Jan-Feb, Mar, Apr 1961 - Navy League of Australia

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The sort of Air Powera shipbuilder— in a range of too/s by Atlas CopcoCompressed air is versatile. It can be used in many industries topower many types of equipment. For shipbuilders, AtlasCopcomakes air-powered hoists, grinders, drills, chipping-hammers. riveters,screwdriversand the compressors which drive them.Designed for reliable service under the most arduous conditions, thehand tools are fitted with high-efficiency air motors giving the bestpossible power weight ratios. Easy to handle, they are economical tooperate. The air hoists ranging in capacity from 5 cwt to 10 tons —are especially suited to shipyard work. With smooth-running airmotors and very low creep speeds, they permit ultra-sensitive control.An additional advantage is the enclosed design, which allows safeoperation in any atmospherehot, explosive, dusty, damp or corrosive.SALES AND SERVICE IN NINETY COUNTRIES.With companies and agents in ninety countries, Atlas Copco is theworld's largest organisation specialising solely in compressed airequipment. Wherever you are. the international Atlas Copco groupoffers expert advice on the selection of equipment and provides auumplete after-sales service.#AtlasCbpcvATLAS COPCO AUSTRALIA PTY. LIMITED199 205 Paramatta Road. Auburn. NSWTelephone: YX 1711Graduation parade at Royal Australian Naval CollegeAddress by Sir Henry Burrell, Chief of Naval StaffMonthly list of Historical DatesFlag Officer Submarines — Visit to SydneySea Cadet Corps — NationalORIANA —NewShipAwardApprentices Pass Out at H.M.A.S.Aircraft Carriers Today and TomorrowNIRIMBAFloating Recruiting Office for Royal NavyPaqePublished by The Navy League of Australia, 66 Clarence St., Sydney. 61 6784SUBSCRIPTION RATE: 12 issues post free in the British Commonwealth. 23/-Copies of "Herald" photographs published may be obtained direct fromPhoto Sales, "Sydney Morning Herald," Hunter Street, Sydney.To " The Navy,"Box 3850, G.P.O.,Sydney, NSW.SUBSCRIPTION FORMI enclose 23 • for Annual Subscription to " The Navy,'post free, commencing January, 1961.NameStreetTownDateStatePlease note thai all annual subscription! now commence in January.New subscribers after January should send only I/I I for each monthremaining up to and including December. Otherwise back copies fromJanuary will be posted.January. 19613510131416192331THE NAVY LEAGUEOF AUSTRALIAIlls Excellency The Governor-General,The in. Hon. Viscount Dunrossll, P.C.,G.C.M.G., M.C., KM,!,, Q.C.FEDERAL COUNCIL:President: Rear Admiral H. A.Showers. C.B.E. (Retd.).Deputy President: Cdr. R. A. Nettlerold.D.S.C.. VJt.D., R.A.N.R.Secretary; Lieutenant L Mackay-Crulse. R.A.N.R.New South Wales Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governorof New South Wales.President: Rear Admiral H. A.Showers. C.B.E.Secretary: Lieutenant L. Mackay-Cruise, R.A.N.R.Hon. Treasurer: R. I. Rae. Esq.Victorian Division:Patron: His Excellency the Governorof Victoria.President: Lieut.-Comdr. A. N. Boutton.R.A.N.R.Secretary: Miss E. C. Shorrocks. 528Collins Street. Melbourne.South Australian Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governorof South Australia.President: Surseon-Comdr. R. F.Matters (Retd.).Hon. Sec: R. Sutton, Esq.. 30 PirieStreet, Adelaide.Tasmanian Division:Patron: Vice Admiral Sir Guy Wyatt.K.B.E.. CB.. R.N. tRetd.j.President: Comdr. A. H. Green. O.B.E..D.S.C.. R.A.N, iRetd.I.Hon. Sec : Comdr. G. E. W. W. Bayly,O.B.E., V.R.D.. R.A.N.V.R. (Retd.),726 Sandy Bay Ro&d. Lower SandyBay. Hobart.Western Australian Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governorof Western Australia.President: Roland Smith. Esq.Hon. Sec. - Hon. Treas.: K Olson.Esq.. 62 Blencowe Street. WestLeedervllle, W.A.Queensland Division:Patron: His Excellency The Ooverno"of Queensland.Prt-sldent: Comdr. N. S. PtxleyMB E . V.R.D . R.A.N.R lR«td.>Rvan House. Eagle Street. Brisbane.Hon. Sec : G. B. O'Neill. Esq. Bol3T6E.. G.P.O.. Brisbane.Australian Capital Territory Division:President: Lt.-Cdr J. B Howse.RAN V.R . M.P . Parliament HouseCanberra. ACT.Hon. See.: Lieut D M BlakeRAN V.R . 60 Limestone AvenueAins.ie. A.C.T. 'Phone: J 3237.Northern Territory Division:Patron: His Honour the Adminlstrator. J. C. Archer. Esq.. O.B.X.President: Captain S. H. K. SpurgeonD.S.O.. O.B.E.. RAN. IK la).Hon. Sec.: C A J HcRae. Esq . c •Welfare Branch. Darwin. N.T.AUSTRALIAN SEA CADET COUNCIL:Representative! of the Naval Board:Director of Naval Reserves. CaptainW. B M. Marks. C.BE., DSC.RAN.Comdr H I Gunn. OB E . DSCRepresentatives of The Navy I rae DP:Comdr R A Nettlefold. D S C .VRD. R AN V.R.L O. Pearson. Esq: L Forsyth*.EsqLieut -Comdr F. O Evans,R AN.VRHon. Sec.: Lieutenant I Markayr-rulsf.R A.N.R.I

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At the end of this year thereWill be Fleet Hoards for examinationsin seamanship and forcertificates of competencewhich officers of all specialisationsmust take.United Kingdom TrainingTraining in the United Kingdom:(A) Seamen and Supply Officers— On leaving the Fleet,seamen and supply officers willgo to Dartmouth and begin ayear of academic study withspecial attention to mathematicsand physics.In the following year, seamenofficers will be given professionalcourses and will thenreturn to Australia for appointmentto the Feet to gain theirwatchkeeping certificates.Supply Officers, after a shortcourse on naval equipment anda course in supply duties, willreturn to Australia for appointmentto the Fleet in complementbillets.iB) Engineer and ElectricalOfficers — On leaving theFleet. Engineer and ElectricalOfficers will go to Manadon,where, if qualified, they willstart a three-year degreecourse in engineering.If not qualified for a degreecourse, they will start a threeyearcourse leading to graduatemembership of one of the professionalinstitutions.These three-year courses willprobably be followed by ayear's application course innaval equipment, after whichofficers will return to Australiafor appointment to the Fleet.The practicability of selectedseamen and supply officers completinga degree at an AustralianUniversity at a later dateis under investigation by theNaval Board.Ranks During TrainingAt R.A.N.C.: Cadet Midshipmen.In the Fleet: Midshipmen.Courses in I T .K. (first twoyears): Acting Sub-Lieutenant.JERVIS BAY CEREMONYMidshipman Adrian Needham of Barcaldine, Queensland, shown withfriend after the passing: out ceremony.Parents and friends of the graduates came from alt overAustralia, including the Northern Territory and WesternAustralia, to witness the ceremony.Three families also came from New Zealand.Among the official guests were the High Commissioner forNew Zealand and the Naval Attaches from the United States,Indonesia and New Zealand.Alter the prisegiving the guests were entertained toafternoon tea.THE NAVYPrizeatRoyalNavalpresentationAustralianCollegeADDRESS BY THE CHIEFOF THE AUSTRALIANNAVAL STAFF, VICEADMIRAL SIR HENRYBURRELL, K.B.E., C.B.N the conclusion of theO Graduation ceremony, atwhich the salute was taken bythe Chief of Naval Staff.because of the unavoidableabsence of the Governor-General, His Excellency theRight Honourable ViscountDunrossil. I'.C. G.C.M.G., M.C..K.St.J.. Q.C., Vice Admiral SirHenry Barrel] presented theprizes to the successful midshipmen.At the conclusion headdressed these words to theyoung officers, their relativesand friends who were present:I congratulate the Captainon his animal report and theceremonial of today. To thosewho have won prizes — 1 say"well done" — if it is anysatisfaction to the losers. Tdidn't win a prize — butcaught up later on.Queen's MedallistTo the Queen's Medallist —Cadet Mid. M. 1$. Forrest—1congratulate him—he is entitledto feel proud of his highachievement.January, 1961We all regret the indispositionwhich prevented HisExcellency the Governor-General from attending thisGraduation. Graduation is amajor event in College life —a milestone. Since 1916 asuccession of Governors*General and distinguished menhave taken the salute and madethe Graduation Address. Occasionallythe honour has fallento a Naval Officer, This yearthe honour and privilege ismine. It is a very proudmoment for me. When inJanuary, 1018. as a very shyboy with short trousers andan Eton collar I stepped outof a decrepit bus here. 1 hadno thoughts that such a dayas this could be anything buta miracle.I must comment on theexpression or, the face of yourCaptain. He goes to sea nextyear — and deserts his family.I 'm sure Mrs. Ramsay is anunderstanding wife — my wifeused to say: "Don't pretend tolook miserable — look pleased— we'll make out."Nelson Relics for CollegeThe Royal Australian Navyhas been singularly fortunate.The Royal Navy greatlyassisted our birth and over theyears has helped us. withoutmany " thank you." ininnumerable ways. But fromthem we inherited the greattraditions of the Royal Navy— which includes that of theimmortal Lord Nelson. He wasTHE master — from strandstrategy to tactics down to manmanagement. The day after 1was deposited here in all myignorance and in a black shirtand a new smelly pair of"jeans" we were hailed beforeOUT Captain — Captain Duncan(.rant. Royal Navy. A fewyears ago. the widow and sonsof this same Captain Grantpresented to the Royal AustralianNavy two very interestingand invaluable relicsof Lord Nelson.The first — this Navy Listof 1796. in which Nelson'sname appears as the Captainof AGAMEMNON and laterin the List as a Captain of

