Manawatu, Rangitikei, Tararua and the city of Palmerston North, 5 the regional organisationitself (‘Destination Manawatu’) only promotes its two financial-member districts – Manawatu andPalmerston North. 6The Tararua District Council’s tourism website (www.tararua.com) suggests a range of activities andattractions in the region (locations relevant to the Puketoi wind farm proposal are shown in Figure 7 onpage 19 and Figure 6 on page 14):Many antiques and art and craft dealers and craftspeople, based mostly within the maincentres of Eketahuna, Woodville, Pahiatua, Norsewood and Dannevirke.Family activities, including farm visits, many small museums, gardens, the Herdwordequestrian centre in Pongaroa 7 and wind farm visits. Herdword is the only commercial visitorsetting near the proposed Puketoi wind farm.Gardens, including Howbeg north of Pongaroa, Otapawa Garden near Tiraumea (who alsooperate a farmstay and backpackers) and Torara Hills at Kohiku on Route 52 west ofPongaroa.Marae in Dannevirke, Pahiatua and Woodville. Adventure tourism, including Costa Plenty 4 x 4 Vehicle Park on the Puketoi Range ridge (aproperty with turbines proposed to be located on it).Golf. A nine hole course is located in Makuri.Walks and tramps, including Pongaroa Bush and a private walk at Mangatiti Falls (on theOwahanga River 5kms SSE of Pongaroa). The website suggests an hour-long walk in MakuriGorge, but there are no tracks within the Makuri Gorge Scenic Reserve (Tony Silbery, DOC,pers comm.).The online search (Appendix 2) indicates additional tourism operators within the study area. These areshown in Figure 6 and in Table 2. Timeless Horse Treks are based outside the study area, but operatea horse trek across the Puketoi Range. Tourism and recreation settings in the study area are generallysmall-scale, and are often diversification of farming activities (such as on-farm backpackers, gardensand motorcycle activities). Several attractions are based around natural features, including the walksidentified above, horse trekking and the operation of Kanuka Wilderness Hunting.5 See: http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/By-Region/North-Island/Manawatu-RTO/6 See: http://www.manawatunz.co.nz/about_us.html7 http://www.herdword.co.nz/index.shtmlPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 13Rob Greenaway & Associates

Figure 6: Location of tourism operations within 15km of turbines1253 46978101112131415Turbine locationsTransmission route10kmsTable 2: Location key to Figure 61 Otawa Lodge 9 Costa Plenty 4x4 Park *2 Timeless Horse Treks 8 10 Otapawa Backpackers & Garden *3 Coonoor Farmstay 11 Mangatiti Falls walk – private land 94 Old School Lodge * 12 Torara Hills garden5 Kanuka Wilderness Hunting 13 Glenross Backpackers6 Howbeg Gardens 14 Track and Trail Adventures7 Herdword equestrian centre 15 Knuckle Bone Backpackers8 Pongaroa settlement – bach rentals* Owner is also a wind farm landowner / participant8 Although not based near the wind farm, the business offers a multi-day horse trek which crosses the Puketoi Range9 Access is made available to groups on request and there does not appear to be a business focusPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 14Rob Greenaway & Associates

3.6 Department of Conservation reserves and conservation areasTable 3 lists the major reserves administered by the Department of Conservation within the studyarea. Data are sourced from the Wellington Conservancy Conservation Management Strategy (CMS),the on-line DOC GIS extranet and the TDC District Plan.The column to the right shows the number of recreation facilities and the level of use as reported in theWellington Conservancy CMS. Where this was silent, comment was sought from the Department ofConservation (Tony Silby, DOC, pers comm.). Some minor gravel reserves and marginal strips havebeen omitted.The main reserves listed in Table 3 are shown in Figure 7 on page 19. In summary, there is very littlerecreational use of any of the reserves identified. Areas with some use include the Waewaepa ScenicReserve (hunting, biking and walking), the Pipinui Waterfall Scenic Reserve (walking) and thereserves in the Makuri Gorge (angling access).The Puketoi Stewardship Area is primarily a hunting destination. Until recently deer were the primetarget, but an illegal release of pigs has created an additional hunting resource (Tony Silbery, DOC,pers comm.). The area is a relatively minor hunting destination compared with the likes of the TararuaRanges.Table 3: Department of Conservation-administered public landsCMSLand Unitand TDCreserve #NameLegalVisitor facilities and levelof visitor use (DOCWellington CMS and TonySilby, DOC, pers comm.(shaded))T24546,26Ballance RiverbankReservePt Sec 89 Blk III Mangahao SDBallance Gorge Road 2.1878 haGazette 1899 p 369None, NoneU24504,61Coonoor StewardshipSec 69 Blk I Mt Cerberus SD TowaiRoad 86.2992 haNone, NoneT25022,48Forest FlatStewardshipSec 3 Blk X Puketoi SD Route 5211.6347 haNone, None (landlocked)T25035,56Hinemoa ValleyBridge ReserveSec 25 Blk I Puketoi SD HinemoaValley Road 0.5059 ha Bridge ReserveGazette 1891 p 891None, NoneT25017,39Kainui StewardshipSec 18 Blk I Puketoi SD Taumata Road1.0117 haNone, NoneT25029,49Kaitawa Ridge GravelReserveSec 68 Blk XII Makuri SD KaitawaRidge Road 0.8094 ha Gazette 1899 p662None, NoneU25007,68Kohiku StewardshipSec 39 Blk I Owahanga SD Route 522.2196 haNone, NoneT24542,22Makairo 43 GravelReserveSec 43 Blk III Makuri SD Makairo Road1.8211 ha Gazette 1899 p 662None, NoneT24543,23Makairo 45 GravelReserveSec 45 Blk III Makuri SD Makairo Road2.8328 ha, Gazette 1899 p 662None, NoneT25028,46Makuri 26 GravelReserveSec 26 Blk XIV Makuri SD PahiatuaPongaroa Road 1.6187 ha Gazette1899 p 662None, NonePuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 15Rob Greenaway & Associates

Table 3: Department of Conservation-administered public landsCMSLand Unitand TDCreserve #NameLegalVisitor facilities and levelof visitor use (DOCWellington CMS and TonySilby, DOC, pers comm.(shaded))T24529,14Makuri ConservationScenic ReserveSec 20 Blk VI Makuri SD WoodvilleAohanga Road 8.2960 ha ScenicReserve Gazette 1982 p 3714None, NoneT25018,40Makuri Gorge ScenicReservePt 3 of 7 Sec 8 9 15 47 Blk XIII MakuriSD Pahiatua Pongaroa Road 159.4764ha Gazette 1979 p 524None, Low – key trout-fishingarea on Makuri RiverT25026,45Makuri ReservoirReserveSec 151 Town of Makuri ReservoirRoad 4.5983 ha Gazette 1899 p 178None, NoneT24526,12Makuri TownStewardshipSecs 22 23 24 171 175 Pt Sec 73 Townof Makuri Pahiatua Pongaroa Road6.8112 haNone, NoneT24524,11Makuri TownshipScenic ReserveSec 166 Town of Makuri MakuriOngaha Road 10.8834 haNone, NoneT24502,10Mangahao MarginalStripPt Sec 139 Adj Sec 150, Blk IIIMangahao SD Mangatainoka NorthRoad 0.0000 haNone, NoneU25008,67Mangatiti ValleyRiverbank ReserveSec 7 and 32 Blk II Owahanga SDTikaromango Road 2.9846 ha RiverProtection Purposes Gazette 1900 p1740None, NoneT24551,30Ngaturi GravelReservePt Secs 15 16 17 Secs 20 & 37 Town ofNgaturi Pahiatua Pongaroa Road0.4639 haNone, NoneT24527,13Ohinereiata ScenicReserveSec 18 Blk X Makuri SD 4.5274 haNone, NoneU24505,59Ongaha StewardshipSec 38 Blk VII Makuri SD MakuriOngaha Road 2.0234 haNone, NoneT24544,24Owahanga 77 GravelReserveSec 77 Blk V Makuri SD SurreydaleRoad 2.0234 ha Gazette 1899 p 662None, NoneT24547,27Pipinui GravelReservePt Sec 10 Blk XI Makuri SD MakuriOngaha Road 0.7646 ha Gazette 1899p 661None, NoneU24507Pipinui WaterfallScenic ReserveMakuri Survey District Sections 1, 4,10Block XI. 1.2 ha.Short (100m) track towaterfall, lowT25021,43Pori StewardshipSec 274 Rangitumau Dist Sec 73-76Tiraumea Dist Pori Road 2.6466 haNone, NoneT25036,52Puketoi GravelReserveSec 13 Blk II Puketoi SD Puketoi Road0.8549 ha Gazette 1900 p 1121None, NoneT25020,42Puketoi StewardshipSecs 21 22 23 24 27 28 Blk III Secs 2728 29 32 Pt secs 30 31 Blk XV PuketoiSD Kuware Road 1786.8274 haNone, LowU24506,60Puketoi WaterConservation ReserveSec 40 Blk XI Makuri SD Range Road39.2545 ha Water Conservation Res.Gazette 1955 p 1227None, NonePuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 16Rob Greenaway & Associates

Table 3: Department of Conservation-administered public landsCMSLand Unitand TDCreserve #NameLegalVisitor facilities and levelof visitor use (DOCWellington CMS and TonySilby, DOC, pers comm.(shaded))T24539,19Rabbit FenceCaretaker ReserveSec 50 SO 13311 Blk II Makuri SDWaituna Road 2.0234 ha, Gazette1899 p 662None, NoneT25019,41Ruatea StewardshipSec 19 Blk V Puketoi SD Pori Road1.3329 haNone, NoneT25016,38Tiraumea RiverScenic ReserveSec 19 Blk XVI Mangahao SD HinemoaValley Road 8.9030 ha Gazette 1982 p3714None, LowU24502,62Towai GravelReserveSec 56 Blk XII Mt Cerberus SD TowaiRoad 15.1757 haNone, NoneT24530,15Waewaepa ScenicReserveSecs 23 24 25 Blk VI Secs 27 35 37 BlkVII Sec 39 61 62 Blk XVI Makuri SDMakairo Road/Waewaepa Road1098.7362 ha, Gazette 1981 pg 1756Old closed road providestrack, LowT24541,21Waituna GravelReserveSec 49 Blk II Makuri SD Waituna Road0.8094 ha Gazette 1899 p 662None, None3.7 Tararua District Council reservesTable 4 identifies those reserves administered by the TDC within the study area. These include localdomains in Tiraumea, Kohinui, Makuri, Waione, Pongaroa and Rakanui, several cemeteries andscenic reserves. The domains normally include sports fields, some hard courts and local club facilities.Nine hold golf courses are located at Pongaroa and Makuri. Reserves and settlement areas areidentified in Figure 7 on page 19.Table 4: Tararua District Council administered reservesTDC ID # andname162, TiraumeaDomain176, KohinuiDomain182, MakuriCemetery183, MakuriDomain185, MakuriRecreationReserve186, MakuriDomainDescriptionSecs 27 50 Pt Sec 24 Tiraumea Sett Blk VII Puketoi SD Recreation Reserve GAZ1987 p 24 17750-10600Pt Sec 23 C Blk I Makuri SD GAZ 1902 p3389 17410-01600 A & BSec 57 Kaitawa Suburban Blk VIII Makuri SD – Cemetery GAZ 1890 p136317510-02800GAZ 55-1449 Sec 124 Town of Makuri Blk XIV Makuri SD GAZ 1971 p144917530-07600Sec 174 Town of Makuri Blk XIV Makuri SD Rec Res GAZ 59 1658 GAZ 1895527 17530-09102Secs 162 167 169 170 Town of Makuri Blk XIV Makuri SD GAZ 46 1222 Sec 162 -GAZ 1893 p345 Sec 169 and 170 - GAZ 1911 p2559 Sec 167 - GAZ 1895 p45617530-09200Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 17Rob Greenaway & Associates

Table 4: Tararua District Council administered reservesTDC ID # andname193, PattisonsScenic Reserve200, WaioneCemeteryReserve201, WaioneDomain205, PongaroaDomain206, RakanuiDomain213, WaitahoraCemetery214, Waihi FallsScenic ReserveDescriptionGAZ 86-3003 3004 Lot 1 DP 19360 Sec 54-56 Blks X XIV Tahoraiti SD 11350-07901Sec 12 Blk III Mt Cerberus SD Cemetery ResPt Sec 14 Blk III Mt Cerberus SD - Rec Res GAZ 73-1374 91-3074 92-1568 92-2453 11130-05601Sec 12 Blk II Owahanga SD - Rec Res Timber not valued GAZ 84 4689 11130-29700Sec 35 Rakanui Settlement Blk I Owahanga SD GAZ 1927 p51 11130-34300Sec 23-25 27-31 Blk XII Tahoraiti SD Waitahora Cemetery 11140-11200Sec 18 Blk XVI Weber SD - Waihi Falls Scenic Res Pongaroa water scheme GAZ1980 p 1978 11140-23700Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 18Rob Greenaway & Associates

Figure 7: Reserves(TDC and DOC)near PuketoiPattisons Scenic ReserveWaitahoraMangatoro Stream Marginal StripSettlement areas –includes TDCdomains andcemeteriesRabbit FenceStewardship AreaReservesStewardship areasKohinuiWaewaepa Scenic ReserveMakuri Conservation Scenic ReserveTowai Gravel ReserveCoonoorStewardship AreaWaihi Falls ReserveWaione15km fromturbinesTransmissionroutePipinui Waterfall Scenic ReservePuketoi Water Conservation ReserveTiraumea River Scenic ReserveMakuri Gorge Scenic Reserveand Marginal StripsMakuriPuketoi Stewardship AreaPongaroaRakanuiTiraumeaForest Flat Stewardship Area10kmsPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 19Rob Greenaway & Associates

3.8 Summary of activitiesRoute 52 has limited presence as a tourism route but has appeal as a back-road motorcycle, drivingand cycling opportunity. The study area is essentially ‘off the beaten track’ in relation to recreation andtourism, with few operations established as destinations in themselves. The latter include the CostaPlenty 4X4 Park, the Herdword equestrian centre, Timeless Horse Treks and Kanuka WildernessHunting.Few settings are associated with any specific landscape feature. While the rural backdrop to, forexample, Route 52, and particularly the Puketoi Range, will clearly be an important component of thevisitor experience, there is no landscape setting which serves as a visitor attraction in itself.Reserves in the area include settings with natural values, specifically Puketoi, Waewaepa, Waihi Falls,the Makuri Gorge and Pipinui Waterfall Scenic Reserve. Puketoi is a locally important pig and deerhunting area. The Makuri Gorge and River have visitor values resulting from local scenic qualities andangling opportunities. Pipinui and Waihi are minor visitor attractions. TDC reserves within the smallsettlements in the study area have locally important sport, camping and recreation values.Walking has been identified as an important recreation and tourism activity in the Tararua District, butthere are very few public walks in the study area, including only the bush walks near Pongaroa, withinthe Waewaepa Stewardship Area and the Pipinui Waterfall Scenic Reserve. Mountain biking isreported to occur in Waewaepa and on several local roads.The NZ Speleological Society indicates that there are ‘numerous small caves’ between Coonoor andMakuri (NZSS 2002).Growth in tourism and recreation in the area will most likely track population growth, unless aconcerted effort is made to better coordinate marketing of Route 52 as a travel route and to developvisitor attractions along the way. Limits to growth include a small local population, affecting theimportant ‘visiting friends and relations’ tourism market, distance from the large domestic centres ofpopulation, and a small number of natural attractions, including: Mangatiti Falls on private land, Pipinuiand Waihi Falls, Makuri Gorge angling, Kanuka Wildlife Hunting, Costa Plenty 4X4.3.9 Significance of recreation and tourism settingThere is insufficient development in the study area to support a description, at the broad level, of it asan important tourism or recreation destination beyond the local level, although Kanuka Wildlife Safarishas a more broad international market.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 20Rob Greenaway & Associates

4 Effects of wind farms on recreation and tourismAppendix 1 provides a comprehensive review of international literature about the effects of wind farmdevelopments on recreation and tourism. This is a summary of the findings of that review.There is a segment of the tourism and recreation population who consider that wind farms have anadverse effect on their experience. However, there are no data which suggest that a wind farm willhave notable negative effects on tourism and recreation activity generally, with the caveat that windfarms are not normally located in highly sensitive landscape settings where they would be likely toundermine an important recreation or tourism value. The data indicate that concerns are occasionallyexpressed by tourism operators and visitors about the effects of additional or ‘too much’ wind farmdevelopment. Longitudinal research suggests that support for wind farms generally increases postconstruction,while the level of adverse perception decreases.While most respondents to relevant surveys state that wind farms do not affect their tourism choices, anotable minority have concerns. It is not possible to state that these concerns are translated intoactions. Consequently, the conclusions of the studies indicate that there has been little if any adverseeffect on tourism in the areas considered. That is not to say that all visitors enjoy or are not affected bythe visibility of turbines – there is a minority of respondents to all the surveys quoted who would rathernot see them at all.At a national level, there remains a very high level of support for wind farms generally. Recent datareported in Stephenson and Ioannou (2010) indicate that more than 81% of New Zealanders are‘supportive’ or ‘very supportive’ of wind energy generally (Figure 8), and a similar proportion (80%)support wind farms in New Zealand (see Appendix 1). While this does not directly correlate with apositive or negative effect on recreation and tourism satisfaction or uptake, it does show that amongstthe domestic market there is a high level of support for wind farms as elements of the nationallandscape and that they should not be considered purely as a negative addition to a recreation setting.Figure 8: How supportive are you of the following energy sources/technologies to generate electricity forNew Zealand? (n=756). EECA Consumer Monitor Public Opinion Survey Oct-Dec 2009 (Synovate) inStephenson and Ioannou (2010)CoalOilGasWood energyGeothermal energyMarine energyVery supportiveSupportiveNeutralOpposedVery opposedDon't know enoughHydro energyWind energy0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%The conclusion of this assessment is that while wind farms have not been identified as a deterrent totourism, there is the potential to diminish the quality of the experience of some visitors. This maytranslate into a decision to not revisit a site if the adverse effects are significant. However, the scale ofeffect in gross tourism activity in a region is likely to be minimal if wind farm developments avoid areasPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 21Rob Greenaway & Associates

with important scenic qualities or where the landscape is the primary focus of the visitor experience.Also, wind farms have the potential to enhance the visitor experience for some.Successful visitor developments have been associated with wind farms, and there is clear evidencethat they can attract tourists and other recreational visitors. For example, the Whitelee Wind Farm nearGlasgow had 120,000 visitors in 2010 (Appendix 1).Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 22Rob Greenaway & Associates

