Paper Code: BPL-205Pharmacognosy-II (Pharmacognosy-II)L -- T -- P Total Credits: 044 -- -- Total Marks: 100External Marks: 50Internal Marks: 50Paper Objectives: The study of Pharmacognosy is to give knowledge about crude drugs,their cultivation, evaluation <strong>and</strong> use etc. Different methods used for extraction <strong>and</strong>purification of crude drugs from different plant <strong>and</strong> animal source. The study includesmedicinal plants of Pakistan, their habitat, collection <strong>and</strong> biological source of the drug.Allergens <strong>and</strong> allergenic preparations, enzymes, plant growth hormones as well as pesticides<strong>and</strong> poisonous plants with special reference to Pakistan shall are also included. Separation<strong>and</strong> isolation of plant constituents by special techniques like chromatography, ion exchange,electrophoresis <strong>and</strong> high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is introduced. Detailedstudy of carbohydrates <strong>and</strong> related products, alkaloids, volatile oils, fixed oils, tannins,glycosides, etc., is included. The students know the Unani system of medicine, phytopharmacology,Traditional Medicine <strong>and</strong> Alternative System of Medicine.UNIT IUNIT IIPhytochemical screening: (a) Preparation of extracts. (b) Screening tests foralkaloids, glycosides, resins, tannins, saponins <strong>and</strong> flavonoids in plant extracts.Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial verities,chemical constituents, substituents, adulterants, diagnostic microscopic <strong>and</strong>macroscopic features <strong>and</strong> specific chemical tests of following group of Glycosidescontaining drugs:Saponins: Liquorice, Ginseng, Dioscorea <strong>and</strong> Senega.Cardio-active sterols: Digitalis, Squill, strophanthus <strong>and</strong> Thevetia.Anthraquinones : Aloe, Senna, Rhubarb <strong>and</strong> Cascara.Study of Tannins <strong>and</strong> tannin containing drugs: Study of Tannins <strong>and</strong> tannincontaining drugs like gambir, black catechu, gall <strong>and</strong> myrobalan.Studies of traditional drugs, common vernacular names, botanical sources,morphology, chemical nature of chief constituents, pharmacology, categories <strong>and</strong>common uses <strong>and</strong> marketed formulations of following indigenous drugs:Amla, Shatavari, Aamarg, Gokhru, Shankhpushpi, Gaduchi, Brahmi, Arjuna, Methi,Lehsun, Guggal, Gymnema <strong>and</strong> Neem.Holistic concepts of Drugs administration in traditional systems of medicine.Introduction to Ayurvedic preparations like Arishtas, Asavas, Gutikas, Tailas,Churnas, Lehas <strong>and</strong> Bhasmas.UNIT IIISystematic study of source, cultivation, collection, processing, commercial varieties,chemical constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagnostic macroscopic <strong>and</strong> microscopicfeatures <strong>and</strong> specific chemical tests of following alkaloid containing drugs:50
Pyridine-piperidine: tobacco, areca <strong>and</strong> lobelia.Tropane: belladonna, hyoscymous, datura <strong>and</strong> withania.Quinoline <strong>and</strong> isoquinoline : Cinchona, ipecac, opium.Indole: ergot, rauwolfia, catharanthus <strong>and</strong> physostigma.Imidazoles: pilocarpus.Steroidal: vertrum, kurchi.Alkaloidal amines: ephedra <strong>and</strong> colchicum.Glycoalkaloids: solanum.Purines: Coffee, tea <strong>and</strong> cola.UNIT IVBiological sources, preparation, identification test <strong>and</strong> uses of the followingenzymes:Diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin <strong>and</strong> pancreatin..Introduction <strong>and</strong> study of plant bitters <strong>and</strong> sweeteners.Plant based pesticides <strong>and</strong> insecticides.Note: Instruction for Examiner:The Semester examination in each theory subject shall be of 50 marks. The examiner will setnine questions. Student will attempt five questions. First question would be of short answertype question covering all four Units (2.5 Marks per Unit) & it would be compulsory. Twoquestions will be set from each unit & out of which c<strong>and</strong>idate will attempt one question. EachQuestion shall be of 10 marks.Suggested Readings (Latest Editions):1. S.S. Agrawal <strong>and</strong> M. Paridhari, “Herbal Drug Technology”, New Delhi: UniversityPress.2. S.S. Agrawal <strong>and</strong> M. Paridhari, “Clinically Useful Herbal Drugs”, New Delhi: AhujaPublishers.3. C.K. Kokate , A.P. Purohit <strong>and</strong> S.B. Kokhale , “Text Book of Pharmacognosy”, Pune:Nirali Publication.4. G.E. Trease <strong>and</strong> W.C. Evans, “Text Book of Pharmacognosy”, U. K: Bailliere Tindall,Eastbourne.5. V.C. Tyler, L.R. Brady <strong>and</strong> J.E. Robers, “Text Book of Pharmacognosy”, 8 th Ed. ,Philadelphia: Lea <strong>and</strong> Febiger.6. T.E. Wallis, “Text Book of Pharmacognosy”, London: J. <strong>and</strong> A Churchill limited.7. A. Fahn , “Plant Anatomy”, Oxford : Pergamon Press.8. Jean Brunton, “Text Book of Pharmacognosy”, Engl<strong>and</strong>, U.K.: Phytochemistry <strong>and</strong>Medicinal Plants, Intercept Limited.51