Adolescence

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19United Nations Children’s Fund, Child ProtectionInformation Sheets, UNICEF, New York, 2006, p. 19.20Defence for Children International. No Kids BehindBars: A global campaign on justice for children inconflict with the law, DCI, 2005, pp. 2–4.21United Nations, World Youth Report 2003: The globalsituation of young people, Department of Economicand Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, 2004,pp. 190–192, 194–195.22United Nations Children’s Fund, Child ProtectionInformation Sheets, UNICEF, New York, 2006, p. 19.23United Nations Children’s Fund, AdolescentProgramming Experiences during Conflict and Postconflict:Case studies, UNICEF, New York, 2004, p. 6.24Women’s Commission for Refugee Women andChildren, Untapped Potential: Adolescents affectedby armed conflict – A review of programs andpolicies, Women’s Commission for RefugeeWomen and Children, New York, 2000, p. 5.CHAPTER 3 PANELSUkraine: Establishing a protective environmentfor vulnerable childrenUnited Nations Children’s Fund, The State of the World’sChildren: Celebrating 20 Years of the Convention on theRights of the Child – Statistical tables, UNICEF, NewYork, 2009, pp. 19, 27; Joint United Nations Programmeon HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization, 2009 AIDSEpidemic Update, UNAIDS and WHO, Geneva, 2009,p. 48; Teltschik, Anja, Children and Young People Livingor Working on the Streets: The missing face of the HIVepidemic in Ukraine, United Nations Children’s Fund andAIDS Foundation East-West, Kyiv, 2006, pp. 27–29.The Philippines: Strengthening the participationrights of adolescentsUnited Nations Development Programme, ‘PhilippineCommitment to the Millennium Development Goals’,, accessed 23 August2010; United Nations Children’s Fund, The State of theWorld’s Children Special Edition: Celebrating 20 Years ofthe Convention on the Rights of the Child – Statisticaltables, UNICEF, New York, 2009, p. 26; Huasman,Ricardo, Laura D. Tyson and Saadia Zahidi, eds., TheGlobal Gender Gap Report 2007, World EconomicForum, Geneva, 2007, p. 7; Economist Intelligence Unit,Country Profile Philippines: Main report, 2008, EIU,London, 2008, p. 3; Philippine Institute for DevelopmentStudies, ‘Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities:The case of the Philippines’, Discussion Paper SeriesNo. 2009–27, September 2009; UNICEF InnocentiResearch Centre, Law Reform and Implementation of theConvention on the Rights of the Child, Florence, 2007,p. 24; United Nations Children’s Fund, Young People’sCivic Engagement in East Asia and the Pacific: A regionalstudy conducted by Innovations in Civic Participation,UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, Bangkok,2008, p. 47.Migration and children: A cause for urgent attentionUnited Nations, Department of Economic and SocialAffairs, Population Division, Population Facts, no. 2010/6,November 2010, p. 2; United Nations Children’s Fund,‘Examples of Good Practices in the Implementationof the International Framework for the Protection ofthe Rights of the Child in the Context of Migration’,Draft report, UNICEF, New York, 18 June 2010, p.1;Abramovich, Victor, Pablo Ceriani Cernades and AlejandroMorlachetti, ‘Migration, Children and Human Rights:Challenges and opportunities’, Draft working paper,United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, November2010, pp. 1–12; United Nations Children’s Fund,‘Children, Adolescents and Migration: Filling theevidence gap’, UNICEF, October 2009.for secondary education, The International Bank forReconstruction and Development/The World Bank,Washington, D.C., 2005, pp. 17, 18.3Ibid., p. 21.4Clemens, Michael, ‘The Long Walk to School:International education goals in historical perspective’,Working Paper 37, Center for Global Development,Washington, D.C., 2004, cited in ExpandingOpportunities and Building Competencies, p. 21.5Levine, Ruth, et al., Girls Count: A global investmentand action agenda, Center for Global Development,Washington, D.C., 2008, p. 48.6United Nations, The Millennium Development GoalsReport 2007, UN, New York, 2007, p. 17.7Poirier, Marie-Pierre, ‘Brazil Ranks amongst CountriesTaking Responsibility for Longer Mandatory Education’,Panorama, no. 96, 11 November 2009.8United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization, Education for All Global MonitoringReport 2010: Reaching the marginalized, UNESCOand Oxford University Press, Paris, 2010, p. 65.9Huebler, Friedrich, ‘Child Labour and SchoolAttendance: Evidence from MICS and DHS surveys’,Seminar on Child Labour, Education and YouthEmployment, Understanding Children’s Work Project,Madrid, 11–12 September 2008, pp. 17–18.10United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative, ‘GlobalSection: The School Fee Abolition Initiative (SFAI)’,,accessed 12 November 2010.11Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010,pp. 12, 202.12Ministry of Health and Social Services and MacroInternational, Inc., Namibia: Demographic and HealthSurvey 2006–07, MoHSS and Macro International,Inc., Windhoek, Namibia, and Calverton, Md., 2008.13Murtaza, Rushnan, ‘Visibility of Girls in the EducationSector Policy in Namibia’, UNICEF Namibia, Windhoek,2009.14Mead, Francis, ‘New Syllabus Helps Conflict-Affected Children Get Back to School in SriLanka’, Back on Track, 5 November 2007, ,accessed 12 November 2010.15Watts, Roderick J., and Constance Flanagan,‘Pushing the Envelope on Youth