5 Effects of the proposal and mitigationsThis section considers the construction and operation effects of the Puketoi wind farm proposal on therecreation and tourism activities and values which exist in the study area, and the findings of thenational and international data on the effects of the wind farms on recreation and tourism.5.1 Construction5.1.1 EffectsThe key potential effects of construction on recreation and tourism relate to traffic movement and theeffects of the road improvements required for transporting over-dimension loads – largely turbinecomponents. Traffic Engineering & Management Ltd (TEAM, 2011) has identified the preferred routefor oversized traffic on national and local roads. Traffic management on SH2 and SH50 from Napier toPahiatua will limit effects on traffic generally, and the use of this route – where heavy traffic is notunexpected – is not considered an adverse effect on tourism or recreation.Dust, construction noise and sediment discharges associated with construction are proposed to bemanaged to limit adverse effects on local communities and ecosystems, as stated in the AEE, and aretemporary in nature. These are not considered important effects on tourism or recreation.Figure 9 shows the local roads to be used for transporting turbine components and other constructionmaterials. TEAM (2011) recommends short-term periods of one-way traffic within the Makuri Gorgewhile large vehicles pass.Figure 9: Local route for oversized traffic and site access points (TEAM 2011)Oversized traffic routeSite access pointsThe key roads for recreation and tourism near the Puketoi wind farm are Route 52 and, further afield,the Masterton-Castlepoint Road. Neither of these would be used. Tourism and recreation traffic on theroads proposed for access would be slight and a small component of local residential and farm traffic.Any adverse effects are likely to relate to short-term inconveniences only.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 23Rob Greenaway & Associates

5.1.2 MitigationsAll visitor service providers identified in Table 2 (page 11) will need to be advised of the constructiontraffic routes and times, with advice as to the preferred routes between regional centres and theiroperations, and encouraged to provide this information to clients.5.2 Operation5.2.1 EffectsEffects on tourism and recreation from the Puketoi wind farm will relate to the visibility and audibility ofthe turbines. No structures are proposed to be located on publicly accessible land. Traffic movementsrelated to the operation of the wind farm will be slight and are not considered important for recreationor tourism.International research into the effects of wind farms indicates that they have little adverse effect ontourism and recreation activity. This outcome partly results from the fact that wind farms are rarely builtin areas with high tourism profiles, and that there is a mix of personal responses to wind farmdevelopments. The majority of respondents to relevant surveys consider that wind farms have noeffect on their activities. Similar proportions consider them as an adverse or positive influence,although those who prefer to not see wind farms often outweigh those who like them. There are nodata available to show that a dislike of wind farms has resulted in a reduction in tourism activity atrelevant locations.Only Kanuka Wilderness Hunting offers a service which depends on an expectation of some degree ofremoteness. While there is no true recreational ‘wilderness’ setting in Puketoi area, hunters at Kanukawould most likely expect to experience a setting with limited evident development. The majority of theKanuka hunting area is on the west slopes of the Waewaepa Range, from where the wind farm will notbe visible. However, the property extends into the eastern face of the Range from where the turbineswill be visible from a distance of just over 4.5 kms. While the turbines will not be a dominant aspect ofthe view from this distance, they will clearly be obvious and this is likely to reduce the ‘remote’ qualityof the commercial hunting experience for some clients.Effects on horse trekking (commercially offered by Timeless Horse Treks) will relate to only a part ofthe total trekking experience and should have very little effect on multi day treks offered in the area.Evidence presented at the Waitahora wind farm hearing (see (Decision [2010] NZEnvC 406)) indicatedno effects of turbines or heavy traffic on horses or equestrian activities. Veterinarian opinions inrelation to trekking near other proposed wind farms reinforce this conclusion (Greenaway 2008).Hegley Acoustic Consultants (2011) identifies the degrees of audibility of the turbines. The 35dB and40dB noise contours extend into the Puketoi and Coonoor Stewardship Areas. This creates thepotential for a reduction in the ‘natural quiet’ in those settings. The Coonoor reserve has little if anyrecreational use and hunting is the main use of the Puketoi reserves. There is no indication that theturbines would reduce the ability to hunt, but there would be some diminution in the quality of the‘remote’ experience. Conversely, the ability to view the turbines from these public settings mayincrease demand for reserve access. This would need to be monitored over time as part of theDepartment of Conservation’s standard recreation management procedures, and may be a recreationand tourism development opportunity.Generally, the turbines along the Puketoi ridge will be visible from many viewpoints in the Makuri /Pongaroa area. The degrees of visibility are reviewed in Brown (2011). Key sites of interest, such asPipinui Waterfall Reserve are well-sheltered by vegetation, and views of turbines would not be anissue. Views from the Makuri Gorge would be intermittent and generally screened by vegetation andintervening landforms. However, Brown (2011) states (section 6.7):... it is also acknowledged that the Puketoi Range is an important local landmark thatcontributes to the general identity and sense of place associated with the valleys and foothillsboth sides of the Range. The proposed wind farm would be a disruptive, at times intrusive,feature atop the Range – especially so in relation to views from within the Puketoi Gorge andPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 24Rob Greenaway & Associates

in the vicinity of parts of Towai Road, Range Road and perhaps even Pahiatua-PongaroaRoad. As such, when viewed from these and other close-up locations – for the most part,directly east of the Range – it is anticipated that the proposed development would have aclearly recognisable and adverse impact on the aesthetic coherence of the Puketoi Range.By extension, the proposal would also erode some of the aesthetic value and pleasantnessassociated with the wider rural environment. Indeed, it is expected that the proposed turbineswould have an impact on the rural ambience and values of that environment stretching as fareastwards as the margins of Pongaroa, but that, as with landscape effects, this diminution ofvalues would correlate very strongly with the level of exposure to the Puketoi Range atpresent. Such exposure remains highly variable beyond the first tier of farm properties andnear parts of both Pahiatua-Pongaroa Road and Towai Road....The visibility of the Puketoi Range from specific tourism operations has not been individuallyassessed. Where the Range forms a substantial part of the view from accommodation, there may besome adverse amenity effects, but these will operate at the personal level – some people like windfarms and some do not. As indicated by Stephenson and Ioannou (2010) there is a high level ofsupport by New Zealanders for wind farms generally. There is the potential for the site of turbines froma holiday or temporary accommodation to be seen as a novelty or as a loss of landscape value.At a regional level, there is likely to be no effect on recreation or tourism. At the local level, andconsidering the high landscape value of the Puketoi Range (as described in Brown 2011), there maybe some stated dissatisfaction by recreational visitors to the area. However, considering the high levelof support for wind farms generally, any adverse changes in tourism activity generally will be at themargins of measurement. Some clients at Kanuka Wilderness Safari, who are expecting a ‘wilderness’experience (even though the setting is far from true wilderness) may be disappointed by the site ofturbines from part of the Kanuka property.There is likely to be some interest in viewing the wind farm from local roads. Accordingly, Mighty RiverPower has suggested including pull-over / look-out areas be installed at appropriate locations (to beconfirmed following further consultation with Tararua District Council).5.2.2 MitigationsDue to the low level of recreational use of the Puketoi and Coonoor reserve areas, mitigations, if theywere possible, would afford little advantage for recreation at the local level. There are no otherreserves areas with sufficient views of the turbines to require any local mitigations.Local screening of views of turbines from accommodation providers may be a possibility, but thiswould be a personal decision and not required as a standard response to the proposal for tourismreasons.Views of turbines from the eastern-most part of the Kanuka Wilderness Hunting property are unlikelyto be mitigated.5.3 Transmission routeThe sight of transmission lines is common in many parts of New Zealand, and in areas with very highlandscape and tourism values, such as the Desert Road. None of the settings through which thetransmission corridor pass are of sufficiently high landscape value for tourism to suggest that theywould have any effects on recreation and tourism values. Transitory views will be possible fromseveral road crossings (Pahiatua Pongaroa Road, SH2, Balance Gorge Road, for example) and mayfrom part of the view from various vantage points (although none are important recreation settings).The route avoids any identified tourism operation. No effects on recreation and tourism are likely andno mitigations – beyond those already factored into the route chosen – are required since the potentialfor adverse effects on recreation and tourism are very limited.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 25Rob Greenaway & Associates

5.4 Cumulative effectsContact Energy’s consented Waitahora wind farm is planned to be located at the north-western tip ofthe Puketoi Range. The location and scale of cumulative effect of Waitahora is reviewed in Brown(2011). Both the Puketoi and Waitahora wind farms are expected to merge into the one continuousfeature of the local landscape, rather than being seen as discrete developments.In the Environment Court decision on Waitahora (Decision [2010] NZEnvC 406), there was noreference to tourism or recreation values. If there were any effects on these values, they did not formpart of the reported decision-making process.Construction of both wind farms will extend the period and scale of effects on tourism and recreationtraffic. However, considering the scale of recreation activity in the area, net effects are likely to besmall in scale and only locally felt.Operational issues will relate to compounding visibility and noise issues. There should be no greatereffects than those which are discrete to each proposal.5.5 Summary of effectsAt the regional level, the Puketoi wind farm, once operational is likely to have no measurable effect onrecreation or tourism activity. The Kanuka Wilderness Hunting operation may encounter some clientdisappointment from turbine views from part of their property.Construction traffic is limited to roads of relatively low importance for recreation and tourism traffic,although there may be some temporary adverse effects on the enjoyment of the Makuri Gorge area.The potential exists to provide tourism benefit by better marketing Route 52 as a travelling route, usingthe wind farm as an attraction (along with others proposed for the area). The degree of effort shouldreflect the degree of interest in the opportunity to increase local visitor traffic. Roadside viewing areasand signs may need to be developed for road safety and to provide for interested visitors.Consideration may need to be given to enhancement to access to the Coonoor and Puketoi reserveareas if an increased demand for access to view the turbines becomes apparent. Or, this opportunitycould be pursued as a recreation enhancement.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 26Rob Greenaway & Associates

6 ReferencesAitchison, C. 2004. Evidence gathering of the impact of wind farms on visitor numbers and tourist experience.Geography Research Unit, University of West England for North Devin Wind Power.Brown, S. 2011. Puketoi Wind Farm Project Landscape & Visual Impact Assessment. Client report for MightyRiver Power by Brown NZ LtdBritish Wind Energy Association, 2006. The impact of wind farms on the tourist industry in the UK. Prepared bythe British Wind Energy Association For the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Tourism.Department of Conservation, 1996. Wellington Conservation Management Strategy. Department of Conservation,Wellington.Dialogue Consultants, 2011. Puketoi Social Impact Assessment. Client report for Mighty River Power by BrownNZ LtdDonald, D. 2005. Footprint New Zealand. Footprint.Donald, D. 2009. Footprint New Zealand. Footprint.Eltham, D., Harrison, G.P., Allen, S.J. 2008. Change in public attitudes towards a Cornish wind farm: Implicationsfor planning. Energy Policy 36 (2008) 23–33.FERMATA, 2005. Experiential tourism strategy for the Kansas Flint Hills. Kansas Division of Travel and TourismDevelopment. Topeka, Kansas.Glasgow Caledonian University. 2008. The economic impacts of wind farms on Scottish tourism. Report for theScottish GovernmentGreenaway, R. 2008 Meridian Energy Project Hayes Proposed Wind Farm Recreation and Tourism Assessmentof Effects. Client report for Meridian EnergyInsight Guides, 2004. Insight Guides New Zealand. APA Publications.Insight Guides, 2007. Insight Guides New Zealand. APA Publications.Kent, J.2006.North Island, Trout Fishing Guide. Reed Publishing (NZ) Ltd.Lonely Planet, 2008. Lonely Planet Guide to New Zealand. Lonely Planet.Lonely Planet, 2010. Lonely Planet Guide to New Zealand. Lonely Planet.Ministry of Economic Development. Commercial Accommodation Monitor (CAM).http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/Data--Analysis/Accommodation/Commercial-Accommodation-Monitor/. Dec 2010MORI, 2002. Tourist Attitudes towards Wind Farms. Research Study Conducted for Scottish Renewables Forum& the British Wind Energy AssociationNew Zealand Conservation Authority, 2003. New Zealand’s Walkways. Department of Conservation, Wellington.New Zealand Speleological Society Inc, 2002. New Zealand Speleological Society Handbook. NZSS, WaitomoCaves.New Zealand Tourism Strategy Group, 2007. The Tourism Flows Model Summary Document. NZTSG, Ministry ofEconomic DevelopmentNew Zealand Tourism Strategy Group, 2010. Online: The Ministry of Economic Development tourism researchwebsite. TRCNZ, Wellington. http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/NFO System Three, 2002. Investigations into the potential impact of wind farms on tourism in Scotland.VisitScotland.NFO System Three, 2003. Investigations into the potential impact of wind farms on tourism in Wales. WalesTourist Board.QA Research, 2005. Cumbria Tourist Board wind farm visitor impart research. Research completed for theCumbria Tourist BoardPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 27Rob Greenaway & Associates

RBA Research, 2002. Lambrigg Wind Farm – Public Attitude Survey. Report prepared for National Wind PowerLtd.Star Consultants, 2003. A Study into the Attitudes of Visitors, Tourists and Tourism Organisations towards WindFarms on the Boundaries of the Lake District National Park. Report for Friends of the Lake District. , LeedsMetropolitan University.Statistics New Zealand, 2011. Commercial Accommodation Monitor. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.Stephenson, J. Ioannou, M. 2010. Social Acceptance of Renewable Electricity Developments in New Zealand. Areport for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority, Centre for the Study of Agriculture, Food andEnvironment, University of OtagoTEAM. 2011. Mighty River Power Puketoi Wind Farm Transportation Assessment. Client report for Mighty RiverPower by Traffic Engineering & Management LtdToke, D. 2005. Explaining wind power planning outcomes: Some findings from a study in England and Wales.Energy Policy 33 (2005) 1527–1539Tourism Research Council, 2007. The Tourism Flows Model Summary Document. TRC, Ministry of EconomicDevelopmentTourism Research Council, 2010. On-line: The Ministry of Tourism research website. TRCNZ, Wellington.http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/ . Note, as of mid 2010 these data are no longer available on-line.Tourism Research Council, 2010a. On-line: The Ministry of Economic Development tourism research website.TRCNZ, Wellington. http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/Tourism Research Council, 2011. On-line: The Ministry of Economic Development tourism research website.TRCNZ, Wellington. http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/UMR Research, 2007. Meridian Energy - Wind Farm Research. Research report for Meridian Energy.Unwin, M.J., Image, K. 2009. Angler usage of lake and river fisheries managed by Fish and Game New Zealand:results from the 20071/08 National Angling Survey. NIWA Christchurch.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 28Rob Greenaway & Associates

7 Appendix 1: International research on wind farms, tourism andrecreationThis appendix reviews the findings of international research into the effects of wind farm developmenton tourism. This review provides an important foundation for this assessment, due to the influence ontourism and recreation of the operation of the proposed wind farm being limited to visual effects.7.1 United KingdomIt is appropriate to reference studies completed in Scotland and England because they includemembers of the same European tourism market that New Zealand relies on, in part, and have beencarried out in an area which bases much of its tourism product on relatively natural landscape settings.The equivocal and contingent responses to the surveys in Scotland match the little research that hasbeen completed in New Zealand. There is a mix of reactions to wind farms from a tourism perspective,but the trend is generally neutral, and there are often positive elements.In a survey of 307 visitors to Argyll in Scotland (MORI, 2002) – where 83% of respondents noted thelandscape and countryside of the area as ‘of particular interest’ – of the 49% who had seen a windfarm in the area, 15% reported they had a ‘completely positive effect’, 28% reported a ‘generallypositive effect’, 43% reported an ‘equally positive and negative effect’, 7% reported a ‘generallynegative effect’, and 1% a ‘completely negative effect’. Four percent noted that the wind farms wouldmake them more likely to visit again, 91% reported that they would make no difference and 2%reported that the wind farms meant it was less likely that they would visit again.Similarly, a 2004 study by the University of West England into a proposed wind farm in North Devon(Aithchison, 2004), based on interviews with 379 ‘day visitors and tourists’, reported that the majorityof respondents (58%) thought that wind farms had no overall impact on the tourism experience, afurther 18% reported that they had a positive effect on the tourism experience, and 15% reported anegative effect. The report conclusion was no overall negative impact on tourism numbers, no overalldetrimental effect on the tourist experience, and no overall decline in tourism expenditure.NFO System Three (2002) completed a meta-data analysis, and a survey of 180 domestic, nationaland international tourists to Scotland for VisitScotland into the potential impact of wind farms ontourism in Scotland, and in 2003 a similar study for the Wales Tourism Board (NFO System Three,2003). Findings for the Scotland study included:The Scottish research identified the emotive nature of the whole issue of wind farmdevelopment. Amongst the trade bodies interviewed, the majority were either positivelydisposed towards wind farm development, or at least conditionally so. Trade bodies who weremore negative tended to have very strong reasons for this opinion.In Wales, most trade body representatives were, in principle, supportive of renewable energyand the development of wind farms. However, the general view was that wind farms should bevery carefully sited and not in areas which were deemed to be particularly ‘sensitive’ to theirdevelopment. There were variations in the explanation of what constituted a ‘no-go area’ withsome organisations more explicit than others in their definition. Nevertheless, there wasgeneral consensus that they should be located outside of designated areas (e.g. NationalParks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Sites of Special Scientific Interest) and inareas in which the visual and environmental impacts would be minimised. In the absence ofany research in Wales that has attempted to quantify the impacts of wind farms on tourists,most respondents found it difficult to assess these types of impacts. Amongst those who didprovide an opinion most believed that the impacts on tourism were negligible although theseviews were based on anecdotal evidence.Welsh tourism operators did not report any adverse effects from existing wind farms, but somewere worried about their development would may impact on those returning to the area in thefuture.Amongst visitors to Scotland, the picture was mixed with a large proportion commenting onthe visual intrusion on the landscape. The visual impact represented the main concern withPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 29Rob Greenaway & Associates

