VOLUME 35, NUMBER 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2002 405*Cohen, A. L. (1988). An evaluati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the effectiveness<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> two methods <strong>for</strong> providing computer-assistedrepeated reading training toreading disabled students. Unpublisheddoctoral dissertati<strong>on</strong>, Florida State University,Tallahassee.Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis <strong>for</strong>the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale,NJ: Erlbaum.*Daly, E. J., & Martens, B. K. (1994). A comparis<strong>on</strong><str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> three interventi<strong>on</strong>s <strong>for</strong> increasingoral reading per<strong>for</strong>mance: Applicati<strong>on</strong><str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the instructi<strong>on</strong>al hierarchy. Journal<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 459–469.Dowhower, S. L. (1987). Effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> repeatedreadings <strong>on</strong> selected sec<strong>on</strong>d grade transiti<strong>on</strong>alreaders’ fluency and comprehensi<strong>on</strong>.Reading <str<strong>on</strong>g>Research</str<strong>on</strong>g> Quarterly, 22, 389–406.Ehri, L. C., & Wilce, L. S. (1983). Development<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> word identificati<strong>on</strong> speed inskilled and less skilled beginning readers.Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Educati<strong>on</strong>al Psychology, 75, 3–18.Elbaum, B., Vaughn, S., Hughes, M., &Moody, S. W. (1999). Grouping practicesand reading outcomes <strong>for</strong> students withdisabilities. Excepti<strong>on</strong>al Children, 65, 399–415.Elbaum, B. E., Vaughn, S., Hughes, M. T., &Moody, S. W. (2000). How effective are<strong>on</strong>e-to-<strong>on</strong>e tutoring programs in reading<strong>for</strong> elementary students at risk <strong>for</strong> readingfailure? Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Educati<strong>on</strong>al Psychology,92, 605–619.Faulkner, H. J., & Levy, B. A. (1999). Fluentand n<strong>on</strong>fluent <strong>for</strong>ms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> transfer in reading:Words and their message. Psych<strong>on</strong>omicBulletin and Review, 6, 111–116.*Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., Mathes, P. G., &Simm<strong>on</strong>s, D. C. (1997). Peer-assistedlearning strategies: Making classroomsmore resp<strong>on</strong>sive to diversity. AmericanEducati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Research</str<strong>on</strong>g> Journal, 34, 174–206.Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M. K., & Jenkins,J. R. (2001). Oral reading fluency asan indicator <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> reading competence: Atheoretical, empirical, and historical analysis.Scientific Studies <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Reading, 5, 239–256.*Gilbert, L. M., Williams, R. L., & McLaughlin,T. F. (1986). Use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> assisted reading toincrease correct reading rates and decreaseerror rates <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> students with learningdisabilities. Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Applied BehaviorAnalysis, 29, 255–257.Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statisticalmethods <strong>for</strong> meta-analysis. Orlando, FL:Academic Press.H<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fman, J. V. (1987). Rethinking the role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>oral reading in basal instructi<strong>on</strong>. ElementarySchool Journal, 87, 367–374.Huey, E. B. (1908). The psychology and pedagogy<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> reading. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Kameénui, E. J., & Simm<strong>on</strong>s, D. C. (2001).Introducti<strong>on</strong> to this special issue: TheDNA <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> reading fluency. Scientific Studies<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Reading, 5, 203–210.Kuhn, M. R., & Stahl, S. A. (2000). Fluency:A review <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> developmental and remedial practices(Technical Report No. 2-008). AnnArbor: University <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Michigan, Center<strong>for</strong> the Improvement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Early ReadingAchievement.LaBerge, D., & Samuels, S. J. (1974). Towarda theory <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> automatic in<strong>for</strong>mati<strong>on</strong> processingin reading. Cognitive Psychology,6, 293–323.*Lovitt, T. W., & Hansen, C. L. (1976). Theuse <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tingent skipping and drillingto improve oral reading and comprehensi<strong>on</strong>.Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Learning Disabilities, 9,20–26.*Marst<strong>on</strong>, D., Deno, S. L., D<strong>on</strong>gil, K., Diment,K., & Rogers, D. (1995). Comparis<strong>on</strong><str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> reading interventi<strong>on</strong> approaches<strong>for</strong> students with mild disabilities. Excepti<strong>on</strong>alChildren, 62, 20–37.*Mathes, P. G., & Fuchs, L. S. (1993). Peermediatedreading instructi<strong>on</strong> in specialeducati<strong>on</strong> resource rooms. Learning Disabilities<str<strong>on</strong>g>Research</str<strong>on</strong>g> & Practice, 8, 233–243.Mathes, P. G., & Fuchs, L. S. (1994). Theefficacy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> peer tutoring in reading <strong>for</strong>students with mild disabilities: A bestevidencesynthesis. School Psychology Review,23, 59–80.Meyer, M. S., & Felt<strong>on</strong>, R. H. (1999). Repeatedreading to enhance fluency: Oldapproaches and new directi<strong>on</strong>. Annals <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>Dyslexia, 49, 283–306.*M<strong>on</strong>da, L. E. (1989). The effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> oral, silent,and listening repetitive reading <strong>on</strong> the fluencyand comprehensi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> learning disabledstudents. Unpublished doctoral dissertati<strong>on</strong>,Florida State University, Tallahassee.*Moseley, D. (1993). Visual and linguisticdeterminants <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> reading fluency indyslexics: A classroom study with talkingcomputers. In S. F. Wright & R. Gr<strong>on</strong>er(Eds.), Facets <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dyslexia and its remediati<strong>on</strong>(pp. 567–584). L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>: Elsevier.Nathan, R. G., & Stanovich, K. E. (1991).The causes and c<strong>on</strong>sequences <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> differencesin reading fluency. Theory Into Practice,30(3), 176–184.Nati<strong>on</strong>al Reading Panel. (2000). Teachingchildren to read. Washingt<strong>on</strong>, DC: Nati<strong>on</strong>alInstitutes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Health.*O’Shea, L. J., Muns<strong>on</strong>, S. M., & O’Shea,D. J. (1984). Error correcti<strong>on</strong> in oral reading:Evaluating the effectiveness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> threeprocedures. Educati<strong>on</strong> and Treatment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>Children, 7, 203–214.*O’Shea, L. J., Sindelar, P. T., & O’Shea, D. J.(1987). The effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> repeated readingsand attenti<strong>on</strong>al cues <strong>on</strong> the reading fluencyand comprehensi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> learning disabledreaders. Learning Disabilities <str<strong>on</strong>g>Research</str<strong>on</strong>g>,2, 103–109.Perfetti, C. A. (1977). Language comprehensi<strong>on</strong>and fast decoding: Some psycholinguisticprerequisites <strong>for</strong> skilled readingcomprehensi<strong>on</strong>. In J. T. Guthrie (Ed.),Cogniti<strong>on</strong>, curriculum, and comprehensi<strong>on</strong>(pp. 20–41). Newark, DE: Internati<strong>on</strong>alReading Associati<strong>on</strong>.Perfetti, C. A. (1985). Reading ability. NewYork: Ox<strong>for</strong>d University Press.Rashotte, C. A. (1984). Reported reading andreading fluency in learning disabled children.Unpublished doctoral dissertati<strong>on</strong>, FloridaState University.*Rashotte, C. A., & Torgesen, J. K. (1985).Repeated reading and reading fluency inlearning disabled children. Reading <str<strong>on</strong>g>Research</str<strong>on</strong>g>Quarterly, 20, 180–188.Rasinski, T. V., Padak, N., Linek, W., &Sturtevant, E. (1994). Effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fluencydevelopment <strong>on</strong> urban sec<strong>on</strong>d-gradereaders. Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Educati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Research</str<strong>on</strong>g>, 87,158–165.Reutzel, D. R., & Hollingsworth, P. M.(1993). Effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fluency training <strong>on</strong> sec<strong>on</strong>dgraders’ reading comprehensi<strong>on</strong>.Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Educati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Research</str<strong>on</strong>g>, 86, 325–331.*Rose, T. L. (1984). The effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> twoprepractice procedures <strong>on</strong> oral reading.Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Learning Disabilities, 17, 544–548.*Rose, T. L., & Beattie, J. R. (1986). Relativeeffects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> teacher-directed and taped previewing<strong>on</strong> oral reading. Learning DisabilityQuarterly, 9, 193–199.Samuels, S. J. (1997). The method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> repeatedreadings. The Reading Teacher, 50,376–381.Shinn, M. R., Good, R. H., Knuts<strong>on</strong>, N.,Tilly, W. D., & Collins, V. (1992).Curriculum-based measurement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> oralreading fluency: A c<strong>on</strong>firmatory analysis<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> its relati<strong>on</strong> to reading. School PsychologyReview, 21, 459–479.
406JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES*Simm<strong>on</strong>s, D. C., Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D.,Mathes, P., & Hodge, J. P. (1995). Effects<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> explicit teaching and peer tutoring <strong>on</strong>the reading achievement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> learningdisabledand low-per<strong>for</strong>ming students inthe classroom. The Elementary School Journal,95, 387–408.*Sindelar, P. T., M<strong>on</strong>da, L. E., & O’Shea, L. J.(1990). Effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> repeated readings <strong>on</strong> instructi<strong>on</strong>al-and mastery-level readers.Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Educati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Research</str<strong>on</strong>g>, 83, 220–226.*Smith, D. D. (1979). The improvement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>children’s oral reading through the use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>teacher modeling. Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Learning Disabilities,12, 172–175.Snow, C. E., Burns, S. M., & Griffin, P. (Eds.).(1998). Preventing reading difficulties inyoung children. Washingt<strong>on</strong>, DC: Nati<strong>on</strong>alAcademy Press.*Stout, T. W. (1997). An investigati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the effects<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a repeated reading interventi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> thefluency and comprehensi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> students withlanguage-learning disabilities. Unpublisheddoctoral dissertati<strong>on</strong>, Georgia State University,Atlanta.*Sutt<strong>on</strong>, P. A. (1991). Strategies to increase oralreading fluency <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> primary resource students.Unpublished manuscript, Nova University.*Swain, K. D., & Allinder, R. M. (1996). Theeffects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> repeated reading <strong>on</strong> two types<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> CBM: Computer maze and oral readingwith sec<strong>on</strong>d-grade students withlearning disabilities. Diagnostique, 21, 51–66.Tan, A., & Nichols<strong>on</strong>, T. (1997). Flashcardsrevisited: Training poor readers to readwords faster improves their comprehensi<strong>on</strong><str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> text. Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Educati<strong>on</strong>al Psychology,59, 276–288.Topping, K., & Ehly, S. (1998). Peer-assistedlearning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.*Vaughn, S., Chard, D. J., Bryant, D. P.,Coleman, M., Tyler, B. J., Thomps<strong>on</strong>, S.,et al. (2000). Fluency and comprehensi<strong>on</strong>interventi<strong>on</strong>s <strong>for</strong> third-grade students.Remedial and Special Educati<strong>on</strong>, 21, 325–335.*Weinstein, G., & Cooke, N. L. (1992). Theeffects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> two repeated reading interventi<strong>on</strong>s<strong>on</strong> generalizati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fluency. LearningDisability Quarterly, 15, 21–28.Wolf, M., & Bowers, P. (1999). The “doubledeficithypothesis” <strong>for</strong> the developmentaldyslexias. Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Educati<strong>on</strong>al Psychology,91(3), 1–24.Wolf, M., & Bowers, P. (2000). The questi<strong>on</strong><str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> naming-speed deficits in developmentalreading disabilities: An introducti<strong>on</strong>to the double-deficit hypothesis. Journal<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Learning Disabilities, 33, 322–324.Wolf, M., & Katzir-Cohen, T. (2001). Readingfluency and its interventi<strong>on</strong>. ScientificStudies <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Reading, 5, 211–238.Young, A., & Bowers, P. G. (1995). Individualdifferences and text difficulty determinants<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> reading fluency and expressiveness.Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Experimental ChildPsychology, 60, 428–454.