Ithe Navy and Colonel ofMarines, was the property ofCaptain Grant's uncle, the lateAdmiral Sir Percy Grant,K.C.V.O.. C.B., who was the.First Naval Member of theCommonwealth Naval Hoardfrom 1!U!) to 1922.The second item, whichbelonged to Captain (irant, isthis Pendant Board — issuedfor the identification of shipsat the Battle of Trafalgar. Itis addressed to Edward D.King. Ksi(„ Captain of HerMajesty's Ship KNDYMION.and is signed "Nelson andBronte — given under my handon board the VICTORY offCadiz 1st October, 1805."When these relics werepresented to the R.A.N.,arrangements were made forthem to he displayed temporarilyin the .Museum of theAustralian National War-Memorial in Canberra. I nowfeel, and the Director of theWar Memorial has agreed, thaithe time has come when thesetwo articles of such (treatnaval interest should beentrusted to the care of theCollege.I have great pleasure now.on behalf of Mrs. DuncanGrant and her sons, in handingthese articles to your Captain,and I am sure they will be asource of great interest to youand to future generations ofcadets — guard them well.Captain — perhaps the guestsmay have an opportunity tosee them at close quarters afterthe prizegiving.My remarks which followare addressed to you younggentlemen who have graduatedtoday. You might think it easyfor me to tell you the secretsof success. I did not consciouslyuse a set formula — on theother hand I'm not preparedto say it was all good luck.My advice would be — get onwith the job you are given,perform it to the best of yourability and let the future lookafter itself. You will forgiveme. I trust, if I use the firstpersonal pronoun from timeto time 1 can only hope thatsome odd remark of mine mighthelp you on your way —perhaps in one of the manyMoments of decision which arebefore you.Our last Governor-Generalused as his theme at a graduationat Minders Naval Depot— "speak up," "own up" and"shut up" — an excellentpiece of advice and core fora graduation speech. My themewill be even simpler — 1 thinkthe greatest factor requiredbv a navel officer is simplyCOMMONSENSE. You maypossess it — if you do — keepapplying it. Anyway, let it takean important part in yourc< nsideration — before comingto a decision or giving an order.What is seamanship?—nothinghut COMMONSENSE appliedto the ways of the sea.Need for a NavyI haven't time to give youa long discourse on the Navyand sea power. That there willbe a need for a Navy forgenerations is obvious. It issound strategy to meet anenemy as far from Australiaas possible — that means longlines of sea communications.As an island, our economydepends on sea transport. 1need not develop that further.Nor is it appropriate for meto tell you of all the Navalplanning for the future. Sufficefor me to say that you willtake your place in a Navy witha future — it will become moretechnical every year — butthe training throughout theNavy will be adjusted to keeppace. I've often said to myself— this is beyond me — thenI have thought, other B.F.'shave managed to do it — whyshouldn't I? In the event myinitial appreciation had beenwrong. You do not know yourpowers until you try. I'll shoota line for a moment — Iwanted to be a navigator —so obviously a first-class passduring Sub's courses wasessential. In my spare time, Iwent through the last 12examination papers and wentinto the exam, confident. Icame top of the class — theothers may have had moregrey matter — but I workedharder. COMMONSENSE.WINNS"THE BIG FRIENDLY STORES"Courtesy and service give a pleasant glow toBusiness, and WINNSwty.like to do Business thatIn that spirit they are happy to serve you.WINNS, Oxford Street, Sydney& BranchesTHE NAVY_ j . .. .iBefore very long, you will to say — it is character whichfind yourself Midshipmen in counts.There is no such thing as aHer Majesty's Forces.had ship's company, unless theYou will be in a delicate and officers are bad. The Australianinteresting state and receiverating is the finest in theyour first tests in responsibility world — but you must get toknow him if you are to know— you will be an officer yethow best to lead him.still learning your profession 1 can but hope you will all— the ways of the sea, the develop into good leaders —intricacies of ships of war and but you'll need to think aboutthe ways of ratings — but your it — and remember thatcareer will not be ruined due leadership must go hand into lapses in your snotty's time. hand with knowledge.You will be sent away incharge of a boat with a PettyThe tone of any Navy isOfficer who knows more thantaken from its officers.you do. This will test your tactYour men will look to youand eommonsense. You recallfor leadership from thethe story of the Snotty inmoment you step over the side.charge of a motor boat who There is no royal road torammed and smashed the flagship'sladder. The Captain example — learn by livingleadership. You must set thereceived a message from the with your men. thinking withAdmiral — "Your Mid lost his them and if the occasionhead and smashed my ladder." should demand, fighting withThe Captain replied: "Am them.sending three shipwrights to As you get older and moremend the ladder — please experienced you will lead: areturn ray Midshipman's boat's crew; a gun's crew; ahead."division; a ship's company: ora fleet.Becoming a leader is theBy the time you are Sublieutenantsand receive theQueen's Commission you willbe on your own, fully responsiblefor your actions — technicallyyou will know a lot —at long last becoming themaster of material things —but the real strength ofmaterial things lies in the menwho bring them to life: theirloyalty, their initiative, theircourage, their devotion to duty,their enthusiasm, their selfdisciplineand their leadership.The degree to which youdevelop these characteristics inyour men and yourself is thereal test of an officer — it isfrom them — or lack of them— that your associates willestimate you anil your seniorsmark you. ami on them yourcareer depends. They weregood in Robin Hood's day —in Nelson's day — and will begood in your day. I'm trying•, INI: . - .work of a lifetime. If acquiringthe art is postponed until greatresponsibilities come to you,then it will be too late andyou will be found wanting.I was put in charge of theturret's crew in a new 8 in.cruiser — 1 was given a DrillBook, an ordnance and an (L)artificer and 80 men — Istudied the turret, the drillbook, the hydraulics, the firecontrol arrangements and soon and in a few days startedtraining the crew — first onepart at a time till we wereready to try out the completeoutfit — it then dawned onme that I was the officer ofthe Turret — not because Ihad two stripes on my aim —hut because my accumulatedknowledge was more than anyother individual ill the Turret.Come Admiral's inspection,I talked my gun's crew intobeing the best in the ship.There were a lot of oil leaks,but we decided to enamel theinside of the turret. How couldwe get the enamel to dry! Wekept mopping up the oil whilethe enamel was put on — andMMshlpmen who (radnaled from the R.A.N. College butwin, Uke the •hwhlaiiiiii fc»Httl atom, h»re to lean ererr Job Inthe ship before their fear •Maths- trmlnlnj crab* be