38% of visitor respondents reporting that wind farms ‘spoiled the scenery’. Most otherrespondents felt that the visual intrusion of wind farms needed to be taken account when theywere being sited. When asked for their overall views on wind farm development, the majorityof visitor respondents – over three quarters – were either positive or at least neutral towardswind farm development. At the same time, a significant minority (21%) of visitors held muchmore negative views towards wind farm development. These figures were almost identical inthe Welsh study.The majority of visitors respondents were at least ‘conditionally positive’ towards wind farmdevelopment from a tourism perspective. The use of the term ‘conditionally positive’ wasconsidered important in terms of wind farm development and its impact on tourism. Only arelatively small proportion of visitors were positive towards wind farm development without anyconditions. A much larger proportion were more likely to qualify their acceptance usingphrases such as ‘it depends’, ‘so long as’, and ‘provided that’ in their responses.Most of these conditions related to the siting of the wind farms and a recognition that, for mostpeople, they are seen as being visually intrusive. Consequently, a common theme amongstboth the trade and visitors was that wind farms should not be sited in or near designated areasof outstanding scenery. In addition, there was a consensus amongst visitors that, whereverpossible, wind turbines should not be located in or near popular ‘tourist areas’.There was a feeling amongst visitors that wind farms held some appeal at the time because oftheir ‘novelty value’. For most visitors, it was fairly unusual to see a turbine or a wind farm inthe countryside (as it is currently in New Zealand) and therefore when they were seen, theyheld a degree of curiosity. This suggests that there could be a danger of cumulativedevelopment of wind farms throughout the countryside where one of their present appeals –uniqueness and the fact that they are unusual, is lost. The issue of the preferred sizes andscales of individual wind farm developments from the tourism industry point of view moredifficult to determine. Whilst the trade were more likely to prefer the idea of a smaller numberof larger wind farm developments, visitors were rather more likely to choose the option of alarger number of smaller scale developments. It would appear however that the largestproportion of visitors would prefer to not see any wind farms at all when in the Scottishcountryside.A preference for a larger number of small scale developments, rather than a smaller numberof large scale developments was considered to probably be based on the feeling that if theyhad to see any wind farms at all, the smaller and less intrusive the development, the better.Attitudes towards wind farms tended to be slightly more positive amongst those who hadactually seen and experienced them than amongst those who had not done so Seventypercent of those in the Scottish study who had seen wind farms thought they made nodifference to their experience, versus 54% for those who had not seen them. This suggestedthat the perceived negative associations with wind farms – visual and noise pollution – areless problematic amongst those respondents who have actually seen them in situ. Manyopinions were reported to have been based on, “rumour and often misinformation”.In the Scottish study as many as 26% of visitors claimed that they would be less likely to visita specific site, based on mock-ups of wind farm developments, if a wind farm was developedthere in future. One percent would be more likely to return, and 70% claimed that it wouldmake no difference. The report authors noted that it would be difficult to determine the extentto which this would actually be the outcome of a wind farm development, although it offersevidence that specific developments would be likely to result in a reduction in the number ofvisits made by the existing visitor markets. This again illustrates that from a tourismperspective, the siting of wind farms is particularly crucial.In the Welsh study the largest proportion of respondents claimed that it would make nodifference to their likelihood to take holidays in the Welsh countryside if the number of windfarms increased (68%). A further 9% claimed that any impact would be minimal. On the otherhand, a significant minority would be affected: 11% would ‘steer clear of the area’ and 2%would be ‘less likely to come back’. This would tend to suggest that a wind farm developmentcould have a negative impact on future visits – none of the respondents replied that theywould be more likely to return for examplePuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 30Rob Greenaway & Associates

The NFO System Three report authors (2002) stated that their research had highlighted a mix ofdifferent messages and conditions related to wind farm development in relation to tourism. This madea:general, all-encompassing tourism policy fairly impractical. Most respondents, both on thetrade and consumer sides, felt that each case should be judged on its own merits rather thanattempting to define an overall policy which suggested that VisitScotland was either ‘for’ or‘against’ wind farm development. Therefore, our recommendation would be to devise a policywhich was set within the overall context of the recognition of the importance of sustainabilityand renewable energies but which would allow judgement on individual wind farmapplications, taking account of all of the key factors and elements indicated.An important finding of the NFO System Three surveys was respondents’ identification of facilitieswhich detracted or enhanced their visitor experience. The value in this question set was that it wasasked before respondents were aware that the survey was targeted at wind farms. Table 4summarises the results:Table 4: Proportion of Respondents claiming that each facility/development detracted orenhanced the experience (% of n=180). NFO System Three (2002 and 2003)Scotland % of n=180 Wales % of n=266Facility or development Detracted Enhanced Detracted EnhancedElectricity pylons and wires 51 1 48 1Mobile telephone masts 35 2 37 2Quarries 33 7 30 15Planted, geometric forestry 32 32 28 29Wind farms and turbines 29 18 23 17Telephone wires and poles 29 2 25 3Hydro electric and other power stations 22 19 24 9Fish farms 20 21 6 18Hydro electric dams 12 7 6 40Electricity pylons rated well above wind turbines as adverse features, and had very few respondentsciting them as enhancing the experience. Wind turbines were more equivocal, of less concern thangeometric forestry and as much a detraction as telephone poles and wires.Research carried out by QA Research (2005) of 449 visitors to Cumbria into the potential to developadditional wind farms in the area, reported that to 86% of visitors, more wind farms in Cumbria wouldmake no difference to their visit frequency. Ten percent would visit less often and 1% would not visit atall. With regard to the statement, ‘I would avoid an area of countryside if I knew there was a wind farmthere’, 77% disagreed or strongly disagreed and 19% agreed or strongly agreed. However, 71%indicated an extra wind farm would make no difference when visiting the district; 28% thought it wouldbe an additional attraction; 79% indicated it would not reduce their enjoyment on visits; and 91%indicated it would not discourage them from visiting. Seventy-five percent of respondents had priorexperience of wind farms in Cumbria, and unfortunately the study report does not indicate theresponse differences between those who had and had not experienced a wind farm.RBA Research (2002) completed 234 face-to-face interviews with residents near the Lambrigg Fellwind farm in Cumbria. They found that 71% of respondents thought that the wind farm had no effecton the number of people visiting the area, 14% said they didn’t know what the impact had been and11% believed that the number of visitors to the area had increased. Three percent thought that visitornumbers had declined.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 31Rob Greenaway & Associates

Star Consultants (2003) – a group of undergraduate students from Leeds Metropolitan University –completed face-to-face interviews with 147 visitors to the Lake District for Friends of the Lake District.In relation to visits to Kirby Moor in the Lakes District, 79% of respondents were neither encouragednor discouraged to visit that area as a result of the wind farm, and equal numbers of respondents(7.5%) were encouraged and discouraged. In relation to Lambrigg Fell – another wind farm area – theneutral group was even larger – 84%. In response to the potential for increasing the number of windfarms in the Lake District, 75% of respondents stated it would make no difference to their visitfrequency, 22% stated they would visit less frequently and 2% would be encouraged to visit.The students also interviewed 30 ‘tourism organisations’ in the Lakes District, including the RamblersAssociation. Their report includes analysis of the results by subgroup (such as B&Bs and museums),but as each subgroup was quite small (three B&Bs for example), this detailed analysis is unlikely to berepresentative. In relation to the Kirby Moor wind farm, all businesses noted that it had had no effecton their operations (only the Ramblers considered it a negative effect). The same results applied toLambrigg Fell and the proposed wind farm at Wharrels Hill. Almost three-quarters of businessessupported the concept of wind farm visitor centres, and those who did not felt they would becompetition for their businesses.In 2008 the Scottish Government released an analysis of the economic impacts of wind farms onScottish tourism undertaken by Glasgow Caledonian University (2008). This study was based oninternational literature review, intercept surveys with almost 400 visitors to areas in Scotland with windfarms, and an internet-base response survey.The literature review found:There is often strong hostility to developments at the planning stage on the grounds of thescenic impact and the perceived knock-on effect on tourism. However developments in themost sensitive locations [which is taken to mean, locations where tourism values are directlydependent on existing visual amenity values] do not appear to have been given approval sothat where negative impacts on tourism might have been a real outcome there is, in practice,little evidence of a negative effect.There is a loss of value to a significant number of individuals but there are also some whobelieve that wind turbines enhance the scene.An established wind farm can be a tourist attraction in the same way as a hydro-electric powerstation. This was considered to be only true whilst a visit remains a novel occurrence.In Denmark, a majority of tourists regard wind turbines as a positive feature of the landscape.Over time hostility to wind farms lessens and they become an accepted even valued part ofthe scenery. Those closest seem to like them most.Overall there is no evidence to suggest a significant negative economic impact of wind farmson tourists.In relation to the effects of wind farms on visitor intentions to return to Scotland, the intercept survey byGlasgow Caledonia University (2008) found:Under all circumstances [the respondent having seen a real wind farm, having seen a photomontageof a local landscape before and after the creation of an existing wind farm, andseeing a photo-simulation of an expanded existing wind farm] the vast majority (93-99%) ofthose who had seen a wind farm suggested that the experience would not have any effect.Indeed there were some tourists for whom the experience increased the likelihood of returnrather than decreasing it. The assessed change in likelihood combines both decreases(negative impacts) and increases (positive impacts). In the second case (no farm to currentlevels [that is, when viewing a ‘before and after’ photo-montage of an existing wind farm]) thenet result of these changes in intentions at both the area level and nationally is relatively small,and in almost all cases is not significantly different from zero in a statistical sense.However when the farm was extended respondents became significantly more negative. ThePuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 32Rob Greenaway & Associates

extended development scenario at the area level shows a small but statistically significant (atthe 10% level) fall of 2.5% in the likelihood of revisiting an area and just under 0.5% fall in thelikelihood of revisiting Scotland.The result at first sight seems to stand at odds to the result from the internet survey, where itappeared that once there was an intrusion into the scenery, the effect on the value of thelandscape of expanding the size is relatively small. It is believed that this discrepancy may beexplained by the difference between stated and revealed actions. The extended photos usedin the intercept study were theoretical developments. Again those who did not like the idea ofwind farms were given the opportunity to register a “protest vote” by threatening to withdraw ifit proceeded. Because of the context this protest was far lower than in some other studies butit would appear to exist. Consequently it is our view that the identified change should beviewed as the maximum response that might be expected.The report concluded a reduction in ‘general tourism expenditure’ at four study areas of between 1.3%and 1.7% as a result of wind farm development. The total loss for Scotland was estimated at 0.1%.However, this was considered a ‘worst case scenario’ as it was based on responses to extendingexisting wind farms where a statistically significant result was noted, and did not include the potentialpositive effects of wind farm tourism. The authors also reported:andThe intercept study possibly overstates the likely negative responses because they werebased on hypothetical extensions and were out of line with the marginality findings of theinternet study. It is believed that there is an inherent possibility of a protest vote against windfarms which is not matched by similar responses from supporters.The development will happen over a number of years and both the market and tourists arelikely to in part adjust to meet the new challenges.In 2008 four researchers from the Centre for the Study of Environmental Change and Sustainabilityand the School of Engineering and Electronics at the University of Edinburgh (Eltham et al 2008)compared residents’ perceptions of a Cornish wind farm (Carland Cross) based on their recall of thetheir opinions prior to its construction in 1991 and after living near the farm up to 2006. The photo“Carland Cross wind farm viewed from St. Newlyn East. Many residents cansee the turbines from their property.” Source: Eltham et al 2008.below shows an example of the proximity to residences. A sample size of 100 respondents wassought and achieved.Findings included:The overall proportion of the population of St. Newlyn East finding the wind farm visuallyattractive changed from 6% to 40%. A total of 10% (±5.9%) of the population thought that thePuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 33Rob Greenaway & Associates

visual intrusion of the wind turbines was greater after the wind farm was constructed than theyhad expected while 8% (±5.3%) thought that the visual impact was less intrusive.A total of 59% of the population recalled anticipating that, in 1991, the wind farm would bringno positive environmental, social or economic impact to St. Newlyn East. By 2006 thisproportion reduced by 37% (±16%) to 22%.There was no statistically reliable change in the perception about the positive or negativeeffects of the wind farm on tourism. The authors noted: “If socio-institutional factors instigatedthe lower levels of acceptance seen in 1991 compared with 2006, it is interesting that thenumber of residents remembering being concerned about the impact of Carland Cross onlocal tourism is negligible. This is despite the prominence of tourism within the Cornisheconomy (Lang, 2004) and the importance of the promotion of the ‘‘unique and beautifulnatural environment’’ (South West Tourism, 2007) as a pull factor for potential visitors. St.Newlyn East, however, has no significant tourist accommodation or facilities, which Toke(2005) 10 found to be an important requirement in a settlement for significant concern to ariseabout impacts on tourism from local wind farms.In 1997 Robertson Bell Associates (RBA) wascommissioned by National Wind Power Limited to conductan independent survey among the residents living near tothe 20 turbine Welsh Taff Ely wind farm, Mid Glamorgan,with 336 interviews completed among people living within atwo mile radius of the turbines. 11More than three in five local people supported the windfarm, which could be seen by more than 70% of the peoplequestioned. More thought it made the scenery moreinteresting than spoilt the scenery. Findings of the surveyincluded:More than three in five (63%) said they supportedthe Taff Ely wind farm, including 28% who saythey strongly support it. Only 4% said theyopposed the wind farm. The remainder (32%) said'no opinion either way'.More than three in four (78%) were able to mentionat least one way in which the Taff Ely wind farmhad benefited the local area, with 8% saying therewere no benefits.Taff-ElySeven in ten residents (71%) identified nodrawbacks with the wind farm, (49% said Taff Ely wind farm had no negative effects on thelocal area and a further 22% said 'don't know'). Of those who identified drawbacks, the mostcommonly mentioned was the visual impact of the wind farm, spontaneously mentioned by18%. Other than visual impact, no further drawbacks were mentioned by more than 4% ofrespondents.On being asked how they thought the wind farm fitted into the countryside, more residentssaid 'it makes the scenery more interesting' (29%) than said 'it spoils the scenery' (17%). Half(51%) described it as 'all right'. Of the turbines themselves, more described them as 'graceful'(20%) than described them as 'ugly' (14%) with most (63%) saying they are 'all right'.In terms of the number of people visiting the area, a majority (68%) said the wind farm had noeffect. Many more respondents said visitor numbers had increased, however, than said theyhad decreased (15% and 1% respectively).10 Toke (2005) offers a review of English and Welsh planning outcomes in relation to wind farms.11 See: http://www.bwea.com/ref/taffely.htmlPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 34Rob Greenaway & Associates

Whitelee is Europe’s largest onshore wind farm and is well-developed as a visitor destination, located“20 minutes from Glasgow”. More than 120,000 visitors were recorded in 2010. The site featuresapproximately 90kms of cycling track, an interactive science display and cafe (below). 127.2 SpainThe following is drawn from NFO System Three (2003):12 http://www.whiteleewindfarm.co.uk/Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 35Rob Greenaway & Associates