Civic Engagement:A developmental and liberation psychology perspective’,Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 35, no.6, 2007, p. 782.16United Nations Children’s Fund, AdolescentDevelopment and Participation Unit, ‘YouthParticipation in Poverty Reduction Strategiesand National Development Plans: A desk study’,ADAP Learning Series No. 4, UNICEF, New York,March 2009.17UNICEF, What Works: Promoting adolescentdevelopment in Latin America and Caribbean,UNICEF, Panama City, 2010.18Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010,p. 208.19Republic of Liberia, Ministry of Gender andDevelopment, ‘Economic Empowerment ofAdolescent Girls and Young Women (EPAG) Project,http://www.supportliberia.com/assets/108/EPAG_one-pager_1_.pdf>.20Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010, p. 48.CHAPTER 4 PANELSPreparing adolescents for adulthood and citizenshipUnited Nations Children’s Fund, Promoting AdolescentDevelopment in Latin America and the Caribbean,UNICEF, Panama City, 2009 p. 22; United NationsChildren’s Fund, The State of the World’s ChildrenSpecial Edition: Celebrating 20 Years of the Conventionon the Rights of the Child, UNICEF, New York, 2010,p. 30; United Nations Children’s Fund, Voices of Hope:Adolescents and the tsunami, UNICEF, New York, 2005;Pittman, Karen Johnson, et al., Preventing Problems,Promoting Development, Encouraging Engagement:Competing priorities or inseparable goals?, Forum forYouth Investment, Washington, D.C., 2003, reprint 2005;TakingITGlobal, National Youth Councils: Their creation,evolution, purpose and governance, Ontario, April 2006,pp. 7, 41, 43; Bennett, W. Lance, ‘Changing Citizenshipin the Digital Age’, in Civic Life Online: Learning how digitalmedia can engage youth, edited by W. Lance Bennett,MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2008, pp. 1–24.United States: The Campus Initiative – Advocatingfor children’s rights at colleges and universities.Information provided by the US Fund for UNICEF.Working together for adolescent girls:The United Nations Adolescent Girls Task ForceInternational Labour Organization, United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UnitedNations Population Fund, United Nations Children’s Fund,United Nations Development Fund for Women and WorldHealth Organization. ‘Accelerating Efforts to Advancethe Rights of Adolescent Girls: A Joint UN Statement,March 2010.Côte d’Ivoire: Violent conflict and the vulnerabilityof adolescentsUnited Nations Office for the Coordination ofHumanitarian Affairs, ‘Côte d’Ivoire’, , accessed 19November 2010; Betsi, N. A., et al., ‘Effect of an ArmedConflict on Human Resources and Health Systems inCôte d’Ivoire’, AIDS Care, vol. 18, no. 4, May 2006,pp. 360–363; Human Rights Watch, “My Heart is Cut”:Sexual violence by rebels and pro-government forces inCôte d’Ivoire, vol. 19, no. 11(a), Human Rights Watch,New York, August 2007, pp. 86–91; Bøås, Morten, andAnne Huser, ‘Child Labour and Cocoa Production in WestAfrica: The case of Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana’, Report522, Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies,Research Program on Trafficking and Child Labour, Oslo,2006, p. 8; Yapo, Serge Armand, ‘Improving HumanSecurity in Post-Conflict Cote d’Ivoire: A local governanceapproach’, United Nations Development Programme,Oslo Governance Center, 2007, pp. 21, 23, 27; Ministryof the Family, Women and Social Affairs/Gender Equityand Promotion Directorate, ‘National Action Plan forthe Implementation of Resolution 1325 of the SecurityCouncil (2008–2012): Background document’, Abidjan,, accessed 19 November 2010; JointUnited Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and WorldHealth Organization, ‘Sub-Saharan Africa’, AIDS EpidemicUpdate 2009, UNAIDS and WHO, Geneva, November2009, pp. 21–36.CHAPTER 41Warburton, J., et al., A Right to Happiness: Positiveprevention and intervention strategies with childrenabused through sexual exploitation, Regional SeminarsAction Research Youth Projects in the CIS and Baltics,BICE, Geneva, 2001.2World Bank, Expanding Opportunities and BuildingCompetencies for Young People: A new agenda80THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2011
STATISTICAL TABLESEconomic and social statistics on the countries and territories of the world,with particular reference to children’s well-being.General note on the data..................................................................................... page 83Explanation of symbols....................................................................................... page 86Under-five mortality rankings............................................................................. page 87Summary indicators............................................................................................. page 124Measuring human development:An introduction to Table 10.............................................................................. page 125TABLES 1 Basic indicators............................................................................page 882 Nutrition........................................................................................page 923 Health............................................................................................page 964 HIV/AIDS........................................................................................page 1005 Education......................................................................................page 1046 Demographic indicators .............................................................page 1087 Economic indicators ....................................................................page 1128 Women .........................................................................................page 1169 Child protection............................................................................page 12010 The rate of progress ....................................................................page 12611 Adolescents..................................................................................page 13012 Equity ...........................................................................................page 134STATISTICAL TABLES 81