kept watches at night to keepthe oil under e ntrol until theenamel set. 1 joined in andwith two other ratings moppedfrom midnight to 4 a.m. —others joined in. and oninspection day there was nodoubt we won handsomely.That gun's crew never lookedhack.The R.A.N, of the Future is inyour BandsOnce when a Lieutenant, onleaving a ship. I was criticisedby a senior officer for beingtoo familiar with the ratings.Stated like that. I should have•mended my ways. 1 didn't. Iwas quite happy in my ownmind that "familiar'' was notthe right word. I was sure Iknew more about the ratingsin my part of the ship (amithey knew more about me)than any other divisionalofficer. You cannot attempt tobe a leader if you don't knowhow your ratings think — whatproblems they have — howbestyou can help them.Another occasion when 1had four stripes and was incommand of a big ship, we had*been refitting and my ship wasdue to sail on a certain day..My Commander was very ableami enthusiastic — but in myjudgment he was working theship's company too hard. Isent for him and said: "Givea make and mend tomorrow.Commander." lie replied:"But. sir. the ship has to beready to sail next .Monday." Isaid: ".Maybe, but give a makeand mend tomorrow." Thatunexpected make and mend didthe ship more good than 1 cantell you — by the harder workof the ratings, the ship wasready to sail. COMMON-SENSE, if you like. Rememberin your man management thatratings are intelligent, normalhuman beings living incramped quarters and many ofthem working at irregulartimes. If your men only workbecause of the threat ofpunishment, you are not a goodlender. When it comes topunishments, the entire ship'scompany knows whether a manis guilty or not — you uiusn'tmake a mistake. There arealways some so-called "badhats." but don't be misled —in an emergency you will findit is often the "bad hats"DRIBARMCOMPRESSED YEASTVACUUM PACKED'Dribarm' is a special form of compressed yeast,dried under scientific conditions and carefullycompounded with a suitable yeast food.Packed to the high specifications of the AustralianNavy.Obtainable from: Merchants, Stores, Grocers ordirect fromMauri Brothers & Thomson (N.S.W. Branch) Pty. Ltd.2-6 Barrack Street, Sydney — Telephone BX 2601who are the source of yourgreatest strength.I make two personal pleas:one — write home as frequentlyas you can — parents deserveto share in the interesting lifeyou will lead. I was not verygood in my early years ami Inow regret it. The other ismatrimony — don't rush intoit. When you do decide to getdown on your knee and sayyour piece, don't paint toorosy a future to your prospectivewife; include somethingabout a Naval husband beingaway for mouths on end andhis wife pushing a pram withone hand ami a mower withthe other.Remember, the Royal AustralianNavy is but one of ourDefence Services — get toknow the Army and the AirForce — they are full of g 1chaps — we arc but one sideof the triangle.My time has long run outand I could go on talking toyou for hours. Jlv advice toyou is to let COMMONSENSEprevail — whether it is handlinga ship in a gale or handlinga ship's company.Realise, too. that whereveryou or your ship goes yourepresent Australia and theAustralian way of life. Beproud of your country. Yonhave joined a wonderful profession— yon won't die richin worldly goods but you willhave a full life, full of richeswhich money could not buy.Mix your work and your funin the right proportion.The Itoyat Australian Navyhas been waiting for you.'in many a quarterdeck ofHer Majesty's ships iscnserolled : "Pear God, Honourthe Queen" — ponder over it— it means much.I can but conclude: (ioodluck and God bless you.THE NAVYPrize Winners at tke R.A.N.C. GraduationCadet Captain P. T. Purcell, R.A.N.Dux of 1968 Normal Entry; First Prize inChemistry; Second Prizes in Mechanics,Physics. Navigation and English Literature.Cadet Midshipman M. G. Harvey, R.A.NDux of imid Matriculation Entry; First PrizeMathematics for .Matriculation Entry.Cadet Midshipman D. J. Thornton, R.A.N.First Prizes in Mechanics, Physics anil EnglishLiterature: Second Prize in .Mathematics.Cadet Captain I. E. Pfennigwerth, R.A.N.First Prizes in English Expression andCurrent Affairs: Second Prise in Seamanship.Cadet Midshipman T. B. Wise, R.A.N.First Prizes in Science and Naval Historyfor .Matriculation Entry; First Prize in Navigation(New Zealand Naval Board Prize.Cadet Captain K. R. Moen. R.N.Z.N.First Prise in French: Second Prize in Engineering.Cade.' Midsh'pman R. A Rowland. R.A.'N.First Prize in MathematicsCadet Midshipman J. M. Halliday, R.N.Z.N.First Prize in Seamanship (Otto AlbertMemorial Prize).Cadet Midshipman J. A. Bate, RANFirst Prize in Engineering.Cadet Midshipman B. G. Draper, R.A.N.First Prize in History.Cadet Midshipman A. Needham, R.A.N.Second Prize in English Expression.Cade.', Midshipman C. J. Skinner, R A.N.Dux of Second Year (Brie Elton MayoMemorial Prizel.Cadet Midshipman J. Staples, R A.N.Dux of First Year.SPORTING AWARDSGovernor General's Cup Best All-round'.ill let e •Cadet Captain R. D. Lamb. S.A N.Burnett t'::p RustyChief Cadet Captain M. B Forest. RAN.Farncomb Oup Cricket :la' •• Ml lei ipmanD, J. Thornton, R.A.N.I'rltr-winnlnc eadetii of the Royal AtnlrmlUn Naeal Collete look pleased with tkaarim. The lare: Cadet Midshipman D. J. Thornton. Chief Cadet Captain M. B. Forrest. Ike Collece DM. who ithe Queen'i Medal and Harnett Cap and Cadel Captain F T. rareeU.J«m»ry, 19*1•