“Consultations with representatives from organisations in Spain were undertaken to gather knowledgeand experiences from a country with a substantial amount of wind farm development.There are around 40.2 million people living in Spain in an area of 504,782 square km. InDecember 2002 there were 261 wind farms in Spain. These developments produce 5,060 MWelectricity, which is ca 0.5% of the total amount of energy produced in Spain. The aim is toincrease the production to 5% in 2011.Spain has the largest wind power capacity and market in the world, after Germany and theUnited States. The three countries, together with Denmark account for more than 80% of totalinstalled wind power capacity.The development of wind farms in Spain has grown rapidly and yet several independentstudies have shown that wind farms have not had any effect on tourism in Spain, neither forinland nor coastal tourism. However there are certain places in Spain that are near theirsaturation point in terms of wind farm development, but those are not areas of particularimportance for tourism.There have been a few examples of positive effects on tourism from wind farms, where a newtype of tourism, so called ‘green tourism’ is being established when an area is promoted bysustainable energy sources. This involves, amongst other things, hotels run only by renewableenergy and examples of this kind of development can be found on the Canary Islands.Generally, there seems to be a lack of knowledge and misinformation about the effects of windfarms on tourism businesses. This is especially thought to be the case in Catalonia, where alarger number of businesses and residents are opposing wind farms, although they aresituated in very remote parts of the area. Therefore, the Spanish organisations consulted,stressed the importance of education and information about wind farms and their impact onbusinesses as well as for local communities.The example of Navarra was also mentioned, where a large proportion of Spain’s wind farmsare located. Wind farms have been developed in the area but in places far away fromcommunities, where they are thought to cause little disturbance. At the same time, the numberof houses in the rural part of the region has increased and local people are educated aboutwind farms and other types of renewable energy sources. The aim is to make as many ruralcommunities as possible self-sustainable with renewable energies and thus facilitate thedevelopment of tourism and other industries. This process is thought to minimize theabandoning of rural areas, especially of young people, which is a significant social problem inSpain.”7.3 AustraliaAt the close of 2008, there were 50 wind farms in Australia, with a total of756 operating wind turbines. The total operating wind generating capacityat the end of 2008 was 1,300 megawatts (MW) providing 1.3% ofAustralia's national electricity demand. South Australia has more thanhalf of the nation's wind power capacity, providing about 15% of theState’s electricity needs. Victoria also has a sizeable system, with largeproposals for expansion. 13The Australian Wind Energy Association has released several papers onCodringtonwind farms and tourism. 14 In these papers, it is clear that many windfarms receive high visitor numbers, and that some operators have benefited from running commercialtours. Codrington, for example, attracts an estimated 50,000 visitors per year (not all on commercialtours). Likewise, other wind farms – including those at Esperance (Ten Mile Lagoon), Albany, theAtherton Tablelands, Woolnorth in Tasmania, Crookwell in New South Wales and Toora in NSW – allattract high numbers of visitors. The novelty factor of the turbines appears to have been evident at allsites, with the number of visitors reported to be dropping off over time.13 http://www.westwind-energy.com.au/downloads/CFS4Tourism.pdf14 See: http://www.auswind.org/auswea/index.htmlPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 36Rob Greenaway & Associates

The Windy Hill wind farm in Atherton was reported by the Association to have been visited by 30,000cars in the first three months of operation. The Albany farm was reported to have 100,000 visitors in2003. All sites are reported to be part of commercial tourism itineraries. The Ten Mile Lagoon windfarm in Western Australia with nine turbines was reported to have had 50,000 visitors in 2001. TheAlbany wind farm, also in WA, with 12 turbines was reported to have had 100,000 visitors in 2004.In 2001, an AusPoll study in Victoria and reported by the Australian Wind Energy Association 15showed that 94% of respondents described wind generators as “interesting” and 74% as “graceful”. Asubsequent survey showed that 36% of respondents were more likely to visit a coastal area if it had awind farm, while 55% said it would make no difference. Only 8% said it would deter them from visiting.The survey also showed that 95% of respondents supported the construction of more wind farms. Thisresult was again backed up in a national poll in 2003 which found that 95% support (27%) or stronglysupport (68%) building wind farms to meet Australia’s rapidly increasing demand for electricity.The National Trust of South Australia has worked with the Australian Wind Energy Association tocome up with an Energy Infrastructure (wind farms) Policy. With respect to cultural heritage, the policystates:‘State heritage places and areas, and local heritage places, zones or areas should beprotected from undesirable visual intrusion by energy infrastructure, including wind farms.Significant landscapes, scenic tourist routes, character streetscapes, vistas or panorama,regardless of whether the view is from public or private land, must be identified and protectedfrom visually intrusive energy infrastructure.’The industry recognises the difficulties in developing sensitive areas. Pacific Blue (developer of theCodrington and Portland wind farm projects), for example, reports that they avoid public landaltogether for wind farm developments, given the associated difficulties.Key lessons with regard to the Australian cases include:Albany 16The ‘novelty’ factor is significant, with many visitors wanting to ‘take a look’ at the newtechnology, but numbers are reported to be declining over time;Even within the tourism industry, views on the effects of wind farms on tourism differ. Forexample, while the Western Australia Tourism Commission supports wind farms, TourismVictoria is concerned about the potential impacts of the wind farm developments at Portlandand other areas;The majority of visitors to wind farms are ‘low yield’ sightseers who offer little income to thecommercial tourism industry.The Albany wind farm opened in 2001 with 12 turbines is located on public recreational land inWestern Australia on a coastal reserve, through which runs part of the well-known multi-day trek, theBibbulmun Track.About a century ago the site was zoned for a pine plantation, but trees were never planted. To allow awind farm development, the land was rezoned to allow for recreation, conservation and wind energydevelopment. The wind farm is listed as an attraction on www.Australia.com, and is on an establishedscenic drive route. Those intending to surf and fish pass through the reserve on the way to the sea,and walkers on the Bibbulmun Track pass by it. The reserve is also used for other activities includinghang gliding.The Bibbulmun Track is Western Australia’s only long distance walking trail. It has important Aboriginalheritage, natural and scenic values. In 1999/2000, an estimated 215,000 walking days were recordedon the track, the majority being short-term hikers undertaking one to three days of hiking.An employee of the Western Australia State Tourism Organisation reports that the wind farm hasbenefited tourism. The area is now visited more frequently and provides better access for users of the15 http://www.westwind-energy.com.au/downloads/CFS4Tourism.pdf16 See: http://www.westernpower.com.au/about_us/environment/renewable_energy/wind/renewable_wind_albany.htmlPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 37Rob Greenaway & Associates

eserve. The wind farm is not, however, the main focus of any commercial tourism operation.Western Power, the Albany Wind farm developers, had to ensure impact on the track-walkers wasminimal. The track was improved andmoved to accommodate the additionalwalkers who were expected to visit thissection (given improved road access).The turbines were placed in positions thathad the least visible impact on walkers. Astudy completed by Sinclair Knight Mertzsuggested that the opinions of trackwalkersdiffered significantly, with someseeing a complimentary connectionbetween the track and ‘natural’ energyproduction, and others being absolutelyopposed.The Department of Conservation andLand Management, the organisation thatmanages the track, has stated that apartfrom an increase in touristnumbers directly at Albany toview the wind farm, they didnot expect numbers tosignificantly change on thewhole of the track.AlbanyA Wind Discovery Centre atthe wind farm was opened in2004. According to the city’seconomic developmentmanager, John Berry, trafficcounters suggest aboutAlbany100,000 people visited thewind farm in 2003. The site has “the potential to be a premier WA tourism icon based on the sheersize of the structures and magnificent coastal setting…”. 17A national tourism promotional website states: 18This day trip to Albany is all about natural elements, and a trip to Albany's Wind Farm is aperfect way the end the day. Opened in October 2001, this wind farm is biggest of its kind inthe southern hemisphere. Many huge turbines are perched on the hillside, spinning vigorouslyin order to create electricity for 15 000 Albany homes with clean, green electricity. It's animpressive sight to see.Esperance wind farmsAlso in Western Australia is the Ten Mile Lagoon wind farm and Nine Mile Beach wind farm atEsperance, consisting of nine and six turbines respectively and developed in 1993. These farmsgenerate 22% of Esperance’s electricity supply. The nearby Salmon Beach wind farm was closed in2002 due to urban encroachment. The Ten Mile Lagoon site is located on an area zoned as a florareserve. To gain consent for the development, Western Power was required to rehabilitate other areasand become a vestee of the land with certain responsibilities in regard to conservation and landmanagement on behalf of the Crown. 19 The developer, Western Power, states:The remaining two Salmon Beach wind turbines, the Ten Mile Lagoon Wind Farm and the new17 Albany Advertiser 31/1/0318 http://thegreatoutdoors.com.au/display.php?location=WA&ID=296119 See: http://www.horizonpower.com.au/environment/renewable_energy/wind/wind_nine_mile.htmlPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 38Rob Greenaway & Associates

Nine Mile Beach Wind Farm are symbols of the town, which thousands of tourists visit everyyear.A 2001 study completed by Sinclair Knight Mertz, and reported on by the Australian Wind EnergyAssociation, 20 suggested the Salmon Beach and Ten Mile Lagoon wind farms were visited by 50,000people per year, with road counters to Ten Mile Lagoon registering 80 cars per day.Walkaway Wind FarmAlinta’s Walkaway Wind Farm, just south ofGeraldton in Western Australia was opened inAugust 2005 with 54 of the world’s largestturbines. The project is promoted by thedeveloper (Alinta) as:Aside from being a major boost tocleaner and cheaper electricity for theMid-West and South-West regions ofWestern Australia, the Alinta Wind Farmis already proving to be a major touristattraction. A car park and visitors'information booth is being constructedalongside one of the wind turbines togive visitors a close-up look at one ofAustralia's largest wind energyfacilities. 21Geraldton is a town of 100,000, with a backdrop of a range of hills that are operated as a privatelyownedsheep station. The land owner is a partner in the development proposes to revegetate therange and create a recreational park, owned by the community.The Northern Agricultural Catchements Council’s 2005 Regional Natural Resource ManagementStartegy described ‘industrial tourism’ in the area as a growth area:Tours of crayfish factories, Geraldton port, mines, farms, aquaculture ventures, technologicalsites (like the new Walkaway and Emu Downs wind farms) and other worksites are growing inpopularity and will continue to attract more visitors. 227.4 New ZealandSocial Acceptance of Renewable Electricity Developments in New ZealandWalkawayStephenson and Ioannou (2010) report on what influences the social acceptability of wind farms inNew Zealand. Their study did not address tourism and recreation issues directly, but considered, invery broad terms, what can influence the degree to which proposals for renewable energydevelopments are acceptable to communities and individuals.Various issues are reviewed by the study, such as whether the ‘not in my back yard’ or NIMBYsyndrome is a driver of concern and whether communities and individuals base their concerns on‘facts’ or ‘values’. None of this review indicates that wind farms or other forms of renewable energygeneration have real adverse effects on recreation or tourism. However, survey data about NewZealanders acceptance of wind energy generally are of interest. If wind farms are perceived as ‘badideas’ generally, then they are less likely to be acceptable as elements of the recreation and tourismlandscape. Results quoted, however, indicate that wind farms have the highest level of support at thenational level (over 80% ‘very supportive’ or ‘supportive’, when compared with other forms ofgeneration, Figure 10).20 See: http://www.thewind.info/downloads/tourism.pdf21 See: http://www.alinta.net.au/organisation/energy/windFarm.aspx22 See: http://www.nacc.com.au/default.asp?documentid=2Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 39Rob Greenaway & Associates

Figure 10: How supportive are you of the following energy sources/technologies to generate electricity forNew Zealand? (n=756). EECA Consumer Monitor Public Opinion Survey Oct-Dec 2009 (Synovate) inStephenson and Ioannou (2010)CoalOilGasWood energyGeothermal energyMarine energyVery supportiveSupportiveNeutralOpposedVery opposedDon't know enoughHydro energyWind energy0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Between 2004 and 2009 there was some change in the type of support for wind farms. While the levelof support remained the same at around 80%, there was some movement from ‘very supportive’ to‘supportive’, suggesting some conditionality about the support. There was also an increase in thenumber of respondents to the surveys who felt they didn’t know enough to have an opinion (Figure11). Margins of error are not stated in Stephenson and Ioannou (2010) and some of this change maymerely be statistical unreliabilityFigure 11: Public opinion on electricity generation from wind 2004 & 2009 (UMR Research2004 & Synovate 2009 for EECA) in Stephenson and Ioannou (2010)Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 40Rob Greenaway & Associates

Figure 12 shows results to questions relating to support for wind farms in New Zealand (also at the80% mark for ‘very supportive’ and ‘supportive’. Support declines when the farms could potentially bebuilt close to home, and is lowest when they could be heard from home. Interestingly, a small percent(5) would prefer to see a wind farm if it was within 2km of their home than not see it if it was at thesame distance.Figure 12: Responses to the question: How supportive are you of ...? EECA Consumer Monitor PublicOpinion Survey Oct-Dec 2009 (Synovate) in Stephenson and Ioannou (2010)Wind farms that youcan hear from yourhomeWind farms that youcan see from yourhomeWind farms within 2kms of your homeVery supportiveSupportiveNeutralNot supportiveNot supportive at allDon't knowWind farms in NZ0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%These data cannot be directly related to recreation and tourism effects, but indicate that amongst thedomestic recreation and tourism market, that there is a high level of support for wind farms as afeature of the New Zealand landscape generally.New Zealand electricity generation and tourismVisitor centres and tours of some hydro and geothermal stations in New Zealand illustrate thatdemand for educational information and tours exist, albeit on a small scale. Over time, the level ofinterest has stabilised, providing demand that makes the current services sustainable.Examples include Meridian Energy’s Benmore Centre, visited by over 6,000 people a year; andMeridian Energy’s underground Lake Manapouri Power Station with 45,000 visitors per year. Bothtours are contracted out to independent tourism companies.In the Manawatu, Destination Manawatu reports a positive effect of the turbines east of PalmerstonNorth, and a car park count showed 1200 vehicles at the Te Apiti wind farm visitor area in oneweekend in 2004. In comparison, the Manapouri Power Station has around 45,000 visitors annually,and Benmore Power Station 6000 – which is only a little fewer than the number of people who walkthe Heaphy Track each year.A ‘Construction Open Day’ for the White Hill wind farm in Southland organised by the local communityin February 2007 gained 5000 visitors to see construction underway. This raised $60,000. Thecombined population of the small nearby towns of Mossburn, Dipton and Lumsden is 750, so thepatronage figures indicate that people were willing to travel to see the development. From arecreational event perspective, the inaugural White Hill Wind farm Classic Bike Ride & Run 23 in 2009attracted some 540 competitors. As a result the organisers of this event are intending to make this an23 See: http://www.whitehillclassic.co.nz/Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 41Rob Greenaway & Associates

annual event.A UMR Research study (UMR 2007) completed for Meridian Energy in 2007, based on a telephonesurvey of 500 Otago residents, found:When asked to respond to the statement, ‘Wind farms can be tourist attractions’, 36% agreed,26% disagreed and the remainder were neutral.When asked to respond to the statement with regard to the Project Hayes proposal, ‘It wouldadversely impact the recreational value of the area’, 24% agreed and 27% disagreed.When asked to respond to the statement with regard to the Project Hayes Proposal, ‘It wouldbe a new attraction for locals and visitors to the region’, 33% agreed and 26% disagreed.In that same study, 14% of respondents were found to be opposed to the Project Hayes proposal, and2.9% of that group (two people) based that opposition on, ‘adverse impacts on recreational use ofland.ManawatuNo domestic longitudinal research into the effect of wind farms on tourism or recreation – pre and postwind farm construction – has been located. Difficulties arise where many factors may affect thesuccess of a tourism operation, and businesses come and go with and without wind farms in proximity.Figure 13, for example, shows monthly ‘guest night’ data for the Manawatu Regional TourismOrganisation (RTO) area compared with national ‘guest nights’, for the period January 2000 toOctober 2010 (MED 2010), with linear trend lines shown for both data sets. Wind farms have beenprominent on the Tararua Ranges since 1999, with their numbers progressively growing since(Tararua wind farm with 134 turbines, Te Rere Hau with 65 and Te Apiti with 55 turbines). TheManawatu RTO has shown a growth trend in guest nights over that time, with a recent softening in-linewith the national trend, which is correlated with the global recession.Figure 13: Monthly guest nights, Manawatu RTO and New Zealand, Jan 2000 – Oct 2010Manawatu RTO guest nightsNational guest nightsPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 42Rob Greenaway & Associates

The Footprint New Zealand Guide (Donaldson 2009) notes in relation to the Te Apiti and Tararua windfarms, “Well before arriving in Palmy you will no doubt have seen the small forest of white blades thatmake up the Te Apiti and Tararua Wind Farm on the ranges east of the town. With almost 200 turbinesit is one of the largest wind farm sites in the southern hemisphere and a great testimony to clean,renewable energy in New Zealand. It is well worth going to take a closer look and you can do so in theheart of the Te Apiti site via the town of Ashhurst .... If you do not have you own transport you can joina quad bike tour ....”The Tararua and Te Apiti wind farms are both sited on private farmland in areas that originally had nopublic access. The sites are still not open to the general public, although people do visit as far aspublic roads allow and, in the case of the Tararua wind farm, on commercial tours.The wind farm developments have reportedly boosted the Manawatu District’s economy by over $4million per year through additional tourism revenues 24 . Views of the wind farm have become part of theregion’s core image set and branding, and it is believed the wind farm has had a positive effect on theregion’s positioning as a tourism destination. The region’s tourism information website leads with thestatement: 25The Tararua region stretches from the ridges of theRuahine and Tararua ranges, to the shores of thePacific. Discover a relaxed lifestyle convenientlyclose to main centres. Great fishing, eco-tourismand adventure opportunities. Visit the world famousNational Wildlife Centre at Mount Bruce, view themajestic turbines of Tararua Wind Power and TeApiti, experience the tranquillity of a walk throughstunning native forests.Increased tourism has also been reported in the TararuaDistrict, especially in the small settlement of Balance.However, interviewees suggest the benefits are notthought to be anywhere near as high as in theManawatu.At this stage, only the Tararua wind farm is touredcommercially (by three operators). Taxi drivers are alsoreported to take visitors to the farm, but infrequently.Based on discussions with the operators and thePalmerston North Visitor Information Office, it is unlikelythat the number of visitors joining a commercial tourvisiting the wind farm is more than 2,500 per year.Almost half of these are on tours that have the windfarm as a secondary focus (the primary focus being analternative activity, such as horse trekking or quadbiking).Of note is group tourism to the Tararua wind farm. It isapparent that groups make up the largest share of thecommercial tours market to the wind farm – mainlydomestic, and those organised by education providers,student and Rotary bodies and special interest groups.From a tourism business viewpoint, the size of the commercial tourism opportunity created directly bythe wind farms is small. Indirectly, however, many people visit the wind farms on a self-drive basis andthese self-drivers do generate significant tourism revenue to the region in the way of indirectexpenditure.24 Destination Manawatu data25 http://www.tararua.com/Te ApitiTararuaPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 43Rob Greenaway & Associates

