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WHITE SPACES INNOVATION IN SWEDENthe extent enlightened national institutional frameworks have stimulated regional innovation.As is evident, while the four theoretical perspectives are distinctive, they alladhere to broadly evolutionary principles, so there is a degree of overlap and associatedredundancy. For example both the MLP and panarchy have clear multi-scalar structures.The cyclical nature of panarchy makes it richer and more relevant to a dynamic perspectiveand its emphases on potential (high variety), connectedness (institutional or regimerobustness) and resilience (capability to resist shocks and exercise renewal /innovation)are central to the analysis. Nevertheless, the concepts of STS and strategic niche managementare even more directly appropriate for innovation and eco-innovation analysis.Similarly, the complexity theory identification of preadaptation and the adjacent possibleexplains processes by which innovation proceeds through knowledge recombinationsrelated to proximate and non-proximate path-interdependence and relatedness.These are highly complementary concepts of significance to the explanation of „valuevariety‟. This means recognising both the value of variety for innovation and economicdevelopment, and that policy should value this fact.Figure 3.3 Synthesis Framework of Regional Innovation Perspectives and ProcesssesPREADAPTATIONEMERGENCE OF NOVELTYATTRACTORSVARIETYPROXIMITYADJACENT POSSIBLEPATH INTER-DEPENDENCECONNECTIVITYRESILIENCEPOTENTIALCOMPLEXADAPTIVESYSTEMREGIONALPATHDEPENDENCEENLIGHTENMENTSTRATEGIC NICHEMANAGEMENTSHOCKEXPLOITATIONTOPOLOGYRELATEDNESSSTSECOSYSTEMMLP RESILIENCE CASA EEGSource: Centre for Advanced Studies, Cardiff University38
WHITE SPACES INNOVATION IN SWEDENAccordingly, these largely complementary concepts may be arranged in the form ofa conceptual model of innovation which is subsequently tailored to the analysis of comparativeempirical case material to estimate the relative importance of regional-nationalinteractions and determinations for eco-innovation. This partial model is provided inFig. 3.2 while the general synthesis is found in Fig. 3.3. In the innovative territorial coreof Fig. 3.2 are path dependent socio- technical systems (STS), namely regional industryparadigms and their associated socio-technical regimes. Where these display relatedness,the triggering factors of pre-adaptation in one or other STS and/or the search andselection process for the „adjacent possible‟ causes path inter-dependence of technologies(artifacts and/or organisations). Under the impetus of an initial shock to economicactivity, resilient knowledge recombinations resulting in innovation occur. The adaptiveregional innovation system is open and there are several multi-scalar links through networksto higher and lower governance or industry organisation levels as well as to relevantSTSs elsewhere.Occurring in Fig. 3.3, reading from the bottom of the diagram to the top is the following.First, the MLP and Resilience perspectives are revealed as providing macrocontextsfor the more micro- complex adaptive systems approach (CASA) and EEGapproaches. Thus a socio-technical system is equivalent to an industry „ecosystem‟including its social as well as economic elements. Change occurs gradually („enlightenment‟- MLP) or as a response to „shock‟ to the system in the resilience perspective.How this occurs is explained in resilience theory in terms of the system‟s „potential‟ orvariety and its „connectivity‟ or governance and networking capability. Such an explanationis absent in MLP because of its non-crisis assumption of change. This inclinesthe schema in Fig. 3.3 over towards the more micro-processes of regional innovationcaptured by CASA and EEG. Here, their contextuating concepts are „relatedness‟ andthe „topology‟ by which CASA explains system adaptation as vectors of activity combineor recombine to adapt and change (Fig. 2.2). For EEG this involves regional pathdependence (e.g. an industry trajectory) diverting into path inter-dependence and theprospect of innovation at cluster or sector and firm interfaces. While for CASA this isan effect of adaptation under conditions of variety in which „attractors‟ meet.EEG has nothing further to say about innovative practices of „attractors‟ but complexityscience introduces „preadaptation‟ or innovation through transferring noveltyfrom an existing application to a wholly new industrial field. An example of this is theapplication in the Smart Textiles cluster of advanced textile weaves to biomedical innovationssuch as cardiac grafts. There can also be retro-innovations as practised by GEfor cardiac scanners in „bottom of the pyramid‟ low value but high demand health marketsin developing countries, as described in April, 2011 by Tom Inns in our seconddesign workshop in Malmö. Finally, inter-cluster action may occur by attractors drivento explore the „adjacent possible,‟ an unknown „white space‟ field with great innovationpotential but possibly high uncertainty. An example is paper batteries utilising algae39
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VINNOVA develops Sweden’s innovat
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