MONTHLY LIST OF INTERESTING HISTORICAL DATESEvery month this year ••The Sary" will publish a similar list of importantactions of the Stcond World War.JANUARY1st1941 H.M.A.S, VOYAOKH assists in bombardmentof Solium.2nd1942 Firsi large-scale reinforcements to NewGuinea Convov escorted bv AUS­TRALIA, CANBERRA. PERTH. II..M.S.ACHILLES arrives safely at PortMoresbyManila and Cavite fall (.Manilaoccupied).1943 Buna Government Station captured by127th Inf. Allies occupy Buna.1944 Landing at Saidor. H.M.A.S. ARUNTAand WARRAMUNGA in covering force.3rd1941 II..MAS. VOYAGER assists in bombardmentof Bardia.1945 Occupation of Akyab Island. H.M.A.SNAPIER ami NEPAL present.3rd Fleet strikes on Nansei Slioto.Formosa and Luzon.Marindtiqne Island landing by elements21st Inf.Bombardment of Lingayen GullH.M.A.S. SHROPSHIRE. ' ARUNTA.WARRAMUNGA, AUSTRALIA, MAN-OORA. KANIMBLA. WESTRALIA,survey ships and minesweepers ofR.A.N, take part.H.M.A.S. AUSTRALIA damaged byaircraft.4th1946 3rd Fleet strikes on Nansei Shoto,Formosa and Luzon.Bombardment of Lingayen Gulf.H.M.A.S. SHROPSHIRE ARUNTA,WARRAMUNGA, AUSTRALIA, MAN-OORA. KANIMHLA. WESTRALIA.survey ships anil minesweepers ofR.A.N. take part. H.M.A.S. AUS­TRALIA damaged.5th1942 l.s.F.I.A. became U.S.A.F.I.A.1945 3rd Fleet strikes on Nansei Shoto.Formosa and Luzon.liombardment of Lingayen Gulf.H.M.A.S. SHROPSHIRE, ' ARUNTA,WARRAMUNGA, AUSTRALIA, MAN-OORA. KANIMBLA. WESTRALIA.survev ships and minesweepers ofIS.A..Y take part.6th1942 Invasion of Borneo.1945 Romhardmenl of Lingayen Gulf.ll.M.A.s. SHROPSHIRE, ' ARUNTA,WARRAMUNGA, AUSTRALIA, MAN-OORA. KAN1.MBLA. WESTRALIA.survey ships and minesweepers ofR.A.N, take part.7th1942 111 (BART joins R.A.N. Foree at Bntavin.1945 3rd Fleet strikes on Nansei Shoto.Formosa and Luzon.8th1945 3rd Fleet strikes on Nansei Shoto,Formosa and Luzon.9th1945 H.M.A.S. VENDETTA bombards DanmapRiver (Aitape Area 1 .3rd Fleet strikes on Nansei Shoto.Formosa and Luzon.6th Army invaded Luzon. U.S. Forcesland on Luzon.10th1942 Invasion of Celebes.12th1945 3rd Fleet struek Indn-China and ChinaCoasts, Formosa and Nansei Shoto.13th1941 H.M.A.S. STUART among destroyers inearrier sereen in air search of coast ofCyrcnaica.1946 3rd Fleet struck Indo-China and ChinaCoasts. Formosa and Nansei Shoto.THE NAVY14th1946 3rd Fleet struck Indo-China and China('oasts, Formosa and Nansei Shoto.14th-24th1943 Casablanca Conference. Conferencenamed "The Unconditional Surrender."1946 Carrier-borne attacks on oil refineriesat Palembang, Sumatra, carried out byBritish East Indies Fleet.15th1945 3rd Fleet struck Indo-China and ChinaCoasts, Formosa and Nansei Slioto.Camotes Islands cleared bv elements7th Inf. Div.16th1944 Sio on Huon Peninsula captured byelements 9th Aust. Division.1945 3rd Fleet struck Indo-China and ChinaCoasts. Formosa and Nansei Shoto.Camotes Islands cleared by elements7th Inf. Div.17th1946 3rd Fleet struck Indo-China and ChinaCoasts. Formosa and Nansei Shoto.Camotes Islands cleared by elements7th Inf. Div.Fall of Warsaw.18th1943 Sauananda captured bv 18th Aust. Bd».(7th Div.).1946 3rd Fleet struck Indo-China and ChinaCoasts. Formosa and Nansei Slioto.Camotes Islands cleared by elements7th Inf. Div.19th1946 3rd Fleet struck Indo-China and China('oasts. Formosa and Nansei Slioto.Camotes Islands cleared l>v elements7th Inf. Div.20th1942 Arrival at Singapore — BALLARAT,TOOWOOMHA and WOLLONGONG.1946 3rd Fleet struck Indo-China and ChinaCoasts. Formosa and Nansei Shoto.Camotes Islands cleared by elements7th Inf. Div.J.nu.ry, 196121it1941 H.M.A.S. STUART and VAMPIREpatrolling off Tobruk intercept Italianschooner SAN DIEGO, which was sunkby VAMPIRE'S gunfire.1946 H.M.A.S. NAPIER with 7th DestroyerFlotilla takes part in engagement offBurma Coast.3rd Fleet struck Indo-China and ChinaCoasts, Formosa and Nansei Shoto.Camotes Islands cleared by elements7th Inf. Div.Tarlac captured by 40th Inf. Div.22nd1941 Tobruk captured.1942 Battle of Macassar Straits.1943 H.M.A.S. PATRICIA CAM bombed andsunk. Wessel [si.Last organised dap resistance Buuat.fouaarea ended.1945 3rd Fleet struck Indo-China and China('oasts. Formosa and Nansei Shoto.Camotes Islands cleared by dements7th Inf. Div.23rd1941 Tobruk captured by British. All Australiandestroyers have been prominent inthe Tobruk Ferry Service, includingH.M.A.S. WATERHEN. STUART,VOYAGER, VAMPIRE. VENDETTA.NAPIER. NORMAN. NESTOR. NIZAMand PARRAMATTA1942 Rabaul seized.Japanese landings in the SolomonIslands.1943 British capture Tripoli.1944 Shaggy Ridge in Finisterre Range N.of Duiupu cleared by 18th Aust. Bde.(7th Div.i.1946 Camotes Islands cleared by elements7th Inf. Div.24th1942 Japanese landings at I .lie in New Guinea.Kalikpapan (Borneo) occupied.1943 Land fighting in Papua ceases.New Guinea Campaign — 24th January,1943-31st December. 1944.1944 Port of Anzio captured.1946 Carrier-borne attacks on oil refineriesat Palembang. Sumatra, carried out byBritish East Indies Fleet.II

•• • r „26th1942 Japanese landings Ht Lae in New Guinea.1945 Camotes Islands cleared bv elements7th Inf. Div.26th1942 Japanese landings at Lae in New (iuinea.1945 Camotes Islands cleared by elementsTtli Inf. Div.27th1942 Japanese landings at Lae in New Guinea.II.MAS. VAMPIRE and II.M.S.TIIANKT aitaek Japanese force offKndau. II.M.S. TIIANKT lost.Mi-. Churehill announces:1. Combined L'liiefs of Staff Committeetn he set up in Washington.2. Pacific War Council to he set up.'A. I'.S. I.ami and Air Forces to joinBritish Forces in I'nited Kingdom.1945 Camotes Islands eleared hv elements7th Inf. Div.28th1945 Camotes Islands eleared by elements7th Inf. Div.29th1945 Camotes Islands eleared bv elements7th Inf. Div.30th1943 Japs repulsed at Wau by 17th Anst. Bde.1945 Camotes Islands eleared bv elements7th Inf. Div.31st1942 Japanese capture Moulinein,1944 I'.S landings at Kin in the MarshallIslands.1945 Camotes Islands eleared by elements7th Inf. Div.Mindoro operation terminated.EDITOB'S NOTE:The abore Information was prepared by the WarMemorial.Information which readers may be able to add tothis list, particularly In respect of the small shipsof the Royal Australian Nary, would be very muchappreciated.FLAG OFFICERSUBMARINESRear-Admiral A. R lie/let. D.8.O. ami liar.D.S.c. Royal Navy. Flair Officer Submarines,has had a remarkable rise in the Service.He is photographed while going on boardII.M.A.S. Melbourne for discussions with theHlag Officer Commanding II.M.A. Fleet, Rear-Admiral W. II. Harrington.THc NAVY....Flag Officer Submarines oninspection visit to SydneyEAR - ADMIRAL A. R.R HEZLET, D.S.O. and Bar,D.8.C., arrived in Sydney onthe 3rd December to earry outan inspection of the 4th SubmarineSquadron and for talkswith Senior Naval Officers inCanberra.At a Press conference on bisarrival, Rear-Admiral llezlctsaid that "he considered thatthere was still a big future forthe conventional submarine."Commenting on the DREAD­NOUGHT, Britain's firstnuclear submarine, he said that*'the building of the sub waswell up to schedule — it had ahull of purely British design,but would be fitted with anatomic power plant fromAmerica. The second submarinewhich had been orderedwould be powered with a reactorbuilt iii Britain."Refit of British Submarinesin SydneyReferring to the refit of submarinesin Australia, the first,II.M.S. TABARD, started herrefit at Cockatoo Dock on the8th December. Rear-Admiralllezlct said "that it was veryhard to estimate the cost ofsuch a refit, but he consideredthat it would be in the vicinityof £750,000 anil that it wouldtake about a year."He has previously visitedAustralia, having commandedthe Submarine TRENCHANTwhen she was operating out ofKremantle during the latterpart of the last war. While incommand of this submarine hewas responsible for the sinkingof Hie 10,000-ton Japanesecruiser ASK1ARA. lie was alsoJanuary. I Mlresponsible for the sinking ofthe Herman U.859 anil a numberof other coastal vessels andsubmarine chasers.Joined Submarines in 1935Rear-Admiral llezlct joinedthe submarine branch of theRoyal Navy in 1936 and at theoutbreak of World War II hewas appointed First Lieutenantof the submarine TRIDENT,which gained a Dumber of successesoff Norway. After havingcommand of a number ofother submarines, he returnedto the TRIDENT in 11142 as herCommanding Officer and addedfurther to the record of herwartime sinkings, a large Germansupply ship being numberedamong her "kills."His first operational commandwas II.M.S. URSULA in1941. lie was awarded theD.S.C. whilst serving temporarilyin II.M.S. UNIQUE foran attack against a fast convoyin the Mediterranean. Hisattack against this convoy wasdescribed as culminating in "arecord water carnival for theenemy's military force." Thefollowing year he operated innorthern waters anil was Mentionedin Despatches for escortinga convoy to Murmansk andagain for towing X5 to NorthNorway for the attack on theTirpitz.Youngest Commander inSubmarine Service *When promoted Commanderin 1944 he was the youngestsubmarine officer to hold thatrank.Whilst on the staff of theDirector of Torpedo and AntisubmarineWarfare at Admiralty,he was one of theBritish Service Observers atthe Bikini Atom bomb trials.He was appointed as Commandingofficer of H.M.S. SCOR­PION, a destroyer, in March,1!)4'J. While serving in thisship he was promoted Captainin June. 1950, at the age of 36years.In the autumn of 1950 he returnedto Admiralty for dutyfirst as Assistant and later asDeputy Director of The Torpedo.Anti-submarine and MineWarfare Division of the NavalStaff, and afterwards went toII.M.S. DOLPHIN, headquartersof the submarine branch,as Chief Staff Officer to FlagOfficer, Submarines.lie was appointed to II.M.S.HATTLEAXE in command andas Captain (Di of the 6thDestroyer Squadron in May.1955, and held that post untilAugust. 1956. when he becameDirector of the R.N. Staff College.Greenwich.In January, 1968, he went toH.M.S. NEWFOUNDLAND asCommanding Officer and remainedin that ship until June,1559.He was promoted Rear-Admiral on 7th July. 1959. andtook up his present appointmentas Flag Officer Submarinesin November of thesame year.Rear-Admiral Hezlet leftSydney on the K»th Decemberfor England.He was to earry out aninspection of British submarinesat Singapore while, enroute.ii