Soon after opening, the Te Apiti wind farm was visited by 170 cars on Sunday 15 August 2004.Estimates are that about 400 cars were visiting the site in the first few weeks of commissioning.Approximately 1200 vehicles visited the site in one weekend over the 2004 Christmas period (MeridianEnergy, pers comm.). Meridian Energy was surprised by the interest in the wind farm from thecommunity, and as a result, developed a large site for viewing and parking, with signage, reducing thehazard created by people stopping and looking from the public road. Local communities, such asAshhurst and Woodville have adopted imagery of the wind farm into cafes and school projects, and itappears on the cover of the 2006 Telecom white pages directory.Brooklyn wind turbineMeridian’s Brooklyn wind turbine, located on a high pointof Wellington, is comparatively small with an output of 225kilowatts.The turbine includes an interpretation facility, a large carpark and excellent views of the city, harbour and sea. Itreceives many visitors (estimates vary but conservatively,over 50,000 visitors per year – some say over 200,000)and is included in some sightseeing tours of the city.Members of the Wellington tourism industry interviewedfor the West Wind wind farm consent application notedthat the wind turbine is, in itself, not the key attraction ofthe site, but only an ‘identifier’ or a point of interest (TRC2007). The real attraction is believed to be the viewsoffered from the site, which is very convenient and hasexcellent car parking. After commissioning, the site washeavily patronised by locals. However, recent indicationsthat the turbine should be removed were generallyopposed, as reported in The Dominion Post (7.5.2010):Brooklyn turbine to stayThe people have spoken and the result is in – Brooklyn's original wind turbine will stay.The future of the country's first turbine was uncertain when machinery gave out about fivemonths ago, but public response as to what should happen was clear – almost.Last month, Meridian Energy asked Wellingtonians whether the turbine should be scrapped,repaired or replaced. Of 2600 votes in a Dominion Post poll, 44.4 per cent wanted the turbinerepaired, 40.4 per cent wanted it replaced and 15.2 per cent wanted it scrapped.Spokeswoman Claire Shaw said the decision on the 17-year-old turbine, the country's oldest,had been warmly received at the Meridian office, where 90 per cent of staff wanted it repairedor replaced.The 225-kilowatt experimental turbine, which cost $700,000, was erected by Electricorp. Itgenerated enough power for about 80 homes.Feedback had come from "far and wide", and showed overwhelming support for renewableenergy, and wind energy in particular.Ms Shaw said the repair bill of about $100,000 was cheaper than replacing the turbine. "It'sbeen a win all round."The Brooklyn turbine shows that the Wellington community will use an interpretation site, and doeshave an interest in wind energy.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 44Rob Greenaway & Associates

7.5 United StatesFlint Hills Region, KansasTallgrass prairie once covered more than 140 million acres of the United States. Now only about fourpercent remains, much of it in Kansas and the Flint Hills Region. Away from the roads and buildings,Flint Hills looks much like it did 10,000 years ago.A single major wind farm operates in Kansas, southwest of Dodge City, and another is planned foreast of Dodge City. Flint Hills remains attractive to developers due to existing transmission lines, andany development would not be in the most sensitive and pristine sections of Flint Hills, and some ofthe turbines would be on private land.FERMATA Inc, an international nature consulting group, was engaged to evaluate the economicimportance of the Tallgrass Prairie Region as a tourism attraction, and how this would be affected bywind farm developments (FERMATA 2005). 26 Key points of the case study included:Kansas’s public lands are important to the communities in terms of nature, culture andhistorical resources;The Tallgrass Prairie Region is one of the last ecosystems of its type;The Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve is 10,894 acres of rolling grassland located in theheart of the Flint Hills region;The General Management Plan of the Tallgrass National Preserve has the objective ofmaintaining open and unobstructed views;Kansas lacks powerful tourist attractions; the Flint Hills area is not yet a significant tourismattraction, but holds strong potential for ecotourism;The Flint Hills Byway is a scenic driving route through part of the Flint Hills region, passing theTallgrass National Preserve. The Byway Corridor Management Plan seeks to conserve theintrinsic resources of the route, and to increase accessibility to recreation areas;A comparison of economic projects of tourism versus wind farm development, suggesting inthe long term, a sustainable tourism economy will exceed the value of the short term revenuesrealised for turbine development;Other highly developed landscapes are more suitable to wind farm development.Development in the Flint Hills area would ‘forever destroy or diminish’ the attributes that makethe area special.FERMATA’s ‘compromise’ recommendations were (p31):Placement of wind turbines should be restricted so as to not detract from places of importantscenic beauty and heritage value. Potential areas that should be excluded from turbineplacement consideration are:National ParksState ParksNational Forest and GrasslandsHeritage AreasView shed buffers along recreational trailsView shed buffer zones along scenic bywayUntilled Tallgrass Prairie (one of the most unique and endangered ecosystems in theKansas Flint Hills region)Once areas of important scenic and heritage value have been identified, wind turbines shouldbe located where there are:26 http://www.fermatainc.com/kansas/index.htmlPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 45Rob Greenaway & Associates

North CarolinaExisting communication towersExisting transmission linesExisting industrial installationsOther forms of existing structuresThe following are guidelines provided by the North Carolina Sustainable Energy Association. Theseguidelines were also referred to in the FERMATA (2005) study of tourism in the Flint Hills: 27Placement of wind turbines should be restricted so as to not detract from places of importantscenic beauty. Potential areas that should be excluded from turbine placement considerationare:National ParksState ParksNational Forest landsView shed buffers along the Appalachian TrailView shed buffer zones along the Blue Ridge ParkwaySpruce-Fir Forest lands (one of the most unique and endangered ecosystems in theAppalachian region)Wind turbines should be located where there are:Existing communication towersExisting transmission linesOther forms of existing structuresIn relation to tourism, the North Carolina Sustainable Energy Association reported on a number of datasources common to this review:Large turbines have been found more often to be a positive influence on tourism. The BritishWind Energy Association notes that wind farms in the UK are popular tourist attractions, withthousands of people each year flocking to visit them. In Australia, the wind farms arehighlighted as one of the attractions for visitors amongst other historical and scenic points ofinterest. A Scottish study found that nine out of ten tourists visiting some of Scotland's topbeauty spots say the presence of wind farms makes no difference to the enjoyment of theirholiday, and twice as many people would return to an area because of the presence of a windfarm than would stay away. Yet another survey of more than 300 visitors to Argyll, Scotlandfound that 91% of visitors said the presence of wind farms in the area made no difference towhether they would return.27 See: http://www.ncsustainableenergy.org/resources/Why_Wind_and_Myths.pdf.Why Wind Power for North Carolina? A 2003 publication.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 46Rob Greenaway & Associates

8 Appendix 2: On-line literature search by location and activityNames searched: Coonoor, Haunui, Horoeka, Kaitawa, Kohiku, Kohinui, Korora, Kumeroa, Makuri, Makuri River, Motea, Mt Marchant, Pongaroa, Pori, Puketoi Range,Rakaunui, Route 52, Tane, Tiraumea, Toi Flat, Waewaepa Range, Waihoke Valley, Waimiro, Waione, Waipatiki, Waitahora, Weber.Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceCoonoorCoonoorAccommodationHuntingFarm stay……in return for work, you get meals and board. You work for 6 hours each day on whatever farm work I'mdoing on that day.. and you stay for freeFollow the Makuri/Pongaroa rd for about 30 mins and then you cross a little concrete bridge and come to a a crossroad. Straight ahead to the Makuri reserve, right to Makuri village, and left to Coonoor. Take the left. Follow this rd forabout 20 mins and then turn left (I think that its sign posted "makiaro track") at a cross rd.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 47Rob Greenaway & Associateshttp://www.nzbn.com/coonoor/http://www.fishnhunt.co.nz/forum/YaBB.cgi?action=print;num=1203146397Coonoor Walking Pipinui Scenic reserve on the Coonoor/Makuri Rd just 6 kms north of Makuri http://tararua.net/activities.htmlCoonoorCavingCAVING AT COONOOR … We started out at about 8.00 AM Sunday, heading to a cave at Coonoor called “P17”. Thisis about an hours drive east of Mangatainoka, through the Makuri gorge.http://www.pntmc.org.nz/newsletters/files/2002-06-01.pdfHaunui 4WD Ormondville to Tiraumea - Northern Wairarapa 4 x 4 Scenic WEEKEND http://www.tagalongtours.co.nz/trips.htmlHaunuiEventVisit Three Tiraumea Gardens Otapawa Haunui Road, Tiraumea, Gold Coin Donation, Ph 06 376 7250 ContactMarlene and Donald Robbie. Lovely expansive country garden, Picnics, walks, swimming, fishing and accommodationavailable. Dara's Garden Haunui Road, Tiraumea Cost Gold Coin Donation, Ph 06 376 7765, Contact Dara andDouglas Robbie Attractive smaller country garden to visit. Balmoral Garden State Highway 52, Tiraumea Cost GoldCoin Donation Ph 06 376 7226 Contact Viv and Ross White.Haunui Walking A series of heritage trails in the Wanganui / Manawatu area is known collectively as the Haunui TrailsHoroekaAccommodationGreat for Groups - Old School Lodge is in a former country school at Horoeka under the Puketoi Ranges and 2kmfrom the Waihi Falls and 45 mins east of DannevirkeHoroeka Scenic Coming up is the turn-off to the Waihi Falls at Horoeka, a spectacular waterfall that plummets into a deep poolHoroekaHoroekaKaitawaScenicScenicHeritageKohiku No entriesKohinuiMotorbikingNorth of Pongaroa on Route 52 is the turnoff for the picturesque Waihi Falls. Approximately 20 - 25 minutes of windygravel road will take you to Horoeka and the splendour of these falls where you may picnic under the shelter or take ashort walk to the base of the falls.There are two waterfalls that are worth a visit. Drive to the Waihi Falls at Horoeka and use the covered picnic tablesand toilet facilities.Kaitawa Bridge, several kilometres southeast of Pahiatua, is the only direct access point across the Tiraumea River toKaitawa and its associated rural area. The structure was completed in 1932 and is a representative steel through trussroad bridge with reinforced concrete deck and substructure.BUSH RIDERS MOTORCYCLE CLUB, Enduro Duncan Waughs Property, Surreydale Rd, Kohinui Pahiatua08/05/2011http://www.wonderwalkers.co.nz/default,2907,haunui-heritage-trail.smhttp://www.iwairarapa.co.nz/eventspast.htmhttp://www.travelbug.co.nz/manawatuwanganuiaccommodation/dannevirke/lodges/oldschool-lodge-oldschhttp://www.tourismradio.co.nz/shop/regions/Wairarapa/Scenic+Highlights/Waihi+Falls.htmlhttp://tararua.net/pongaroa.htmlhttp://www.tararuadc.govt.nz/default.asp?ID=218http://www.historic.org.nz/TheRegister/~/media/Corporate/Files/Register/Recent%20Registrations/KaitawaBridge.ashxhttp://www.motorcyclingnz.co.nz/Events.aspx?date=8/05/2011Kohinui Mountain KOHINUI – MAKURI/MAKAIRO TRACK (2 hrs – 24kms). Turn off SH 2 about 8 km north of Pahiatua and drive east http://www.wairarapanz.com/files/Mountain

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceKohinuiKoraraKumeroaMakuribikingSightseeingHorseTrekkingAccommodationCavingabout 9 km to Kohinui. This track is mostly downhill if done from Coonoor to Kohinui. From Pahiatua travel east toMakuri, then on to Cooner. There is a signpost to Makairo Track until you reach a metal pit which is where the trackbegins. Follow the track up to the top of the hill and take in the views. The track then veers to the right and it is virtuallyall downhill from there. This was once a well-used public road but is now very overgrown with a few potentiallydangerous slips so care is needed.Tui Brewery, Kohinui Road, Pahiatua, TararuaToday we trek out through Waewaepa Sheep Station to a significant pass in the Puketoi Range known locally as the“The Rising Sun”. From here we get our first expansive views of the Three Kings Rocks in the distance and the vastPongaroa valley landscape before us. Hills, Hills and more hills for as far as the eye can see. We really do have a longway to go before we reach the coast! Good thing we are not in a hurry as there is so much to take in along the way.Tonight I need to find a spot to stay somewhere up Korora rd.Otawa Lodge, 132 Otawhao Rd, KumeroaMakuri trip, Saturday 15th September 2007, A day trip to Crash Cave, a delightful cave, and WCG favourite. This tripis for novices, including our younger members.Makuri Caving Photos from Eighty Acre and Ramsays Neck at MakuriMakuri Caving To the south, between Coonoor and Makuri in the northern Wairarapa, there are numerous small caves.Makuri General Makuri Conservation Scenic Reserve 1985 Makuri Gorge Scenic Reserve 1985 Makuri Township Scenic ReserveMakuri General Makuri country clubMakuriGeneralMakuri Domain, Kitchen facility and hot points, donation box. Phone 376 3808…. Makuri Country Club, Camping,fishing, swimming, barbecue and toilet facilities, golf, cricket area, social club facilities.Makuri General Makuri Township Scenic ReserveMakuri Golf Makuri Golf Club, Domain Road, Kaitawa, Manawatu-Wanganui 4989MakuriJetboatingMakuri Gorge to junction of Tiramea and Makuri rivers. Class 3/narrow/160-120m/13km. Launching: Ngawaparua orKohinui Bridges with four wheel drive, or Manawatu River. NOTE: NEEDS HIGH FLOW CONDITIONS.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 48Rob Greenaway & AssociatesBikeRidesWairarapa.pdfhttp://www.aatravel.co.nz/main/listing.php?listingId=80728http://www.timelesshorsetreks.co.nz/14day_odyssey.htmlhttp://www.thisiswoodville.co.nz/pages/where-to-stay.php?cat_id=54http://caving.wellington.net.nz/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Events/2007-09-15-Makurihttp://caving.wellington.net.nz/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Photos/2008-05-17-Makurihttp://caves.org.nz/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/NZSS/CavingAreashttp://doc.org.nz/upload/documents/aboutdoc/role/policies-and-plans/wellingtoncms/chapter-25.pdfhttp://www.totaltravel.co.nz/travel/northisland/taranaki/manawatuwanganui/activities/sport/10542972http://www.azdirect.co.nz/tararua/attractions.asphttp://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/about-doc/role/policies-and-plans/wellington-cms/Volume%202/17-Vol-2-App-3-T24-T28-A3.pdfhttp://maps.aa.co.nz/browse/leisure/golf+clubs/manawatuwanganui/tararua/kaitawa/domain+road/makuri+golf+club/x=2765951.3941310202;y=6070770.6841616500http://nzjba.webcreations.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50&Itemid=84Makuri Motor After doing North Range Road what route? Maybe into Pahiatua, down Makuri Gorge (Pahiatua-Pongaroa Rd) then http://www.kiwibiker.co.nz/forums/archive/i

