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WHITE SPACES INNOVATION IN SWEDEN3 Resilience, Innovative ‘WhiteSpaces’ & Cluster-Platforms inSwedish Regions3.1 IntroductionConfiguring the previous scene-setting exercise, we are convinced that the newest andmost fruitful insights into our understanding of innovation processes come where understandingis informed by one of four complementary theoretical perspectives. These are,respectively: the Multi-level Perspective on Co-evolution (MLP); the Resilience orPanarchy perspective; Complexity Theory; and Evolutionary Economic Geography(EEG). These are eventually combined into a new synthesis to assist advanced understandingof the role of transversality and proximity in contemporary innovationprocesses (Fig. 3.3).To recap, the multi-level perspective (MLP) on co-evolutionarytransition is a comparatively simple but nevertheless useful perspective from the Netherlandsaddressed principally at the eco-innovation sphere where some thirty-two industrialsub-fields were selected for special attention in relation to their eco-innovationpotential. Policy-makers worked over a number of years with eco- innovation academicsto develop a three-tier macro-perspective on transition and the co-evolution of sociopoliticaland economic sub- systems (socio-technical systems; STS) that define theneeds driving eco-innovation (see, for example, Kemp, 2002; Geels, 2004; 2006). Oneof the important observations is that the challenge posed by the need to control humancentredglobal warming demands innovation of a far higher systems order than anypreceding „technological paradigm‟ in the world‟s industrial history (Fig.3.1). This isbecause all preceding „long waves‟ of transformative, radical technological innovationfrom mechanisation through the railroadisation, electrification, motorisation, and informatisationparadigms of global society, occurred under a macro-regime or „landscape‟of reliance upon fossil fuels. Now the macro-regime and whatever future technologicalparadigms emerge over time in the future should be set in a „post-hydrocarbon landscape‟.Related to MLP is a richer and more integrated nature-society perspective on coevolutionarytransition known as „Panarchy‟ or the „Resilience‟ approach (Gunderson &Holling, 2002; Folke, 2006). Panarchy is a framework to account for the dual characteristicsof all complex adaptive systems – stability and change. It shows how economicgrowth and human development depend on ecosystems and institutions, and how theyinteract. It arose from observation of failed attempts to manage regional ecosystems that34
WHITE SPACES INNOVATION IN SWEDENoften culminated in their degradation because of linear management efforts focused on asingle variable, usually economic. By contrast, it demonstrates and models a multiscalaradaptive cycle that promotes eco-innovation alongside an MLP for institutionalintervention in the process. Third, relatedly and concerned with complexity in adaptivesystems of any kind, not especially ecosystems or economic systems, is ComplexityTheory. This forms a bridge with the final approach to be outlined, namely EvolutionaryEconomic Geography because of two of its key evolutionary insights, namely „Preadaptation‟and the „Adjacent Possible‟. These explain innovation (in this case, ecoinnovation)in terms of fitting an unforeseen potential with the „adjacent possible‟ application(Kauffman, 2008). Preadaptation takes already existing innovations from oneindustry setting and adapts them for wholly different industry solutions.Figure 3.1 The Waveform Evolution of Carobonised Capitalism (1770-2050?)Carbon Energy Macro-Regime & Landscape (1770-2050?) 2050-LongWaveRailroad-isationMechanisationElectrificationMotorisationInformatisationNeuronanobioTimePeriodNewInputsDrivingIndustryNewIndustry1770-1830WaterPowerTextilesCanals,CottonMills1820-1880SteamPower1870-1920ElectricPowerMotors,PowertoolsSource: Based on Lynch, Z. www.neurosociety.com1910-1970Oil1960-2020MicroprocessorRailwaysElectricityAutomotiveMicrocomputers2010-2060Biochip,BrainImagingNanobiotechnologySteamship,TelegraphAerospaceSoftware,NeurotheranosticsThe Adjacent Possible is a search process that seeks novel solutions, many being incrementalinnovations, relatively close to the existing state of the art. Such novelty becomesradical innovation when the knowledge recombination search swiftly revealsnumerous related innovation possibilities and potentials. Complexity theory containsmany more interesting and relevant concepts, some of which are shared with the otherthree approaches to be discussed. For example, it presumes complex adaptive economic35
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VINNOVA develops Sweden’s innovat
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