Sea Cadet Corps NationalThe result of a nation-wideinspection to select Australia'smost efficient Sea Cadet unitwas announced recently by theMinister for the Navy, SenatorGorton,Senator Gorton said the EfficiencyTrophy, presented bythe Navy League of Australia.had been awarded to TrainingShip MAGNUS, which was theunit of the Church of EnglandGrammar School in Brisbane.He said that during the pasttwelve months the Director ofNaval Reserves. Captain W. I».Iff. Marks. C.H.E.. D.S.C., hadvisited each of Australia'sT.S. MAGNUS, Unit of the Church of EnglandGrammar School, Brisbane is chosenthirty-four Sea Cadet units inall States. Captain Marks hadselected the Brisbane Churchof England Grammar School asthe outstanding unit, whileother close contenders for thetrophy were units at WollongOllg,Snapper Island andWoolwich [New South Wales),Portland, fleelong and Williamstown(Victoria) Launcestonami I'lverstone (Tasmania).Rockingham (WesternAustralia), and Brisbane(Training Ship GAYUNDAH).Senator Gorton said this wasonly the second year that thenational efficiency trophy hadbeen awarded. Last year itAwardwent to Training Ship BAR-WON at Geelong.The Sea Cadet Corps is runjointly by the Navy Leagueand the Royal AustralianNavy. The cadets are aged betweenthirteen and nineteen.The Corps teaches them basicpoints of seamanship, and alsoencourages character developmentand community spirit.New South Wales has eightSea Cadet units. Victoriaseven, Queensland six. WesternAustralia five, Tasmaniafour. South Australia two, AustralianCapital Territory andNorthern Territory one each.H.M.A.S. WARREGO-21st BirthdayOfficers of H.M.A.S. WARREGO recentlyheld a eoektail party to eelebrate the ship'se( mi illy of aye.Dame Battle Meiusies, who launched the ship,attended the party and was presented withthe ship's crest as a memento of the visit. ThePrime Minister accompanied her to the party.Karlier in the day Dame Pattie paid a visitto H.M.A.S. VOYAGER, whieh she alsolaunched.At left: Dame Pattie Menzles with Commander N.Sanderson. Captain of the WARREGO which Is atpresent employed on surveying duties.JOIN THE NAVY LEAGUEThe object of the Navy League in Australia, Kiteits older counterpart, the Navy League in Britain,is to insist by all means at its disposal upon thevital importance of Sea Power to the BritishCommonwealth of Nations. The League sponsorsthe Australian Sea Cadet Corps by giving technicalThe League consists of Fellows (Annual or Life) and Associates.sea training to and instilling navaf training in boyswho intend to serve in Naval or Merchant service*and also to those sea-minded boys who do notintend to follow a sea career, but who, given thisknowledge, will form a valuable Reserve for theNaval Service.All British subjects who signify approval to the objects of the League are eligible.MAV WE ASK YOU TO JOIN and swell our members so that the Navy League In Australia may bewidely known and exercise an Important influence in the life of the Australian Nation fFor particulars, contact The Secretary, 66 Clarence Street, Sydney, N.S.W.or The Secretary, Room 8, 8th Floor. 528 Collins Street, Melbourne, C.I, Victoriaor one of the Hon. Secretaries et:• Boi 376E, G.P.O., Brisbane, Queensland • 30 Pine Street, Adelaide, S.A,• 726 Sandy Bay Rd., Lower Sandy Bay. Hobert • 62 Blencowe St., West Leederville, W.A• P.O. Box 90, Darwin. N.T. • 60 Limestone Ave., Ainslie, Canbe^a, A.C.T,14 THE NAVYThe sis-man Australian Red Cross team, led by Surgeon Commander Haughton, who was given leaveby the Royal Australian Navy, were recently complimented by U.N.O. for their work. The photographabove was taken Just before the team left for the Congo. Left to right: Dr. B w. Fox, Dr. Haughton,Mr. J. Aool, Mr. A. Thompson. Dr. F. WIUs and Dr. F. M. Dwyer.Jsftjsry, 1961. .....*.

(••ORTATVAw iviiTi>ii• flKSBfifiiKl.oi lfidence in the future of ocean £oing liners us a meansof ultra* •ting passenger trade, and inereasing trade, is reflectedSbS»3NP5£Vli>SB ;.^~t5Sp^^^^^^^!a-::......«• .1-.. 1> X (1 IU..I 1 :.. 1... I9n linn nnn ^€Si*t^i^£-%35aaai?J•!on the eoiistruction of two huge liners for trade between J heUnited Kingdom and Australia and older ports.lFIRST VOYAGE T( 3 AUSTRALIAWjtL.~~ aS^feSSSI^fc^' '"^Wfeii'^ (T? :; ' : -; ; itr*** te^S^-;^^1^•*a?u*--Bf'•'3B^S m^SJB 5^S WSSA •y^^,-^^^^^.*p "*""***«; "• ti-> ' l SftHere are details about the Oriana:Length overall804ft.Length between perpendiculars 740ft.Beam moulded97ft.Beam extreme100ft.Load draught31ft. 6m.Gross Tonnage 'British- 41.922.1)1'22.372 93 net)MachineryM;i: •vi'uw Doublf- reduction turbine.Boilers: Poster Wheeier external superheattype.Generators: Four 220 vol, D.C. 1190 KWeach three 230 volt A.C.. 250 KW each.Emergency generators I diesel I, two 220volt D.C. 200 KW each.Propellers: Two of 28 tons weight each.with a maximum thrust of 160 tonseach.Shaft horsepower: 65.000 al 147 r.p.m.tfrvice. B0.000 at .-53 r.o.in maximum.Service speed: 27.^ knots.I'm! .'•!: 30 Knots 'approx.t.lei consumption: 415 toes per d;lor ell purports.»=£=* % «'«.„,*&**2Tourist class stem pfery bar Tourist class lower swimming pool Cinema First class baUroom£,•*•£$ i-S» SiffMt>3>8*P;•J*-0-SHia!38r?S.J**>SI

• • • • ' • • • ••APPRENTICES AT SCHOOL AT H.MAS NIRIMBAApart from their technical training, apprentices at H.M.A.S. NIRIMBA receive a secondary school education.Here some of them are seen being riven a lesson in grammar. A revised syllabus, as required by the N.S.W.Department of Education, was recently introduced.Zinc provides effective and economicalprotection against Corrosion.Metallic Zinc Coatings — hoc-dipgalvanizing, zinc spraying, sherardizing,and zinc-rich paints — to protect iron andsteel sheets, tubes, pipes, wire, bolts andnuts, holloware, nails, and structural steelfor television and electrical transmissiontowers.Zinc in Sacrificial Anodes — toprotect underwater steel structuresand ships' hulls.High gr»d* • Icctrolyfic tineis produced(fuirutMd tf.fS'.)ELECTROLYTIC ZINC CO. OF A'SIA LTD.,3W Lonsdale Street. MELBOURNE. C.I.THE NAVYAPPRENTICES "PASS OUT"AT H.M.A.S. NIRIMBAHE second "Passing Out"T of Apprentices from theNavv's training Establishment.H.M.A.S. NIRIMBA took pla ••on the 14th December.The salute was taken byRear Admiral G. ('. Oldham.D.S.O.. Hag Officer in Charge,Hast Australia Area, and theparade was witnessed by manyparents and friends of theapprentices.Some of the points made l.vthe Captain of NIRIMBA, CaptainH. \V. Jlussared. in hisaddress were:—In June we held our firstPassing Out Ceremony, markingthe end of the first 4 yearcycle of training.In the light of the experiencegained we have since been ableto review our training policyand administration, and acertain amount of streamlininghas been found possible.This latter is very importantas Apprentices will gain certainexemptions which could beof considerable use in theirpost-Naval life.In brief, the more importantehanges have been :—IN SCHOOL• A revised syllabus, onsimilar lines to tha* requiredby the N.S.W. Department ofTechnical Education has beenaccepted by A.C.N.B.• In future, the Hasic PhaseExamination will correspondto their Certificate Entrance(External Intermediate), andwill allow our advanced educationin the Intermediate Phaseto qualify individuals for exemptionsin certain Certificatecourses (corresponding to theold Diploma).January. 1961IN TECHNICAL• Electrical—The E.A. syllabusis now exactly the sameas that of the N.S.W. Departmentof Technical Education.• Mole emphasis has therebybeen placed on basic electri-: al theory, and on the use oflaboratory irid demonstrationequipment.E.R.A. Bm/W.•» No more E.R.A. Mm/W'swill be trained in NIRIMBA.The plate work and skilledwelding will in future behandled by tie Naval Shipwrights,and tile gencal weldingand boiler maintenance bvthe E.R.A. (F. & T.J.• All Bm/W'a under trainingwill complete their course,and I can confidently assurethem that their career prospectswill be in no wayaffected.IN CRAFTThere has been no necessityfor change, we arc continuallysearching for more interestingpractice jobs which will haveBest aU roundapprentice ofH.M.A.S. NIRIM­BA, E.R.A. V. J.Fanker, of Dmrl,New South Wales,Is congratulatedby Bear-AdmiralG. C. Oldham,D.S.C., Fuuj Officer- In - t'harrr.East AustraliaArea, for winningthe Governor-General's prizes.some end use. and maintain aconsistently high standard inall trades.During this term, the newentries have been treated as.a separate training divisionill the charge of the TrainingOfficer.It has been possible to givethem a far filler indoctrinationinto Service ways and requirements,and has enabled us towelil them into a well integratedgroup.We have extended the authorityof the Senio- Term Apprentices,who now play alarger part in the "silenthours" administration.In the social and recreationfield the use of apprentice committeesis being extended tocover more activities, underthe guidance of officers andeenior ratings.COSTS OF TRAININGIt is a matter of general interestthat I have recently triedto access the overall cost perhead of training one Apprentice.