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceMakuriMakuriMakuriMakuriGorgeMakuriGorgeMakuriGorgeMakuriGorgeMakuriGorgeMakuriGorgeMakuriGorgeMakuriRiverMakuriRiverMakuriRiverbikingMotorbikingMotorsportWalkingCavingFishing -troutScenicScenicWalkingWalkingpeel off down Pori Road and through to Alfredton and then onto Masterton? Then you head back and we head to MtDick.Makuri School Fundraiser Trail RideOur free hot drinks, and cheap as food sales are on again for the entire weekend, and prize giving and bbq meal willbe at the Makuri Domain on Sunday evening, and competitors may camp over in the Domain on the Sunday night ifthey are planning on heading home early Monday. The Makuri Domain has a toilet block and good camp sites, and onthe Sunday evening at prize giving, they will open the bar for us where alcohol can be purchased at very reasonableprices.The opening of the looped walking track at Pukaha Mount Bruce on Boxing Day is the perfect gift for walkers, birdwatches, families and hikers. Another new track leads to the Pipinui waterfall - approximately 30 km east fromPahiatua through the stunning Makuri Gorge Road.in the Tararua district….Te Arapiki o Tawhaki walking track atPukahaCAVING AT COONOOR … We started out at about 8.00 AM Sunday, heading to a cave at Coonoor called “P17”. Thisis about an hours drive east of Mangatainoka, through the Makuri gorge.20km to the Scenic Makuri Gorge for trout fishingMakuri Gorge worth visiting.…... The land is of first-class quality, though of a hilly nature. It is of limestone formation,and carries 2 ½ sheep to the acre when in grass. Makuri Gorge celebrated for beautiful scenery, Makuri River being atributary of the Tiraumea River.Outstanding landscape/features: - Makuri Stream Bush Combination of native forest remnants, scrub & othervegetation (flanked by asture) on steep slopes next to the Makuri RiverMakuri Gorge near PahiatuaMakuri Gorge Reserve – photo in DOC walking brochurePuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 49Rob Greenaway & Associatesndex.php/t-66159.htmlhttp://www.where2ride.co.nz/event/559http://www.costaplenty4wd.co.nz/Default.aspx?tabid=2275http://www.backpackersnews.co.nz/index.php?page=wairarapa-walkshttp://www.pntmc.org.nz/newsletters/files/2002-06-01.pdfhttp://www.truenz.co.nz/farmstays/listings/manawatu.htmlhttp://www.colonialcdbooks.com/wises%20index%20M.htmhttp://www.mfe.govt.nz/rma/call-inturitea/evidence/evidence-of-sk-brown.pdfhttp://www.tourismstuff.co.nz/?pgRq=siteMap&showType=detail&listID=31681http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/parks-and-recreation/places-tovisit/wellington/wairarapa-family-walks-andday-visits-reserves-mtbruce-moana.pdfWalking Makuri Gorge. Sited on the Pahiatua/Makuri Road. This takes around one hour to complete http://tararua.net/activities.htmlFishingFishingFishingMakuri River: Fly fishing only, open 1 Oct-30 April, and accessible from the town of Makuri, and from several farmroads upstream.The Makuri river lies to the east of Pahiatua and rises in the limestone country in the Puketoi Ranges and flows westto join the Tiraumea (a tributary of the Manawatu River).The Makuri River, a tributary of the Tiraumea River, is east of Pahiatua and flows in a westerly direction. Access isinitially off SH2 onto the Pahiatua/Akitio/Pongaroa Road. A challenging small river rising in the limestone country ofthe Puketoi Ranges, the Makuri is the closest to a chalk stream we have in this region. The most easily accessiblefishing is above the gorge upstream of the Makuri Township. Below the township the river flows through a ruggedgorge of huge boulders and fast tumbling waters. Access is difficult. From the gorge to the Tiraumea River confluencethe river flows slowly in a deeply incised channel. Fishing is often difficult so a long leader, light line and delicatehttp://happy.orconhosting.net.nz/fishnz/wellingtonfresh.htmlhttp://www.nzfishing.com/FishingWaters/Wellington/WGTNFishingWaters/WGTHMakuri.htmhttp://www.fishandgame.org.nz/Site/Regions/Wellington/fisheries.aspx

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceMakuriRiverMakuriRiverMakuriRiverMakuriRiverMakuriRiverMakuriRiverMakuriRiverMoteaMtMarchantMtMarchantFishingFishingFishing -troutFishing -troutFishing –troutFishing –troutGeneralScenicMotorbikingTrampingpresentation is the key. Both nymph and dry fly are popular with some of the larger sizes worth a try. A good caddishatch occurs on warm evenings but the fish response is unpredictable.There is some limited fishing of the Mangatoro Stream, but the Makuri River (located south ofthe Waewaepa Range) is more popular with local fishermen.With opening day over and the rivers returning to normal flow, the Makuri River which is located not far as the windblows from the Manawatu Gorge (Wairarapa side) was chosen as a suitable locationThe Makuri has been described as being the closest to a chalk stream in the region. It is a challenging water to fishand many areas are inaccessible and unfishable. Above the gorge upstream of the small settlement of Makuri, there issome good fishing. Much of the river is accessible in this section and holds a good population of fish in generally clearcool water. This section of the river flows over open land and through stands of willow lined banks and is made up of aseries of pools and long riffles. Downstream from Makuri township to the confluence with the Tiraumea the river flowsrapidly through a bushlined narrow gorge making both access and fishing very difficult. Only those prepared to bashthere way through the bush should attempt to get to the fish that lie in the deeply cut channels and holes in thissection. As much of this part of the river is very fast flowing and swirls around large boulders it does not make for goodtrout habitat however. Early in the season the river fishes well but becomes more challenging as the seasonprogresses and the trout become more "educated". The water is generally clear and great care should be taken inapproaching and casting to sighted fish.This book looks at chasing big trout in some of New Zealand's lesser known waters. In the North Island these are:…………… and Makuri River.Pahiatua is a base for brown trout fishing. The nearby Makuri, Mangahao, Mangatainoka, Makakahi and ManawatuRivers have top class fishing spots.Photo of trout in Makuri RiverThe first impression you have on sighting the Makuri is - ‘clear’. The next impression, as you set foot in it, is - ‘cold’.The Makuri River differs greatly from many other rivers in the Wellington region in that it remains cold even during thehighest mid summer temperatures. While other rivers suffer badly from low flows, high temperatures and sluggish fish,the cold, clear water of the Makuri flows on, even when there is drought conditions all around.The river rises in limestone country in the Puketoi Ranges and has a ‘chalkstream’ nature that suggests it is springfed. In the upper reaches, it is more a creek than a river, winding through farmland until it reaches the small settlementof Makuri. Here it changes nature completely as it tumbles through a rugged gorge, flanked with the beautiful nativebush of the Makuri Scenic Reserve.Ngapaeruru Scenic Reserve. An accessible area (8 hectares) of lowland mixed podocarp forest. There is a 15-minutecircular walk. Look for a giant totara, miro, matai, rimu and kahikatea and on the hill slopes lacebark, lancewood andfive finger. There are many birds, including tuis, bellbirds, grey warblers and fantails.I did Mt Marchant again - this time with my Bro tho no chooks in sightMarchant Spur and Dobson Hut Site. Proceed three quarters of the way along the Puffer Track and turn left to get tothe old Dobsons Hut site and Marchant Ridge, which is signposted. This walk goes from regenerated bush site intosub alpine bush. Spectacular views of the Tauherenikau Valley, Wairarapa and Hutt Valley from Marchant Spur, MtPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 50Rob Greenaway & Associateshttp://www.contactenergy.co.nz/web/pdf/our_projects/waitahora/T17_Waitahora_Community_Profile_Assessment.pdfhttp://www.huntingandfishing.co.nz/index.php/ps_alias/article/pi_articleid/184http://www.nzfishing.com/FishingWaters/Wellington/WGTNFishingWaters/WGTHMakuri.htmhttp://www.fishingmag.co.nz/book-gileshooked.htmhttp://www.nzstays.co.nz/Region_manawatu-wanganui.aspxhttp://www.nzfishing.com/FishingWaters/Wellington/WGTNDirectories/WGTNPhotoDir/MakuriPhotos.htmhttp://www.babyboomersguide.co.nz/Articles/Trout+Fishing/Where+to+catch+a+trophy+trout/Makuri+River.htmlhttp://dayout.co.nz/attractions/attraction.aspx?attractionId=647http://www.kiwibiker.co.nz/forums/showthread.php/63917-I-did-Mt-Marchant-againthis-time-with-my-Bro-tho-no-chooks-insight.http://www.wonderwalkers.co.nz/default,1474,dobsons-hut-smiths-creek-

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceMtMarchantMtMarchantMtMarchantTrampingTrampingMarchant at 1038m.Out at Otaki Forks. We could have been walking in any of New Zealand’s mountains but we had just walked theSouthern Crossing of the Tararua ranges, which leads from Kaitoke over to the Otaki Forks. The names that theTararua trampers throw about had, briefly, become real. We tramped up the Marchant Ridge with its dead fire burnttrees, over Mt Marchant, up the Golden Stairs before scrambling through the aptly named Hell’s Gate.Soon the sunshine resumed, and it was quite warm on top of Mt Marchant, where views stretched to Upper Hutt andthe grey trunks of dead trees from a 1930s fire that still stand starkly above low scrub.Tramping South Branch Marchant Stream - Marchant Forks - Mt Marchant, Saturday 22 February 1997tauherenikau.smhttp://www.farm.net.nz/farmerview.cfm?content_id=865http://www.ttc.org.nz/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/TripReports/1997-02-22MarchantPahiatuaCampingPahiatua Carnival motor camp - In the heart of Tui country (the bird and the beer!) this un-crowded camp is located onthe southern edge of Pahiatua township beside two hectares of native bush. Sheltered by a high macrocarpa hedge,the grounds are beautifully kept, with open sites of a generous size, some with large shade treeshttp://www.nzcamping.co.nz/camp.php?id=428Pahiatua Event BUSH HARRIERS HALF MARATHON ROUTE 2008PahiatuaPahiatuaPahiatuaFishing -troutFishing -troutGeneralIn particular Pahiatua rivers (The 5 Ms) are known throughout New Zealand. In their cool deep pools lurk fine browntrout and fishing is pleasurable for most of these waterways are easily accessible and largely uncrowded. For much ofthe year these top class fishing spots are undiscovered territory. Their names are legendary: Makuri, Mangahao,Mangatainoka, Makakahi and Manawatu. Within half an hour’s drive you’ll find 200 kilometres of fishable water.Local trout fishing is excellent.Pahiatua Golf Pahiatua Golf ClubPahiatuaPahiatuaHeritageHeritagePahiatua Heritage Pahiatua war memorialPahiatuaPahiatuaQuadbikes4WDPahiatua lies near to 200km of fishable waters, where the brown trout are abundant. There are several excellent walksnearby - a great way to explore the countryside around Pahiatua. Other activities in the area include 4WD safaris,horse riding, skydiving and motorcross racing, or pay a visit to the local cheese factory or lavendar farm. The MainStreet Gardens at Pahiatua are are ideal for a picnic lunchPahiatua Museum - We are the sole museum to house the history of the Polish children who came to New Zealandfollowing the Second World WarPahiatua Museum to see the pictorial display about the Polish children’s camp that was home for wartime refugeesfrom Poland from 1944 to 1952.Go 4 wheels amazing quad bike adventures situated in the beautiful unspoilt Tararua District, just 30 minutes drivefrom Palmerston North and one hour from Masterton.Located in the Puketoi Ranges. 4 x 4 Park where you bring your own vehicle, Minimum 3 vehicles and at least onewinch. Hard driving tracks and easy tracks. Open all year round but ring first.http://tararua.net/pahiatua.htmlhttp://www.newzealand.com/travel/destinations/regions/manawatu/towns.cfm/nodeid/173.htmlhttp://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/newzealand/4606903/A-traverse-of-trampingsheartlandhttp://www.mapmyrun.com/run/newzealand/pahiatua/1207819549http://www.jasons.com/New-Zealand/Pahiatua/http://www.worldgolf.com/courses/newzealand/manawatuwanganui/pahiatua-golfclub.htmlhttp://www.eventfinder.co.nz/venue/pahiatua-districts-museum-tararua-pahiatuahttp://www.classicwinetrail.co.nz/culture.htmlhttp://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/pahiatua-war-memorialhttp://www.nzonline.org.nz/go4wheelsquadbikeadventurespahiatua.htmhttp://www.tararuadc.govt.nz/asp/operators.asp?CatID=6&ID=251Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 51Rob Greenaway & Associates

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferencePongaroaPongaroaPongaroaPongaroaPongaroaPongaroaAccommodationAccommodationAccommodationGeneralGeneralGolfPongaroa Heritage Pongaroa war memorialPongaroaPongaroaPongaroaPongaroaPongaroaPongaroaHeritageHorsetrekkingScenicWalkingWalkingWalkingPongaroa Retreat, A renovated state house in the Village of PongaroaSet in sunny, picturesque valley. Get away from it all but still be in striking distance of a beach and villageTranquil, rural hill country. Midway between Wellington and Hawkes Bay. Route 52, sealed, safe cycling route, lowtraffic.Pongaroa is situated at the crossroads of Route 52 and the Pahiatua - Makuri - Akitio Road. Pongaroa is a greatmidway stop between Wellington and Hawke's Bay on scenic Route 52 through some great New Zealand sheep andbeef hill country. Take time to wander through the tranquil village, view the murals and picnic at the many picnictables. Food can be purchased at the Village Store or Tavern. Stroll through the bush and listen to the tui, bellbird andwhirr of the Kereru as it flits to the Karaka trees.Settlement 60 km south-east of Pahīatua. Pongaroa is a rural servicing centre. Settled in the 1890s, the town initiallysupported a timber mill. Once the bush was cleared, the land became sheep and beef cattle country. Pongaroa wasthe birthplace of Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (1916–2004), who won a Nobel Prize in 1962 for his contribution tothe discovery of the structure of DNA. It is also home to Papauma marae, established in 19049 Hole, Pahiatua Road, Pongaroa P O Box 4 Pongaroa Phone: (06) 376 2831 Club Secretary/Manager: AnneBroughtonWhile Pongaroa may well be notable for other things, one indisputable claim to fame is that it is the birthplace ofMaurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, the scientist who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology with JamesWatson and Francis Crick for the discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNAThanks to many local farmers and landowners, we get to ride across some most amazing riding country, where onceall shepherding and stock work was done on Horseback. Finally after yet another day of exhilarating riding, up hillsand down dales, we discover the hidden village of Pongaroa... And civilization again! Appropriately this farming villagecomes complete with Garage, General Store, School and Farm Supplies outlet, and of course the local's WateringHolePongaroa is situated at the crossroads of Route 52 and the Pahiatua - Makuri - Akitio Road. Pongaroa is a greatmidway stop between Wellington and Hawke's Bay on scenic Route 52 through some great New Zealand sheep andbeef hill country.Pongaroa Bush Walk . The Yellow Track to Pongaroa Outlook and Cemetery takes 10-15 minutes and suits all levelsof fitness. The Red Track takes 5 minutes to the picnic table in the bush and suits all levels of fitness. Takes about 20- 25 minutes and has views of Benarty, Akaroa Peak and the Beehive.Pongaroa Bush Walk is lOOm along Urupa St.Yellow track: to Pongaroa Outlook & Cemetery, takes 10-15 minutesand suits all levels of fitness. Red Track: 5 minutes to picnic table in the bush, suits all levels of fitness. For views ofBenaity, Akaroa Peak and the Beehive, medium fitness, 20-25 minutesPongaroa Reserve, Hawkes Bay, Walk through bush to hilltop views over Pongaroa. GradeIntermediate. At the entrance there is a useful map explaining the three marked tracks through the bush. Four minutesalong the red track brings you to a picnic table in the bush. You can continue along the red track on a loop walk (30minutes) which comes out of the bush to a hilltop view at an old Totara stump. The yellow track is shorter and gentler,a 15 minute walk up the hill to Urupa cemetery.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 52Rob Greenaway & Associateshttp://www.holidayhouses.co.nz/Pongaroa.asphttp://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/pongaroa-war-memorialhttp://www.bbh.co.nz/bbh_HostelSearch.aspx?bbh=detail&HostelID=88http://www.tararua.net/pongaroa.htmlhttp://www.golfing.co.nz/golf/golfingnz/tag/home/golf_courses/item/hawkes_bay/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/pongaroa-war-memorialhttp://www.nzgeographic.co.nz/articles.php?ID=83http://www.timelesshorsetreks.co.nz/14day_odyssey.htmlhttp://www.tararua.net/pongaroa.htmlhttp://www.teara.govt.nz/en/wairarapaplaces/1http://www.dannevirke.net.nz/dannevirkeattractions.htmlhttp://tararua.net/activities.htmlhttp://tracks.org.nz/track/show/943

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferencePoriPuketoiPuketoiPuketoiPuketoiPuketoiPuketoiPuketoiPuketoiMotorbiking4WD4WDCavingHeritageHeritageHeritageHeritageHeritagePuketoi Photo Nice photoPuketoiPuketoiPhotoScenicThe yellow track is rated easy, but note that when you emerge from the bush you are supposed to head directly up thehill to the cemetery - there is a seat at the top of the hill to head for. The style over the fence at the cemetery isbroken.I'm kind of working on one out Pongaroa (northern Wairarapa). Lots of tracks (Makairo, Little Manuhara), awesomeroads (Pori, Puketoi, Spur, Towai). Could also add some farm land, and maybe the odd coastal station trackCosta Plenty 4x4 park is situated on the top of the Puketoi Range between Pahiatua & Pongaroa in the NorthernWairarapa. Your hosts are Goldie (Laurie) & Sue. It is a 500 acre block, riddled with numerous tracks throughout. Itranges from flat to steep, with spectacular views from the tops. Winter time provides challenging driving for even themost fully equiped vehicle, and mud tyres are essential, as is recovery equipment. There is a fully equipped cabinavailable soon, which will sleep approx 12 people, has cooking facilities and shower. There is also ample campingspace close to the cabinLunch over, it was up onto the top ridges of the Puketoi Ranges via an extremely steep and loose track thatterminated on a saddle, in the lee of Oporae18 Go Caving At Puketoi…. via Coonoor to the purpose of our trip, Indecision Cave (PT17)…. The entrance to thecave is its trickiest bit, and rope was rigged to assist with access.Away upon the slopes of the Puketoi Ranges there grew in the days of old a giant Totara tree, into which the spirit of aGod called Okatia suddenly entered, and endowed it with the power of motion, whereupon it gradually wormed its wayover the land, gouging out a deep bed as it went, until it came to the mountain chain which separates the East fromthe West CoastIn Rangitaane history, the gorge was carved out by Okatia, a spirit who possessed a giant totara tree on the PuketoiRanges.Local Maori legend of the Rangitane tribe has it that on the Puketoi Range of Tamaki nui a Rua (Tararua) grew a gianttotara tree. Okatia, a spirit which desired to reach the sea, stirred the tree to restlessness. It began to move to thenorthwest, gouging out a channel. Soon the totara found its way blocked by a range of high hillsThe Puketoi Range and the Waitahora area are located centrally within the iwi’s rohe. The Puketoi Range ridgelinewas in the past a pathway for iwi travelling through the area and the area was also important for food gathering….TheMangatainoka CAU borders the southern boundary of the Papatawa CAU and the Norsewood-Herbertville CAU. Itextends from the western edge of the Puketoi Range and extends to the western boundary of the Tararua Districtwhere it adjoins the Palmerston North District.The skeleton is mostly constructed of bones from a cave near Makuri in the Puketoi Ranges. The cave is on theproperty of Mr David Tylee of Hororata. In 1983 excavation of the cave by Curator, Richard Cassels and theManawatu Speleological Group begaNice photoAnother possible concern is that TrustPower has sought deletion of certain clauses which refer to protecting the“Skyline of the Tararua Range” and the “Skyline of the Ruahine Range” and the “Skyline of the Puketoi Range”,arguing that “skyline” is an ambiguous term and not based on a valid assessment of the landscapehttp://www.kiwibiker.co.nz/forums/archive/index.php/t-98114.htmlhttp://www.costaplenty4x4.com/http://www.adrenalin.co.nz/afa.asp?idWebPage=13579&idAdrenalin_Articles=263&SID=1010925834http://www.ttc.org.nz/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/TripReports/1998-05-09Puketoi-Cavingcitylibrary.pncc.govt.nz/user/file/252/01%20Chapter%201.pdfhttp://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatustandard/features/3199183/Manawatumagichttp://www.thisiswoodville.co.nz/pages/about-us/manawatu-gorge.phphttp://www.contactenergy.co.nz/web/pdf/our_projects/waitahora/T17_Waitahora_Community_Profile_Assessment.pdfhttp://www.nzmuseums.co.nz/account/3032/object/1006http://www.beescene.co.nz/gallery/Tararua%20Ruahine/slides/puketoi_01.htmlhttp://www.naturespic.com/newzealand/image.asp?id=10483http://www.windy.gen.nz/index.php/archives/251Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 53Rob Greenaway & Associates

