Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Potentials of Isolated ... - IJPI

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFRESEARCH ARTICLEPHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031ml/kg body weight). Group II: treated withalloxan monohydrate 150 mg/kg served asdiabetic control. Group III treated alloxanmonohydrate (150 mg/kg) and isolatedfraction of Psidium guajava 10 mg/kgbody weight). At the end of the treatmentperiod (21 st day), the animals in all thegroups were sacrificed, dissected, and bledusing the orbital technique 9 and cardiacpuncture. Blood samples for the differenttests were collected.Sample preparation for biochemicalestimationsThe blood sample was allowed toclot for 45 min at room temperature.Serum was separated by centrifugation at2500 rpm at 30°C for 15 min.Haemolysis-free serum samples werestored at -70°C before determination andutilized for the estimation of variousbiochemical parameters. Livers wereexcised, washed thoroughly in ice-coldsaline to remove the blood. They were thengently blotted between the folds of a filterpaper and weighed in an analyticalbalance. Ten percent of homogenate wasprepared in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH7) using a polytron homogenizer at 20°C.The homogenate was centrifuged at 3000 gfor 20 min to remove the cell debris,unbroken cells, nuclei, erythrocytes andmitochondria. The supernatant was usedfor further hepatic biochemical assays.The level of glucose in serum wasanalyzed by the method of Sasaki andMatsui 10 . Total cholesterol (TC) by themethod of Parekh and Jung11 ,triglycerides (TG) by the method of Fosterand Dunn 12 and high-density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol by the method ofGordon 13 . Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)Volume 2, Issue 2, March-April 2012cholesterol values have long beenestimated using the Friedewald formula:[TC] − [total HDL cholesterol] − 20% ofthe TG value = estimated LDL cholesterol.The very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)cholesterol is estimated as one-fifth of theTG.Statistical analysisData represent the mean ± standarddeviation (S.D.) of the indicated number ofexperiments. In the present investigation,since more than two treatment groups havebeen studies. Statistical analysis wasperformed using one way analysis ofvariance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’smultiple range test (DMRT) by usingstatistical package of social science (SPSS)version 12.0 for windows. P values

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFRESEARCH ARTICLEPHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031rats, when compared with normal controls.There was a significant (p isoquercetin >rutin. Cheng et al. 21 suggest that quercetinin the aqueous extract of Psidium guajavaleaves promotes glucose uptake in livercells, and contributes to the alleviation ofhypoglycemia in diabetes as aconsequence. Oral administration ofquercetin (30 mg/kg) to diabetic rats for aperiod of 30 days showed a decrease ofplasma glucose and increase in insulinlevels were observed along with therestoration of glycogen content and theactivities of carbohydrate metabolicenzymes in quercetin-treated diabetic rats22 .Nuraliev and Avezov,established that quercetin in doses of 1019 | P a g ehttp://www.ijpi.org23