This training embraces thefour distinct fields of Craft,Technical, School and Leadership.I have had to make manyguesses, hut the cost is considerablygreater than thatwhich any parent would haveto pay for education at one ofour (Jreater Public Schools.Our task is n t only to trainsuperior tradesmen, but alsoto prepare the Apprenticefor the responsibility which hemust be ready to assume atsea. The Naval training is justas important as the technical.There is a difference betweenbeing just a Tradesmanand being a Petty or ChiefPetty Officer—and in somecases an < Ifficer.The difference can be expressedin three words —"Sense of responsibility."I like to stress this point.what we do here does notbenefit the Navy alone.We are in the long run. amuch needed natural asset inthese days of increasing technicald'mand.SOME OF THE APPRENTICESA Navy photographer took this picture or the 7th Term Apprenticesat the passing-out parade and prize-giving ceremony at H.M.A.S.NIRIMBA last month.PROUD PARENTS SAW THEIRSONS "PASS OUT"Shipping Reserve Officers ConferenceReserve Officers who will beresponsible for the control ofmerchant shipping, recentlyconferred in Canberra. Officerswho attended were CommanderB. L. Dechaineux (Tasmania),Commander E. B. Hopkins(South Australia). CommanderO. M. May (Queensland),Lieutenant-Commander H. G.Harris (Western Australia),Lieutenant-Commander A. G.Bayly (New South Wales), andLieutenant-Commander li. H.Dick (Victoria).THE UNITED SHIP SERVICES PTY. LTD.GEELONG • MELBOURNE * PORTLANDVICTORIA, AUSTRALIAThe largest organisation in Victorian ports for the supply and erection of fittingsfor the carriage of every description of cargo. Bulk grain fittings a speciality.Dunnage supplied, holds cleaned. Decks caulked. Carpenters, joiners andshipwrights supplied.20Captain B. W. MussaredNIRIMBA passini-oul — Apprentice Alan Nucc.il. who ni one ofthe apprentices who passed-out at H.M.A.S. NIRIMBA last month,la shown with his parenta and sisters and Apprentice Robert Lewisof Western Australia. Nuttal passed out as a 5th Class Artificerpreparatory to underfolnf a further 12 months' training at sea.THE NAVY88-102 NORMANBY RD, SOUTH MELBOURNETelephone: MX 5231Telegrams end Cables: " HKTWAYS," MelbourneJanuary. Hit

. - • . - . i.- -• : :MORE BATTLESHIPSPASS ON"AIRCRAFT CARRIERS TODAYand TOMORROWBy "REACTOR"II MS. VANGUARD, the last British battleship, on her way to be broken up. The ship ran agroundwhile under tow but was soon pulled off, and her breaking up is now well under way.beer inhandy cansFOSTER'S LAGERVICTORIA BITTERA new list of ships whichhave been condemned lias beenissued bv the United StatesNavy.It includes the battleshipsNORTH CAROLINA andWASHINGTON; the battlecruisersALASKA and GUAMand the cruiser MANCHES­TER,Twelve submarines, IS landingships, 5 patrol boats. 7sweepers and 56 auxiliaries,amongst which are 10 ex-escortcarriers and 22 fast transports,are also included iu the list.Canadian Cruisers also soldThe Royal Canadian cruisersQUEBEC and ONTARIO havealso been sold to •Japan forscrap. Thev were sold for lessthan 400,000 dollars each.THE NAVTO review of naval aviationN would be complete withoutsome reference to the greatships which give the Fleet AirArm its "raison d'etre", thosefloating bases and operationalheadquarters of the front-linesquadrons, which now form thelargest and most powerful unitsof the 11160 Heet. Already inthe opening year of the newdecade two naval events havetaken place, both of which aremajor landmarks iu the historyof the aircraft carrier. On asummer evening at Portsmouthin June "Sunset" was soundedfor the last time on boardBritain's sole remaining battleship,and with the scrapping ofII.M.S. VANGUARD the claimof the aircraft carrier to be thecapital ship of to-day is Anallyestablished. Earlier in the yearthe commissioning of II.M.S.BULWARK as the first Comluandocarrier marked the firstattempt to adapt an aircraftcarrier to the role of a mobilebase for a self-contained militaryunit complete with its ownmeans of aerial transport.Nevertheless, in this ape ofmissilry. and nuclear deterrents,the future of the aircraftcarrier and its ability to retainits claim to be the modemcapital ship are both under discussionand a look at the presentsituation will not be outof place.Britain now possesses eiphtaircraft carriers, of which oneis unlikely to see further activeservice. Although an extensiveJaniMiy, I tilmodernisation programme hasbeen carried out on most ofthem, by 196") they will all bebetween 10 anil 20 years oldand their hulls arc unlikely tobe fit for the further improvementswhich will then be necessaryto keep them efficientAssuming two years are necessaryto complete plans for anew class of ship and five moreyears to build each one of sucha class, it can be seen howurgent the question of new aircraftcarriers for the RoyalNavy has become. Unless workon the first ship is begun thisyear, about '966 there is likelyto be a peri >d when our existiii);carriers will be beyondeconomical maintenance, whilsttheir replacements will still bein the builders' yards. There isno margin to work on, fordevelopment of new types ofaircraft is proceeding all thetime anil by the mid-sixties wemay find ourselves not onlywith no new aircraft carriers,luit with new naval aircraftunable to operate from thecarriers of to-day. We cannotassume that the SKA VIXKN.the SCIMITAR and the X.A.39 represent the ultimate in thedevelopment of naval aircraft.Their successors are likely tobe even larger, heavier andmot omplex, and in the nexti^w years the tendency will befor fewer, larper aircraftinstead of the numbers ofsmaller aircraft now carried.The cost of a new aircraftcarrier is formidable: a replacementfor the ARK ROYALmight cost £40 million in 1965,a smaller Commando or helicoptercarrier might be builtfor about £20 million. With theChancellor of the Exchequerstruggling to maintain publicspending at its current leveland our balance of paymentsalways under review, we needhardly wonder at the apparentreluctance of the Governmentto start work on a new ship.Would this expense be justified?Will aircraft carriers stillhave a worthwhile task to performin the military plana ofthe seventies?Aircraft Carriers in FutureNuclear WarA few years atro the carrierborneaircraft was seen as theonly likely means of continuingnuclear attacks on theSoviet land mass after the firstexchange of atomic bombs haddestroyed the less mobilebomber bases and missile sites.But thiis idea of "brokenbacked"warfare is now discredited.In the present age ofnuclear stalemate the provisionof a mobile deterrent force atinstant readiness to deliver adecisive counter-blow to anysurprise nuclear attack on theWest is now the lyneh-pin ofallied military plans. Althoughthe United States Navy stillretains a powerful carrier taskforce in the Mediterranean, itscontinued presence in this areais dictated more by politicaln