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferencePuketoiPuketoiPuketoiScenicScenicWalkingOutstanding landscape/features: - Puketoi Ranges Folded / uplifted eastern bluffs, exposed greywacke regolith,forest cover Southern Puketoi Ranges - Continuation of main range’s landform to the north, interplay of open pasturewith pockets of remnant native forest Puketoi Range Lower Slopes - Ranges landform & exposed greywackeregolith, interplay of open pasture with pockets of remnant native forest, more cohesive bush line & buffs as backdropHelicopter coast Flight - Duration 66 minutes - Take a longer flight out to the coast over the Puketoi Ranges withweather permitting a beach landingBoundaries Puketoi Conservation Reserve for bushwalksPuketoi Walking Puketoi Mountain Club PO Box 617 MastertonRakaunuiRoute 52Route 52Route 52Route 52Route 52Route 52MountainbikingAccommodationAccommodationAccommodationCyclingCyclingEventEketahuna to Rakaunui and Herbertville, February 2010Experience the tranquillity of rural New Zealand hill country. Quiet mid-way stop between Wellington and Hawke's bay.Route 52, sealed, safe cycling route, low traffic…..Modern on-farm accommodation, sleeps 11 in 5 separatebedrooms. ….. Feel free to walk, mountain bike or picnic amongst the sheep and cattle or watch current on-farmactivities…..Forty minutes drive to attractive Akitio Beach for sweeping panoramic views, rocky reef, all types of fishingavailable. Forty minutes to Waihi Falls.Otapawa Farmstay and Backpackers. Otapawa is a working sheep and beef Station situated in Tiraumea, NorthWairarapa. 2 1/2 hours drive north of Wellington, 1 hour north of Masterton or 1 1/4 hours from Palmerston North.The Lodge has views of the Puketoi Ranges and surrounding hill country and farmland. Within 1 Hours drive are: *The Waihi Falls * Akitio Beach * Pukaha Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre * The Tui BreweryTake advantage of the quieter sealed route 52 through the rural and scenic countryside of the North Wairarapabetween Masterton (75 km) and Waipukurau (125km).Experience tranquillity of rural hill country. Mid-way between Wellington and Hawkes Bay. Route 52, sealed, safecycling route, low traffic.I submitted the north-south 200km "cyclists highway" Route 52 on the lower North Island between Masterton and SH2at Waipukurau….reat jlieswyn! I also am keen to see this route link Hawkes Bay and the Wairarapa, then on to theHutt and WellingtonPerennial Garden Cutting "Totara Hills"- Route 52, 11381, 5 minutes south Pongaroa village on left from 9.30am to11.30am.Route 52 Golf Alfredton Gold Club, Route 52Route 52Route 52MotorbikingMotorbikingdid Palmy ->Pahiatua track -> eketahuna -> pongaroa -> pahiatua/ponaroa rd -> saddle a few years back. Pretty goodroads. 215km. Highway 52 was very quiet. I'm pretty sure 52 is sealed all the way through so you could loop up toDannevirkeOne wouldn’t want to visit Porangahau for the nightlife or an action filled holiday, …..but as far as rides go, well, that’sanother story called Route 52.Route 52 Scenic a fully sealed & picturesque road, Route 52.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 54Rob Greenaway & Associateshttp://www.outbackhelicopters.co.nz/information.php?info_id=29http://www.truenz.co.nz/farmstays/listings/manawatu.htmlhttp://acta.org.nz/1002wairap/pix100224.htmhttp://tararua.net/glenross/backpackers.htmlhttp://www.mfe.govt.nz/rma/call-inturitea/evidence/evidence-of-sk-brown.pdfhttp://www.bluecastle.co.nz/otapawafarmstay-backpackers-and-otawaroacottage/2049.htmhttp://www.truenz.co.nz/backpackers/listings/wairarapa.htmlhttp://www.newzealand.com/travel/accommodation/accommodation-options/operatordetails.cfm/businessactivityid/156008.htmlhttp://can.org.nz/article/national-cyclewayroute-planninghttp://www.iwairarapa.co.nz/events-2007.htmhttp://www.latestinfo.wga.co.nz/WGA_ClubDetails.pdfhttp://www.vorb.org.nz/roadies-where-didyou-ride-today-t52105-9390.htmlhttp://www.ulysses.org.nz/wellington/mag/Wgtn_Mag.pdfhttp://www.centralhawkesbay.co.nz/discover_porangahau.shtmlRoute 52 Scenic Many tourists also choose to travel through Tararua on Route 52 which is the alternative road to State Highway 2 http://www.tararua.net/location.html

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceTaneTaneTararuaDistrictTararuaDistrictHeritageHeritageGeneralGeneralwhen travelling north - south. This journey takes in some of the region's spectacular rural scenery and friendly smalltown hospitality. This is also the access road to the region's untouched east coast beaches at Akitio and Herbertville.Route 52 can be accessed from Eketahuna in the south and Dannevirke in the northBetween 1902 and 1921 three of about 30 local flax mills were at a river crossing, where the Opiki toll bridge stillstands. The Rangitane Mill (1902 – 1919) and the Tane Mill (1915 – 1921) were on the western bank of the river,while the River Mill (1904 – 1918) was on the eastern side. The concrete chimney on the left of the picture is the siteof the Tane Mill.Opiki Toll Bridge….Construction of the bridge began in March 1917. The Tane Swing Bridge, as it was known in itsearly years, was 477 feet (154.39m) long. It was suspended between two reinforced concrete towers that were 48 feet(14.6m) high above ground, and set about 10 feet into the ground. The bridge was 11 feet wide with a 9 footcarriageway. The towers held 16 cables resting upon rollers that topped each towerDannevirke Fantasy Cave A magnificent creation that children and adults alike find absorbing. Tremendous skill hasbeen put into creating nursery rhyme and story book characters that actually move. Open the end of November, allDecember and from then on by appointment for groups. High St, Dannevirke For bookings contact 06 374 1761, 06374 7618, 06 374 8946Mt Bruce National Wildlife Centre The Centre offers a unique opportunity to see examples of New Zealand’sthreatened and endangered wildlife and learn about wildlife conservation. Mount Bruce plays a central role in thesurvival of many threatened species through its captive breeding programmes, research and public education. Spendan afternoon among wildlife. Eel feed 1.30pm, Kaka feed 3pm, forest walks featuring kiwi, tuatara, kokako, kaka,takahe, stitchbird, kakariki in a primeval rainforest. Takahe Cafe - expresso, light meals. Mt Bruce is 30km north ofMasterton on State Highway 2. Open daily except Christmas Day - Boxing Day to Easter open from 9.00am - 4.30pm.After Easter to Christmas open from 9.00am - 4.00pm.Norsewear of New Zealand Norsewear is located in Norsewood and is a factory shop offering a wide range of purewool knitwear at factory prices form jerseys, hats, scarves and gloves to woolrich socks. Factory tours are availableduring the week. Shop Hours - Mon to Fri 8.30am - 5pm, Saturday, Sun and public holidays 9am - 4pm. Tel 06 3740899, 6 Hovding Street, PO Box 10, NorsewoodTararua Wind Farm Located on a high ridge of rolling, private farmland south of the Manawatu Gorge. Ashhurst lies 4km to the northwest. Woodville is 5km to the east and Pahiatua is 10km southwest. Wind speed on site averages35kmh and it operates the turbines for more than 85 percent of the time (more information)Tui Brewery Tours State Highway 2, Mangatainoka - tours available Mon-Fri, from 9am, with last tour of day at2.30pm. Catering available for large groups. Promotional clothing etc. available. Bookings are essential. Tel: 06 376-7549, Fax: 06 376-9799, email: tuibrewery@dbgroup.co.nzTararua nestles amongst Hawke's Bay, Manawatu, Wairarapa and the Pacific Ocean. It is best explored byindependent travellers on wheels, whether they be two or four. Buses and trains only touch the periphery of thisdistrict with its under-explored attractions and landscape.Take time to check out the Troll Stroll in Norsewood, visit the Fantasy Caves in Dannevirke, for a trip on the wild sidevisit the Waihi Falls, and take the bush walk in Pongaroa before heading to the panoramic vista of Akitio Beach with itswaves, reef and river.Woodville is fast gaining a reputation for antiques and knick knacks, Pahiatua is the heart of the bush where the tuiswill sing flutingly in the Main Street when the kowhai is in bloom in spring. Eketahuna has the Great Eketahuna bikeride every April and just south is the National Wildlife Centre at Mt Bruce - a must for bird lovers. Ballance has a cafébeyond the bridge where you can sit and relax in the garden amidst the kereru and have a latté.Tararua is known for its wide open spaces, bush walks and friendly folk. There are numerous places to eat, sleep andexplore. If you have two wheels, Route 52 is a safe, mostly sealed cycling route with backpacker accommodationPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 55Rob Greenaway & Associateshttp://envirohistorynz.wordpress.com/2011/05/25/opiki-toll-bridge-graceful-relic-of-athriving-flax-industry/http://www.livingheritage.org.nz/schools/secondary/st-peters/opiki/construction.htmlhttp://www.tararua.net/attractions.htmlhttp://www.tararua.net/tararua.html

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceTararuaDistrictWalking/Trampingspread to give a good days ride. If you are keen on trout fishing, spin fishing or fly fishing, some of Tararuas six riversmay give you some sport. Fishing guides are available to ensure you get to the right spot.Ruahine Forest Park Over 92,000 hectares which encompasses the Ruahine Ranges. Several choice of trampsavailable from 1 hour to overnight. Magnificent views.Kumeti Reserve 21 kms from Dannevirke at the end of Kumeti Road. This reserve links to the Ruahine Forest Park.Public toilets are available.Tamaki Reserve At the foot of the Ruahine Ranges, 18km from Dannevirke. Bush walks and picnic areas. Thisreserve also links with the Ruahine Forest ParkWahipai Five hectares of bush-covered hillside with a mixture of native and exotic trees. Access is from StateHighway 2, north of DannevirkeNgapaeruru Scenic Reserve Ngapaeruru Road is 15km east of Dannevirke. A giant Totara, said to be one of thelargest in New Zealand, is a featureWaihi Falls 45kms east of Dannevirke on Oporae RdCoppermine Valley Creek Walk 15 km from Woodville on Coppermine Road. Grassed picnic area, fireplaces, rubbishbin, toilet. Family walk on metre wide gravel path. Abandoned coppermine, cave wetas, camping area at trackjunction, waterfalls, trees, plants including native orchids. A steep track leads up to the tower on top of Whariti. Thecondition of paths should be checked before walk is attemptedManawatu Gorge Walk Located on the southern side of the Manawatu Gorge, at the left side of the road, just prior toentering the Gorge from the Ashhurst end. The main track climbs through forests. Many varieties of trees, ferns andshrubs. This walk takes about 4 - 5 hours and an average fitness is requiredBallance Domain Travel on State Highway 3, 4 km west of Woodville. Well marked tracks following the Old CoachRoad. Playing field, picnic tables, fireplaces, toilets and playgroundKlein Track Near Ballance Domain, steep narrow track in places, follows part of Old Coach Road (1 - 2 hours), caninclude a short side track to an old Giant Totara Tree - (½ hour)Whariti Peak 12 km west of Woodville, The road is steep, winding and unsealed. Gateway to many bush walks andtramps in the Ruahine Ranges, a map of walks is at the Trig Point. Excellent viewsPattisons Bush Otawhao Road. Native bush & 69 species of native trees, Facilities include, public toilets, picnic area.Arrangements to use this facility should be made with Mr. W. Poulton Ph 06 376 5599.Durslade On Jackson Road, Hopelands, off State Highway 2. Please contact the farmer before visitingWoodville Ferry Reserve At the entrance to the Manawatu Gorge, a flat grassy area situated under the bridge, whichis extensively used for picnics. An excellent area for children playing and canoeing.Pongaroa Bush Walk, The Bush Walk is l00m along Urupa St. Yellow track: to Pongaroa Outlook & Cemetery, takes10-15 minutes and suits all levels of fitness. Red Track: 5 minutes to picnic table in the bush, suits all levels of fitness.For views of Benaity, Akaroa Peak and the Beehive, medium fitness, 20-25 minutesMakuri Gorge Sited on the Pahiatua/Makuri Road. This takes around one hour to complete.Marima Domain 12 kms south of Pahiatua, picnic & BBQ areas, fishing, swimming, public toiletsTararua Forest Park Several access areas, A Guide is available, contact 06376 7892. 12 kms south of Pahiatua,picnic & BBQ areas, fishing, swimming, public toiletsPipinui Scenic reserve on the Coonoor/Makuri Rd just 6 kms north of MakuriCliff Walk - The entrance is in Bridge Street by the Parkville Bridge. A leisurely ½ hour walk.Putara Road End Tararua Forest Park situated 17kms west of Eketahuna at the end of Mangatainoka River,Mangatainoka Valley Road. After the second swing bridge, the track to the Henapai and Roaring Stag huts requireshttp://www.tararuadc.govt.nz/asp/operators.asp?CatID=9&ID=205Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 56Rob Greenaway & Associates

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceTararuaTararuaTararuaTararuaTararuaWindfarmWindfarmWindfarmWindfarmWindfarmTinui Heritage Tinui war memorialTiraumeaTiraumeaAccommodationFishingToi Flat No entriesWaewaepaHorseTrekkinggood fitness levels.Mt Bruce Approximately 300 metres on State Highway 2. Around 1½ hours to complete.Unfortunately, there are no public viewing areas for Tararua wind farm. There is a public viewing area at the nearbyTe Apiti wind farm, north of the Manawatu Gorge.TrustPower is playing an active role in educating people about wind power. By hosting visits for educational groups tothe Tararua Wind Farm; Tararua Wind Farm educational resource workbook; Tararua Wind Farm informationbrochure.As well as generating valuable power for the national grid, the Tararua and Te Apiti Wind Farms have become aniconic tourist attraction. Try a quad bike, mini van tour or horse trek through the wind farms.You will get a great view of the Tararua Wind Farm, a total of 158 majestic turbines, from the tiny town of Ballance.Tararua Wind Farm #6 of 34 things to do in Palmerston North; #1 of 8 architecture sights in New Zealand. On thesouthwestern edge of Manawatu gorge, about 40 minutes drive from Palmerston North, is the Tararua Wind Farm,allegedly the largest wind farm in the southern hemisphere. From Hall Block Rd there are awesome views of theturbines. Spinning similarly, north of the gorge is Te Apiti Wind Farm.Tararua wind farm is an outstanding example of green, clean renewable energy resource. This wind farm is wellsupported by the local community and currently is a major tourist attraction.Located at Tiraumea on a hill country sheep and beef station beneath the Puketoi ranges. This quiet secluded area isapprox 1 hours drive north east from Masterton. Activities include bush and farm walks, 4WD adventures andgardens.Downstream from Makuri township to the confluence with the Tiraumea the river flows rapidly through a bushlinednarrow gorge making both access and fishing very difficult. Only those prepared to bash their way through the bushshould attempt to get to the fish that lie in the deeply cut channels and holes in this section.Today we trek along and through the middle of the Bush covered Waewaepa Range. Getting to ride over Hill countryfarmland, Scenic Bush Reserve, the Makairo Track. A day when the riding takes us further away from any populationand further into a deserted landscape of endless hills and valleys.Waewaepa Hunting Open hunting areas in the Wairarapa………Waewaepa Conservation AreaWaewaepaHuntingRe: Waewaepa Reserve…….Take the Pongaroa Road on your left soon after the Mangatainoka brewery (coming from Woodville) or the first onyour right coming from Pahiatua. Its sign posted anyway. Follow the Makuri/Pongaroa rd for about 30 mins and thenyou cross a little concrete bridge and come to a a cross road. Straight ahead to the Makuri reserve, right to makurivillage, and left to Coonoor. Take the left. Follow this rd for about 20 mins and then turn left (I think that its sign posted"makiaro track") at a cross rd. It is the only left turn anyway. ………………The deer numbers are good and huntingpressure is average. The main thing is to find your way around. There are tracks off the old rd (the old rd is walking orbike) that cross the big gully and take you into some good hunting. The deer population is best closer to the privateland on the southern and western sides. Keep out of the private land unless you have spoken to the cockies.http://www.trustpower.co.nz/index.php?section=124http://www.windenergy.org.nz/nz-windfarms/operating-wind-farms/tararuahttp://www.aatravel.co.nz/sightseeingguides/editorial.php?pagename=rangitikeihorowhenuamanawatutararua-region-sghttp://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/tinui-war-memorialhttp://www.nzfishing.com/FishingWaters/Wellington/WGTNFishingWaters/WGTHMakuri.htmhttp://www.timelesshorsetreks.co.nz/14day_odyssey.htmlhttp://www.lonelyplanet.com/newzealand/wanganui-and-palmerstonnorth/palmerstonnorth/sights/architecture/tararua-wind-farmhttp://www.windmillgallery.com/asiapacific/tararua-wind-farm.htmlhttp://www.bluecastle.co.nz/otapawafarmstay-backpackers-and-otawaroacottage/2049.htmhttp://doc.org.nz/parks-andrecreation/hunting/where-tohunt/wairarapa/wairarapa-hunting/permits/http://www.fishnhunt.co.nz/forum/YaBB.cgi?action=print;num=1203146397Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 57Rob Greenaway & Associates