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFRESEARCH ARTICLEPHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-1031and 50 mg/kg promotes normalization ofthe level of glycemia and bloodcoagulation, increases liver glycogencontent, reduces high blood serumconcentrations of TC and LDL cholesterol,seen in diabetes. The oxidation of LDLcholesterol can result in the formation ofatherosclerotic plaques, leading tocardiovascular disease24 . However,several studies have illustrated quercetin’sability to inhibit LDL cholesteroloxidation. Chopra et al. 25 reported that thered wine extract and quercetin inhibitedLDL cholesterol and there was no effecton plasma concentrations of vitamin C andE. Graf and co-workers found a 21%reduction in cardiovascular diseasemortality when the intake of quercetin wasgreater than 4 mg/d 26 . Torres-Piedra et al.27 results showed that flavonoids induced asignificantly diminishing of TC, TG andLDL cholesterol and an augment of HDLcholesterol.CONCLUSIONThe present study suggested thatPsidium guajava extract present majorconstituent’s of quercetin may be regulatedblood glucose and lipid profiles in alloxaninduced diabetic rats. Furthercharacterizations of this active componentof Psidium guajava leaf for diabetes arewarranted.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI gratefully acknowledge Dr. A.Vijay Anand, Head, Department ofBiochemistry, M.I.E.T. Arts and ScienceCollege, Tiruchirappalli, for his technicalassistance.REFERENCES1. American Diabetes Association.Diagnosis and classification of diabetesVolume 2, Issue 2, March-April 2012mellitus. Diabet Care, 2010; 33, S62-S69.2. Adisakwattana S, Roengsamran S, HsuWH, Yibchok-Anun S. Mechanisms ofantihyperglycemic effect of p-methoxycinnamic acid in normal andSTZ-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci,2005; 78, 406-412.3. Hamden K, Keskes H, Belhaj S,Mnafgui K, Feki A, Allouch, N.Inhibitory potential of omega-3 fatty andfenugreek essential oil on key enzymesof carbohydrate-digestion andhypertension in diabetes rats. Lipids inHealth and Disease, 2011; 10, 226.4. Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lu Y, SinghGM, Cowan MJ, Paciorek CJ, Lin JK,Farzadfar F, Khang YH, Stevens GA,Rao M, Ali MK, Riley LM, RobinsonCA, Ezzati M. National, regional, andglobal trends in fasting plasma glucoseand diabetes prevalence since 1980:systematic analysis of healthexamination surveys andepidemiological studies with 370country-years and 2·7 millionparticipants. Lancet, 2011; 378, 31-40.5. Scartezzini P, Speroni E. Review onsome plants of Indian traditionalmedicine with antioxidant activity.Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2000;71, 23-43.6. Matkowski A. Plant in vitro culture forthe production of antioxidants - AReview. Biotechnol Adv, 2008; 26(6),548-560.7. Brahmachari G, Gorai D. Progress inthe research on naturally occurintflavones and flavonols: An overview.Curr. Org. Chem, 2006; 10, 873-898.20 | P a g ehttp://www.ijpi.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFRESEARCH ARTICLEPHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-10318. Brahmachari G. In: NaturalProducts: Chemistry, Biochemistryand Pharmacology, G.Brahmachari, Ed., NarosaPublishing House Pvt. Ltd.: NewDelhi, 2009; pp, 1-20.9. Coles EH. Veterinary clinicalpathology. W.B. SaundersCompany, Philadelphia, 1986; pp17-19.10. Sasaki T, Matsui S. Effect of aceticacid concentration on the colourreaction reaction in the O-toluidine-boric acid method forblood glucose determination.Rinsho Kagaku, 1972; 1, 346-353.11. Parekh AC, Jung DH. Cholesteroldetermination with ferric acetate -uranyl acetate and sulphuric acid -ferrous sulphate reagents. Analchem, 1970; 42, 1423-1427.12. Foster LB, Dunn RT. Stablereagents for determination of serumtriglycerides by a colorimetricHantzsch condensation method.Clin chem, 1973; 196, 338-340.13. Gordon T. High density lipoproteinas a protective factor againstcoronary heart disease. Thefraninghan study. Am. J. Med,1977; 62, 707-714.14. Lenzen S, Munday R. Thiol-groupreactivity, hydrophilicity andstability of alloxan, its reductionproducts and its Nmethylderivatives and a comparison withninhydrin. Biochem Pharmacol,1991; 42, 1385-1391.15. Weaver DC, Barry CD, McDanielML, Marshall GR, Lacy PE. Molecularrequirements for recognition atVolume 2, Issue 2, March-April 2012glucoreceptor for insulin release. MolPharmacol, 1979; 16, 361-368.16. Gorus FK, Malaisse WJ, Pipeleers DG.Selective uptake of alloxan bypancreatic B-cells. Biochem J, 1982;208, 513-515.17. Weaver DC, McDaniel ML, Lacy PE.Alloxan uptake by isolated rat islets ofLangerhans. Endocrinology, 1978;102, 1847-1855.18. Vessal M, Hemmati M, Vasei M.Antidiabetic effects of quercetin instreptozocin-induced diabetic rats.Comp Biochem Physiol C ToxicolPharmacol, 2003; 135C(3), 357-64.19. Kanter M, Altan MF, Donmez S,Ocakci A, Kartal ME. The effects ofquercetin on bone minerals,biomechanical behavior, and structurein streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2006; 73(1),1-7.20. Li YQ, Zhou FC, Gao F, Bian JS, ShanF. Comparative evaluation ofquercetin, isoquercetin and rutin asinhibitors of alpha-glucosidase. J AgricFood Chem, 2009; 57(24), 11463-8.21. Cheng FC, Shen SC, Wu, JS. Effect ofguava (Psidium guajava L.) leafextract on glucose uptake in rathepatocytes. J Food Sci, 2009; 74(5),H132-8.22. Babujanarthanam R, Kavitha P,Pandian, MR. Quercitrin, abioflavonoid improves glucosehomeostasis in streptozotocin-induceddiabetic tissues by altering glycolyticand gluconeogenic enzymes. FundamClin Pharmacol, 2010; 24(3), 357-64.21 | P a g ehttp://www.ijpi.org

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFRESEARCH ARTICLEPHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS ISSN 2249-103123. Nuraliev Iu N, Avezov GA. Theefficacy of quercetin in alloxandiabetes. Eksp Klin Farmakol,1992; 55(1), 42-4.24. Hollman PCH, Katan MB.Absorption, metabolism and healtheffects of dietary flavonoids inman. Biomed. & Pharmacother,1997; 51, 305-310.25. Chopra M, Fitzsimons PEE, StrainJJ, Thurnham DI, Howard AN.Nonalcoholic red wine extract andquercetin inhibit LDL oxidationwithout affecting plasmaantioxidant vitamin and carotenoidconcentrations. Clinical Chemistry,2000; 46, 1162-1170.26. Graf BA, Milbury PE, Blumberg JB.Flavonols, flavones, flavanones, andhuman health: epidemiologicalevidence. Journal of Medicinal Food,2005; 8, 281-290.27. Torres-Piedra M, Ortiz-Andrade R,Villalobos-Molina R, Singh N,Medina-Franco JL, Webster SP, BinnieM, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Estrada-SotoS. A comparative study of flavonoidanalogues on streptozotocinnicotinamideinduced diabetic rats:quercetin as a potential antidiabeticagent acting via 11beta-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase type 1 inhibition. Eur JMed Chem, 2010; 45(6), 2606-12.Table 1 Effect of isolated fraction of Psidium guajava leaf extract on glucoseand lipid profile in alloxan-induced diabetic ratsGroupsGlucose(mg/dl)Totalcholesterol(mg/dl)Triglycerides(mg/dl)High-densitylipoproteincholesterol(mg/dl)Low-densitylipoproteincholesterol(mg/dl)Very lowdensitylipoproteincholesterol(mg/dl)Group I 102.0±4.0 a 149.1±29.8 a 101.8±11.6 b 36.5±4.6 b 92.2±30.2 a 20.3±2.3 bGroup II 174.1±10.8 b 231.1±28.3 b 133.3±17.5 c 18.0±3.5 a 186.5±29.8 c 26.6±3.5 cGroup III 106.6±7.6 a 164.3±10.8 a 67.6±15.0 a 23.0±8.5 a 128.0±9.4 b 13.5±2.8 aValues are expressed as means S.D. for six rats in each group.Values not sharing a common marking (a, b, c,.) differ significantly at P