One ina million!Yea yon could *irii.i- oil in jronr Inefc yard. Buiit*- nol likely. In fact, the rhanees are a million la oneaiainM ii.S.i if r,';i bave iron!!'- meeting tlio-i? i>ill- whenifae) eoox in. rlonf -i.u ilifEging, There'i a better way.Saving . . ^ «••. i*.- know ttavine, Un*t «*;i»>.II. t- hhj we have prepared .1 special (older tohelp >.»... It"- called 'System Saving. It showi b »la meet bills with ihf minimum «•! worry.Cull m BJIJ [.rum], ol ill** Commonwealth Sai ingiBank and let a free copy. Ask for u copy of "SyatemCOMMONWEALTH SAVINGS BANK'.11117.1?FOR EVERY TYPE OF CRAFT AFLOATANCHOR BRAND ROPEconditions than by militaryexpediency. The United StatesStrategic Air Command, withsome assistance from our smallforce of V-Homliers, is currentlythe major agencycharged with the task of maintainingthe Western deterrentin constant readiness.Kven at this article is beingwritten, however, the tremendoussuccess of the UnitedStates Navy in successfullylaunching a Polaris missile forl t 100 miles from a submergedsubmarine has

'What has all this got to dowith Britain's new aircraftcarriers? By the time the firstof these ships could be operationalthe United States Navywill have a large proportionof this projected nuclear submarinestrength deployed onstation at immediate readiness,and it is reasonable to supposethat by 1970 manned aircraftwill have ceased to be the principaldeterrent agent. Thesedevelopments are also likely tomean the end of the conceptof nuclear strikes on land targetsby carrier-borne aircraft,and so we must now assumethat the decision whether ornot to build more British aircraftcarriers will be judgedsolely by the role which theseships can perform in limitedwar or "brush-fire operations.The value of the aircraft carrierin these operations lies inits ability to provide air coverfor sea and land forces engagedin remote areas far from otherbases. In addition, naval aircraftarc specially suited forprecision attacks on militarytargets where damage to nonmilitaryinstallations and civilianpersonnel must be kept, tothe minimum. During the Suezoperations, most of the Egyptianfighter force was destroyedon the ground by naval aircraftin pin point attacks onairfields and grounded aircraft;by contrast the night bombingof Cairo Radio and other targetsby the Royal Air Force wasinaccurate, resulted in civiliancasualties, and in consequencegave our enemies a tremendouspropaganda weapon to useagainst us.When the Minister of Defencespoke of the new concept ofmobility of our forces in aspeech last spring, he may nothave been thinking only of theCommando carrier; in fact, atask force of Commando andconventional carriers w i t htheir escorting frigates anddestroyers and supporting replenishmentships gives him acompact combat team of sea.land and air forces capable ofdealing with most of the"brush - fire" operations onecan envisage during the nextdecade.The Commando carrier is thepivot round which this forcerevolves, but alone she is completelydefenceless against thesmallest-scale of air, surface orsubmarine attack. If there iseven the possibility of slightair attack she must be supportedby at least one otheraircraft currier to provide aircover both for herself and forthe troops ashore, whilst thesurface escorts must protect thecarriers against submarine orship attacks.With these requirements inmind we can begin to build upa picture of the types andnumbers of new aircraft carrierswe require. The mosturgent task is to start work ona fleet carrier to replace II.M.S.VICTORIOUS by 1967, whenher hull will be 2S years old.This replacement need not beas large as the ARK ROYAL,but she cannot reasonably beless than 40.000 tons and stillbe capable of operating thenew types of naval aircraft andof carrying the vast amount ofcomplex equipment which isnow essential to all warships.Should the new ships benuclear-powered* With designstudies for a first Britishnuclear-powered tanker onlyjust completed, any attempt toincorporate this method of propulsioninto the first of the newaircraft carriers would onlydelay her completion stillfurther. And further delay wecannot afford. In any case, theintroduction of nuclear powerfor surface warships will be atremendous step forward in ournaval practice which will haveprofound effects on operationalfactors and traditionalmethods, and it is to be doubtedwhether the Naval Staff has yetcompleted even a preliminarystudy of all the implicationsof this advance. But this taskmust soon be undertaken: theTHE NAVYp**

• • •ItCOCKATOO DOCKS«V ENGINEERINGCO. PTY. LTD.ShipbuildersMarineanaGeneral EngineersContractors to . . .H.M. AUSTRALIAN NAVYInquirietInvitedCOCKATOO DOCKS5P.TSYDNEY'Phone: 82 0661(10 lines)H.M. SUBMARINE ORPHEUSJOINS THE NAVYII.M. Submarine ORPHEUS,the first of the new Oberonclass, lias commissioned for serviceunder the command ofCommander T. A. ('. (.'lack,K.X., and was accepted fromher builders, Vickers-Armstrongs(Shipbuilders) Ltd., atsea on Friday, 25th November.The OKIMIUl'S. which waslaunched on 17th November,1959, has a length of 295 feel•'. indies and a beam of 2b' feetI) inches. The superstructureis of light alloy.Boats of this class are similarin design to the Porpoise class.They are equipped to tire homingtorpedoes ami have thelatest in detection equipment.They are capable of high| KE M IjpjCOPPER, BRASS ANDOTH6R NON-FERROUSWIRE CABLES & TUBESMETAL MANUFACTURES LTD.PORT KFMBLA. N.S.W. .TUBES AND BRASS WIREKNOX SCHLAPP PTY. LTD.Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne,Sydney, Launeeston.SEtLINC AGENTS(with Ducrffcutors in .11 Stats)WIRE AND CABLESBRITI8H INSULATEDCALLENDER'S CABLES LTD.Melbourne, Albury, Sydney,Newcastle, Wollonfonf,Brlibane, Hobart, LauneestonAdelaide.underwater speeds and have avery long endurance.The diesel-elcetric main propulsionmachinery is poweredby Admiralty Standard Rangediescl engines. In the case ofthe ORPHEUS, these weremanufactured hy Vtckers*Armstrongs ( Engineers i Ltd..and the ICnglisli Electric Companyprovided the main propulsiongenerators, mainmotors ami main controllingswitch-gear.The ship's company of sixofficers and 61 ratings are providedwith a high standard ofaccommodation and everyeffort lias been made to providesufficient amenities to counteractthe effects of long patrols.NAVAL RESERVES TRAINAS DIVERSThe Royal Australian Navyhasintroduced a scheme whichwould enable it to rapidly increasethe strength of its divingteams in the event of anemergency.The Minister for the Navy,Senator (iorton, said recentlythat members of the Royal AustralianXaval Reserve werenow being trained in divingtechniques. Those men were beingput through a basic coursewhich would train them to astage where they could immediatelybegin more advancedclearance diving training ifthey were needed in a hurry.Senator Gorton said volunteersfrom the reserves wereundergoing t) series of coursesat the Royal Australian Navy'sDiving School in Sydney. Itwas the same basic course asgiven to permanent members ofthe R.A.N, who volunteeredfor diving duties. The course(Continued on page 31)P.V. C. COATED NYLON AND TERYLENEFABRICS... to protect valuableMarine EquipmentP.V.C. coated Nylon and Terylene fabrics havebeen developed especially for marine uses ... inbig ships they are used extensively for numerousvital purposes, including lifeboat and winch covert,and gangway icreens. The Naval uses includeengine covers for aircraft in R.A.N. Carriers.P.V.C. fabrics are ideal in small craftoverall or engine, etc.. covers.forThe overwhelming advantages of P.V.C. coven liein comparatively light weight, resistance to seaair and retention of great strength throughout along life of protection of valuable equipmentagainst the elements.PLASTYNE PRODUCTS PTY. LTD.JF 3229 Waltham Street, ARTARMON JF 3229January. 1961 29