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceWaewaepaWaewaepaWaewaepaWaewaepaWaewaepaWaihokiMotorBikingMotorBikingMotorbikingMountainBikingTrampingMotorBikingWaihoki Photo Nice photoWaimiro No entriesWaioneWaioneWaioneWaioneWaioneWaipatikiWaitahoraMotorbikingMountainbikingMountainbikingMountainbikingMountainbikingScenicCavingAim of the day to have adventure and fun including tackling the Makairo track in the DOC administered WaewaepaScenic Reserve emerging at CoonoorLions Charity Trailride - Waewaepa Station - Hawkes Bay/Manawatu/Waiarapa ……….Waewaepa Station is one ofthe largest in the Southern Hawkes Bay and has many varied riding conditionsThe Dannevirke Lions Club holds an annual Trail Ride on Waewaepa Station once a year toraise funds for the Rescue Chopper. The Targa New Zealand Rally runs through the area, over the ‘Rising Sun Road’,once a yearJust thought I'd take the opportunity to let people know about the mountain bike event we've got running on 20September in northern Wairarapa (Tararua District). DOC in partnership with local community have a guided ridethrough the Waewaepa Scenic Reserve.WAEWAEPA RESERVE, WAIRARAPA. some of the thickest concentrations of nettle ive ever negotiated! but worth alook.headed up 52 and turned in to waihoki valley road, this be good, take a bit of back roads out to the beach..cool..Hawkes Bay Adventure…..WAIONE, Route 52, Tahuokaretu Rd, Birch Rd East, Birch Rd, Route 52, PORANGAHAU,... Wairarapa. Haven't got the knowhow to post maps yet.A quick lunch was taken at the southern most extremity of the ride, in the sun beside the Waione River having justcrossed it. Only knee deep this time - no worries! A short bike push saw us up on a ridge above the river, which wefollowed for about a km before a nice descent to the Waione again and only an ankle deep crossing this time.Accommodation is at Pureora Field Centre and from here there are a number of options. There are three mountainbike tracks including the 25 km Waione Tram track.The Incline took the rail service over the hills between the Wairarapa and Wellington ...... Ongarue Tramway andSpiral (Waione Tram Mountain Bike Track)There are three recognised mountain biking tracks within Pureora Forest suitable for a range of fitness and skills:Select Loop Road, Okahukura Loop and the Waione Tram Mountain Bike TrackAt Waipatiki on the Dannevirke - Weber Road, take the Oporae Rd to the Waihi Falls Rd turnoffWaione, Manawatu. A picnic spot coupled with a view of 25-metre falls which are more spectacular when the WaihiRiver is in flood. There are several vantage points on the ten-minute walking track.There are no known tourism ventures operating in the area. ………There are numerous limestone caves in the areathat are used for caving by some people on a limited, informal basis.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 58Rob Greenaway & Associateshttp://www.bmwor.org.nz/forum/index.php?topic=251.0http://www.kiwibiker.co.nz/forums/showthread.php/69287-Lions-Charity-Trailride-Waewaepa-Station-Hawkes-Bay-Manawatu-Waiarapahttp://www.contactenergy.co.nz/web/pdf/our_projects/waitahora/T17_Waitahora_Community_Profile_Assessment.pdfhttp://www.ridestrong.org.nz/RS/forums/t/2013.aspxhttp://tramper.co.nz/?4476http://www.kiwibiker.co.nz/forums/showthread.php/116179-Even-the-best-of-us-getlost.-DOH!http://www.naturespic.com/newzealand/result_location.asp?search=Waihoki%20Valleyhttp://www.kiwibiker.co.nz/forums/showthread.php/78861-Hawke-s-Bay-Adventure-1-2-Nov-2008http://www.pntmc.org.nz/newsletters/files/2009-02-01.pdfhttp://www.pntmc.org.nz/newsletters/files/2008-11-01.pdfhttp://www.dayout.co.nz/attraction-subjectresults.asp?subject=whichhttp://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/parks-and-recreation/tracks-andwalks/waikato/pureora-forest-parkbrochure.pdfhttp://dayout.co.nz/attractions/attraction.aspx?attractionId=648http://www.contactenergy.co.nz/web/pdf/our_projects/waitahora/T17_Waitahora_Com

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceWaitahoraGeneralMountain biking and deer hunting is popular in the Waewaepa Range outside the project area.There are no schools, halls or marae located within or in close proximity to the wind farm projectarea. The local Waitahora School (which opened in 1903) was closed in December 2001. Its roll atthe time was eleven pupils. The school building and school house were removed from the school site in 2006. A golfcourse, golf club rooms, and cricket ground used to be located next to the school. However, these closed in 1996 dueto the dwindling number of players available in the area.There are no known clubs, societies or community groups based or located in the Waitahora area. People living in thearea generally utilise clubs, societies and community groups based in Dannevirke.Waitahora Golf Waitahora Golf Club, Phone: 06 374 2878Waitahora Hunting Mountain biking and deer hunting is popular in the Waewaepa Range outside the project area.WaitahoraWaitahoraWaitahoraWeberWeberWeberWoodvilleMotorbikingMountainbikingWindfarmAccommodationMotorbikingMountainbiking4WDDannevirke - Waitahora Trail Ride Saturday 5th DecemberMountain biking and deer hunting is popular in the Waewaepa Range outside the project area.The development of wind farms has been at times proposed as a potential attractor of tourists. While increasedtourism has been reported as being associated with other wind farms, we are not aware of any estimate of theeconomic impacts of this tourism. We expect that a wind farm in Tararua is likely to be primarily a sightseeingopportunity taken advantage of by those who would be in the vicinity anyway, rather than an opportunity which willencourage visitors to change their itinerary and spend an extra night in the District. This relatively low tourism impactis even more likely to be the case given the number of wind farms already established in the region.Seaforth cottage is a small colonial cottage set on a commercial deer farm in the quiet country village of Weber ,30 kmeast of Dannevirke . Ideal if you are looking for peace and quiet and fabulous views and the opportunity to stroll overgenuine hill country farmlandWaitahora-Puketoi Guardians Inc Trail Ride. 5th December 2009. Waitahora Road opposite Cricket ground. FromDannevirke take the Weber Road opposite BPWeber-Dannevirke: More wind, more hills. Sunday April 11, 2004. Onward to Dannevirke, only a short distance awaybut the road was undulating into a head wind. By the time we reached Dannevirke, I was ready to stop for the night,even though we were only 50km from home. The prospect of another three hours into a head wind did not appealThe Woodville Lions club is running 4x4 trip on the 21 st February 2010. This is a regular event that has been runsuccessfully for a number of years. The meeting point is at the usual place, the corner of Hopelands Road and BluffRoad Woodville. The trip is intended for all 4x4 vehicles with a low range transfer box. A "soft" (shinny) trip with nodamage expected although with any type of offroad driving damage is possibleWoodville Camping Woodville Camping Ground, Ross Street, WoodvilleWoodvilleEventA hill climb for rally cars, this event is held annually in March by the Dannevirke Car Club. At 7.9 kilometres, it is thelongest distance hill climb in the southern hemisphere. It is one of the few gravel hill climb events. It draws competitorsfrom all over New Zealand, including national rally champions and enthusiastic beginners.Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 59Rob Greenaway & Associatesmunity_Profile_Assessment.pdfhttp://www.contactenergy.co.nz/web/pdf/our_projects/waitahora/T17_Waitahora_Community_Profile_Assessment.pdfhttp://www.tararuadc.govt.nz/asp/operators.asp?CatID=8&ID=204http://www.contactenergy.co.nz/web/pdf/our_projects/waitahora/T17_Waitahora_Community_Profile_Assessment.pdfhttp://www.kiwibiker.co.nz/forums/archive/index.php/t-114129.htmlhttp://www.contactenergy.co.nz/web/pdf/our_projects/waitahora/T17_Waitahora_Community_Profile_Assessment.pdfhttp://www.contactenergy.co.nz/web/pdf/our_projects/waitahora/T15_Waitahora_Wind_Farm_Economic_Impact.pdfhttp://www.bookabach.co.nz/holiday_homes/dsp_listing.cfm?bachId=2660http://www.silverbullet.co.nz/event.php?id=7013http://www.crazyguyonabike.com/doc/page/?o=RrzKj&page_id=96524&v=9http://www.offroadexpress.co.nz/Forums/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=19904http://www.nzcamping.co.nz/camp.php?id=342http://www.thisiswoodville.co.nz/pages/about-us/unique-to-woodville.php

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceWoodvilleWoodvilleWoodvilleWoodvilleWoodvilleEventEventEventEventEventDespite the weather conditions at this year’s Honda International Motocross Grand Prix at Woodville last weekend, theTeam Honda riders still shone in the mud.Expect to see current and former American champions at full stretch at the 49th annual Woodville Motocross GP thisweekendMotor bike race - National champion Justin McDonald took out the prestigious International Trophy race at Woodvilleon SundayThe Grand Prix Motocross is held annually in Woodville and is generally on the last weekend in January. This 3 dayevent attracts international riders and is an exciting one to watch. The event is held by the Manawatu OrionMotorcycle Club and is held at the Woodville end of the Manawatu Gorge. Tim Gibbes was the key figure in promotingthis event almost 50 years ago and his foresight lives on.Woodville Motorcross…But this year that is exactly what New Zealand's greatest show on turf, the WoodvilleMotocross, will be celebrating when the gate drops for racing this weekend, the event this year sponsored by BlueWing Honda, and carrying the New Zealand motocross GP titles.http://www.bikesportnz.com/?p=2305http://www.newbike.co.nz/2010/02/teamhonda-shine-in-the-mud-at-woodville/http://tvnz.co.nz/motorsport-news/mcdonald-triumphs-over-townley-3346346http://www.thisiswoodville.co.nz/pages/about-us/unique-to-woodville.phpWoodville General The area is well known for its excellent fishing, hunting and tramping - an abundance of outdoor activities. http://tararua.net/woodville.htmlWoodvilleWoodvilleWoodvilleHeritageHeritageHeritageTe Ahu A Turanga Marae was built mainly by volunteers, was finally completed and officially opened on 5th March1994. Te Ahu A Turanga Marae is a multi-cultural Marae. This means that the Marae is for the use of all Woodvillepeople and all tribes. All iwi are represented in the carvings- Ngahauewha (the four winds) meaning tribes from allcorners of the countryThe Feilding & District Steam Rail Society regularly run steam train excursions through Woodville. A totally uniqueexperience to travel through the Manawatu Gorge on a steam locomotive whether it’s just for the experience or onyour way to a special event.The Woodville Pioneer Museum has a display of objects and records donated and loaned that pertain to the history ofWoodville and the surrounding districts. The main building was Woodville Borough's Library and Librarians residencefrom c1890 until 1957 and is close to the business area and park (Fountaine Square).Woodville Heritage Woodville Pioneer MuseumWoodville Heritage Woodville war memorialWoodvilleWoodvilleWoodvilleHorse -OtherHorse –OtherMotorbikingThe name Woodville, and outstanding achievements in New Zealand horse racing are synonymous. Some attributethe magic of Woodville to the springy turf that flourishes in the shade of the Ruahine Ranges. Others say it's themineral rich grass and some say it's the local water. Whatever it is, Woodville attracts the finest trainers and jockeys,who have prepared and raced notable winners throughout New Zealand and Australia.The Woodville and Pahiatua Racing Clubs were separate entities until they amalgamated in 1986. The Club nowboasts members from the Manawatu, Central Districts and Central Hawkes Bay. Woodville Racecourse is nestledbelow the Tararua and Ruahine ranges with windmills standing as sentinels, which has made Woodville “The WindmillCapital of New Zealand”I arrived at the Woodville track Saturday afternoon in nice sun shine and couldn’t wait to ride the fast tacky flowingtrack.http://www.thisiswoodville.co.nz/pages/about-us/unique-to-woodville.phphttp://www.thisiswoodville.co.nz/pages/about-us/unique-to-woodville.phphttp://www.nzmuseums.co.nz/account/3100http://www.eventfinder.co.nz/venue/woodville-pioneer-museum-tararua-woodvillehttp://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/woodville-war-memorialhttp://www.thisiswoodville.co.nz/pages/about-us/unique-to-woodville.phphttp://www.hawkesbayracing.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=20http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominionpost/local/wairarapanews/3265882/Woodville-Motocross-racesto-its-49th-yearhttp://www.rmcc.org.nz/results/nz-gpwoodville/Puketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 60Rob Greenaway & Associates

Location Activity Text (verbatim) ReferenceWoodvilleWoodvilleWoodvilleWoodvilleWoodvilleWoodvilleWoodvilleWoodvilleWalkingWalkingWalkingWalkingWalkingWindfarmsWindfarmsWindfarmsCoppermine Creek - Copper was first discovered in the Maharahara area, approximately seven miles north east ofWoodville, in 1887, and from that date, considerable time and money had been spent in attempts to find the mainlode. From the Coppermine Road end close to Woodville there are opportunities for picnicking. There is access to aneasy, sheltered low level forest walk as well as more challenging walks to higher levels: The Coppermine Creek Trackis a pleasant walk through lowland forest to an areMANAWATU GORGE TRACK & TUNNEL WALK A walk along the railway lines, through tunnels, held annually byWoodville Lions CluOne of its kind in New Zealand, this walk takes you through the Manawatu Gorge along the railway lines! A verydifferent view of the Gorge, through the tunnels and the walk takes in some stunning scenery. The Woodville LionsClub hold this annual event each year around March /April and is always extremely popular. Contact the Tararua i-SITE in WoodvilleOther bush bushwalks include the Klein Track, the Coppermine Valley Creek Walk and the Woodville Gorge ScenicReserve and Walkway.Woodville Lions Manawatu Gorge Track n Tunnel Walk. The 1½ to 2½ hour walk along 8km of the railway line fromeast to west through the Manawatu Gorge has become a draw card for walkers from all over the southern NorthIsland. Includes thirteen bridges and the two long tunnels to negotiate, the walk provides a uniquely enjoyableexperience. - Moderate fitness required - Sturdy footwear - Wet weather clothing - Strong torch required - No GatesalesOn a recent trip through the central part of New Zealand's North Island we came across the biggest wind farms in thesouthern hemisphere and they looked utterly spectacular. The farms are on Saddle Rd near Woodville and straddlethe Tararua mountain range north of Palmerston North. In all there are 158 of the 70 metre high turbines and they sitlike giant children's windmills on the horizon. They look amazing from a distance but you can drive right up under oneand get to experience just how phenomenal they are.Windfarms are located near Woodville. The Tararua Windfarm is situated on the Tararua Ranges just south of theManawatu Gorge. The site is located on 700 hectares of private land on a ridge of rolling hills which continues to beused for sheep and beef farming. It is approximately 4 kilometres south-west of Ashhurst, 5 kilometres west ofWoodville, 11 kilometres east of Palmerston North ….Woodville is known for the Tararua and Te Apiti Wind Farms. Whariti Peak is the gateway to many bushwalks in theRuahine Ranges. Other bush bushwalks include the Klein Track, the Coppermine Valley Creek Walk and theWoodville Gorge Scenic Reserve and Walkway.http://www.thisiswoodville.co.nz/pages/about-us/unique-to-woodville.phphttp://whatson.msn.co.nz/2010/may/woodville/manawatu-gorge-track-tunnel-walkhttp://www.thisiswoodville.co.nz/pages/about-us/unique-to-woodville.phphttp://www.aatravel.co.nz/sightseeingguides/editorial.php?pagename=rangitikeihorowhenuamanawatutararua-region-http://www.tikitouring.co.nz/wind-farms.htmhttp://www.thisiswoodville.co.nz/pages/about-us/unique-to-woodville.phphttp://ourregion.co.nz/woodville-lionsmanawatu-gorge-track-n-tunnel-walk/http://www.aatravel.co.nz/sightseeingguides/editorial.php?pagename=rangitikeihorowhenuamanawatutararua-region-sgPuketoi wind farm proposal | Recreation and Tourism AEE July 2011 61Rob Greenaway & Associates