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© United Nations Children’s Fund
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AcknowledgementsThis report was pro
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THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN
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GLobal challenges for adolescents 1
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large cohort of unemployed youth, w
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FOCUS ONEarly and late adolescenceR
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ment and active participation. Disa
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age at which individuals are legall
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the rights of adolescents or to pro
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The Convention was sufficiently ins
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Adolescents are often consideredthe
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HALLENGES ANDRealizing the rights o
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FOCUS ONDemographic trends for adol
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country are particularly serious, g
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Gathering accurate data on adolesce
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sexes, there is still a considerabl
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PERSPECTIVEFacing the challenge:Rep
Page 38 and 39: FOCUS ONInequality in childhood and
Page 40 and 41: ADOLESCENT VOICESAct responsibly:Nu
Page 42 and 43: past decade, though not all of them
Page 44 and 45: Yet other initiatives against child
Page 46 and 47: PERSPECTIVEChernobyl 25 years later
Page 48: Adolescents are deeply concernedabo
Page 51 and 52: OPPORTUNITIESrisk of climate change
Page 53 and 54: Poverty, unemploymentand globalizat
Page 55 and 56: PERSPECTIVEThe effects of climate c
Page 57 and 58: high-level competencies that are in
Page 59 and 60: a window for possible economic deve
Page 61 and 62: ADOLESCENT VOICESReclaim Tijuana:Pu
Page 63 and 64: are exacerbating those risks, inclu
Page 65 and 66: sentencing wherever possible, inclu
Page 67 and 68: e stranded in poverty by conflict o
Page 70 and 71: HALLENGES ANDOver the course of the
Page 72 and 73: gated by age, disability, sex, ethn
Page 74 and 75: FOCUS ONPreparing adolescents for a
Page 76 and 77: the Ministry of Education, in colla
Page 78 and 79: exactly ‘youth participation’ l
Page 80 and 81: spaces as part of Aprendiz, the ‘
Page 82 and 83: PERSPECTIVEAdolescent girls:The bes
Page 84 and 85: ADOLESCENT VOICESFrom victims to ac
Page 86 and 87: ReferencesCHAPTER 11United Nations,
Page 90 and 91: STATISTICAL TABLESEconomic and soci
Page 92 and 93: Under-five deaths (millions)Region
Page 94 and 95: STATISTICAL TABLESapproach is not t
Page 96 and 97: TABLE 1. BASIC INDICATORSCountries
Page 98 and 99: TABLE 1. BASIC INDICATORSUnder-5mor
Page 100 and 101: TABLE 2. NUTRITIONCountries and ter
Page 102 and 103: TABLE 2. NUTRITIONCountries and ter
Page 104 and 105: TABLE 3. HEALTHCountries and territ
Page 106 and 107: TABLE 3. HEALTH% of populationusing
Page 108 and 109: TABLE 4. HIV/AIDSCountries and terr
Page 110 and 111: TABLE 4. HIV/AIDSEstimatedadult HIV
Page 112 and 113: TABLE 5. EDUCATIONCountries and ter
Page 114 and 115: TABLE 5. EDUCATIONPrimary schoolNum
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 6. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORSCoun
Page 118 and 119: TABLE 6. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORSPopu
Page 120 and 121: TABLE 7. ECONOMIC INDICATORSCountri
Page 122 and 123: TABLE 7. ECONOMIC INDICATORSCountri
Page 124 and 125: TABLE 8. WOMENCountries andterritor
Page 126 and 127: TABLE 8. WOMENCountries andterritor
Page 128 and 129: TABLE 9. CHILD PROTECTIONChild labo
Page 130 and 131: TABLE 9. CHILD PROTECTIONChild labo
Page 132 and 133: Summary indicatorsAverages presente
Page 134 and 135: TABLE 10. THE RATE OF PROGRESSCount
Page 136 and 137: TABLE 10. THE RATE OF PROGRESSUnder
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TABLE 11. ADOLESCENTSCountries and
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TABLE 11. ADOLESCENTSAdolescents po
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TABLE 12. EQUITYCountries andterrit
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TABLE 12. EQUITYBirth registration
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AcronymsAIDSCEDAWDHSFGM/CGDPHIVIUCW
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United Nations Children’s Fund3 U
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