.SERVICE CHIEFS VISIT LEGACYThf Senior Officers of the three Services recently visited Legacy and witnessed displays by the Legatees.BRITISH BOX CO.PTY. LTD.39 RICKETTY STREET. MASCOT, HAW.MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS OFWOODEN CASES, CRATES, PALLETS, SAFE-STAKA CONVERTORSCONTRACTORS TO R.A.N.TELEPHONE: MU 305430 THE NAVYFloating Recruiting Office tor R. N.opens on Victoria EmbankmentHE ROYAL NAVY'S onlyT floating recruiting officeopened for business on 28thNovember on hoard II.M.S.DISCOVERY—invariably CaptainScott's "Discovery" tothe passing public—berthed inthe Thames on London's VictoriaEmbankment.It. will be the London recruitingheadquarters for the RoyalNavy and Royal Marines responsiblefor the administrationof an area stretching from theWash to Sussex, ami replacesthe present office accommodationin Charing Cross Road.Although the three mastedDISCOVERY has been refittingsince May for her new role, thehistorical parts of the ship,which attract some 200 thousandvisitors a year, have notbeen altered and she will beopen again to the public fromThursday, 1st December from1.0-5.0 p.m. daily.She will remain one of thethree ships of the London Divisionof the Royal Naval Reserveand the flagship of theJanuary.•^sjrAdmiral Commanding Reserves(Vice-Admiral R.A. Ewing.(It., D.S.C. . The ship willcontinue to he used by theR.N.R. and at the weekend byunits of the Sea Cadet Corpsand trie Sea Scouts.The adaption of the DIS­COVERY for recruiting purposesmeans that for the firsttime the three thousand menand women who use the Londonrecruiting headquarterseach year will have to goafloat to volunteer their services,to make enquiries or formedical examinations.On the upper deck, a cabinwith a teak door still bearingtie inscription MASTER —PRIVATE" has become theoffice of the Recruiting StaffOfficer for the London Area(Commander W.8.G. Edward,O.B.E.. R.N.) and inside arestill many of the original fittings—includinga brass heelindicator, although now theonly movement to its needle iscaused by the wash of passingbarges.BABCOCK BOILERS... are used in 900 POST-WARMERCHANT VESSELS and forover three-quarters of the Britishpost-war naval programme.UKOCI 1 WILCOX OF HUlVMUt m.,9fclLTB. MAS Off It! t WOHii KtEKt! fill, | UBelow on the main deck,adjoining the ship's WardRoom with cabin doors stillbearing the names of their occupants,have been built administrative,enquiry and documentationoffices in the placeof the original sick bay andPetty Officers and Warrant(Ifficers Messes.Other parts of the DIS­COVERY also have been eonvertedfor new functions. Theold coal bunkers, engine roomspaces and provision stores onthe platform deck have beentransformed into offices andwaiting rooms for the medicaldepartment, while further aftanother space has become aneducational and aptitude testroom for use bv recruits.The DISCOVERY, built in1901 by the National OeographiealSociety for CaptainScott's first expedition, waspresented to the Boy Scouts'Association in 1937. when shemoved to her present berth onthe Embankment. She wastaken over by the Admiraltyin 195"> for use as one of thethree drill ships of the LondonDivision R.N.R.NAVAL RESERVES TRAINAS DIVERS'Continued from page 29)taught the techniques of compressedair diving, and at theend of three weeks the reservesqualified as divers.Senator Gorton added thatthe Royal Australian Navy hadreached the stage where itneed no longer rely on the experienceof the Royal Navy inthe training of its divers. Infuture, all clearance divingofficers would be trained at theSydney diving school.Divers have an importantrole in modern naval warfare.They have an offensive task inclearing beach-heads of obstacles,and a defensive role inkeeping ships clear of underwaterexplosive devices.31

OLD SHIPS and CUSTOMSAbove: The tug HERO, a recent marine casualty,tows through Sydney Heads one of the last sailingships to visit Australia.Left: A Dutch Naval rating from the ll.N.M.S. KARELDOORMAN displays a fine example of the tatooist'sart.Captain B. W. Mussared. Captain or H.M.A.S.NIRIMBA, is towed "ashore" as he relinquishes hiscommand. Captain Mussared has been succeeded hyCaptain F. W. Purves.32 THE NAVYNEW BESTOBELL ALUMINISED ASBESTOS CLOTHINGREFLECTS UP TO 95% RADIANT HEATYou'd prohahl) never Use ;i suit like ihe one above (photographed recently at.1 special demonstration to fire-fighting authorises), but the same newlydevelopedaluminised asbestos is now available from Bestobell in addition tothe more conventional material.The Bcslohcll range ot protective clothing includes gauntlets, gloves, aprons,leggings, overalls, helmets, boots, armlets, etc. Other Protective r qmpmenisuch as fire curtains and fire blankets, can be made to order.I'lu'in- fm prompt atlennon >»« will /•< pleau'd tt> cali.BELLS ASBESTOS AND ENGINEERING (AUSTRALIA) LTDS\dncv. Melbourne. Penh. Brisbane. \dclaidc. lownsville. Newcastle,katgoorlic. Darwin. Hobafl. I.aunceston. Burnic

TOSERVICEINDUSTRYCOPPER • BRASS • BRONZE • ALUMINIUMAustral Alloys of Copper. Bronze and Aluminium possess allthe chemical, physical and mechanical properties demandedby modern industry. Fabricators know that Austral BronzeCompany supply the highest quality material to their mostexacting requirements and tolerances.SOIL: Sheet and Sinp products are available in continuous lengthtoils to (nt produt lion i st.• Extruded Rod, Bars, Wire andSpecial Sections• Strip• Sheet• Circles• PlateAUSTRAL#) BRONZECOMPANY •TY. LTD.138 130 Hothuh.lo A>Rotcbtnr MU 4443443 rerrtnt RdW«.4>illt Jl S366473 47* Swan SiBurnley IB 4374101 Si Gcorqe'1 TtrP.ith 8i 7072224 Montaiut Rdm*U End 16162aoi 42, P.O . GltnorchyHobarl 76SS7 HobjilConirdrrablr ifo*•> of non ferrous producfiPrinted* by S' r : -j '< »• l"* » Bond S'reel

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.THENAVYVol. 24 MARCH, 1961The Official Organ of the Navy League of AustraliaCONTENTSThe sort of Air Powera shipbuilder•. .in a range of toots by At/asCopcoCompressed air is versatile. It can be used in many industries topower many types of equipment. For shipbuilders, AtlasCopcomakes air-powered hoists, grinders, drills, chipping-hammers. riveters,screwdriversand the compressors which drive them.Designed for reliable service under the most arduous conditions, thehand toofs are fitted with high-efficiency air motors giving the bestpossible power weight ratios. Easy to handle, they are economical tnoperate. The air hoists ranging in capacity from 5 cwt to 10 tons —are especially suited to shipyard work. With smooth-running airmotors and very low creep speeds, they permit ultra-sensitive controlAn additional advantage is the enclosed design, which allows safeoperation in any atmospherehot. explosive, dusty, damp or corrosive.SALES AND SERVICE IN NINETY COUNTRIES.With companies and agents in ninety countries, Atlas Copco is theworld"s largest organisation specialising solely in compressed airequipment. Wherever you are. the international Atlas Copco groupoffers expert advice on the selection of equipment and provides acomplete after-sales serviceJhUisCbpcc"/.- ATLAS COPCO AUSTHALIA PTT.J i-'^T*"l« 205 Parrametta Road. Auburn, NSW.Telephone: YX 171 ILIMITEDFEDERAL COUNCIL:President: Rear Admiral H. A.Shower*. C.BJE. IRetd-l.Deputy President: Cdr. R. A. Nettlelold.DSC, V.R.D.. B.A.N.R.Secretary: Lieutenant L. Mackay-Crulse, R.A.N.R.New South Wales Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governorof New South Wales.Prrsident: Rear Admiral H. A.Showers. CB.K.Secretary: Lleutemint L. Miickay-Crulse, R.A.N.R.Hon. Treasurer: R. I. Rne. Esq.Victorian Division:Patron: His Excellency the Governorof Victoria.Prrsident: Lieut.-Comdr. A. N. Boulton.R.A.N.R.Secretary: Miss E. C. Shorrocks. 528Collins Street. Melbourne.ENGINEERING IN THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVYNEW BRITISH NAVAL CONSTRUCTION 8THE MODERN STOKER IN THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVY 9H.M.A. NAVAL DOCKYARD. GARDEN ISLAND 13SHIPBUILDING FOR THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVY 16S.S. ORIANA — HER ENGINES 22MONTHLY LIST OF INTERESTING DATES 23THE NAVY IN A PERIOD OF CHANGE 26An address by the Firtt Lord of the AdmiraltyU.S. NAVY — ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION 3C(Editor's Note: Because of circumstances, certain articles on the EngineeringBranch have had to be held over to the April issue of "The Navy."Published by the Navy LeagueTill XAYY I I Y«.l'••: OF %l SlllAI I \Representatives of the Naval Board:Director of Naval Reserves, CaptainW. B M. Marks. C BE . DSC.RANComdr. H L Gimn. O B E.. DSCPATRON:His Excellency the Governor GeneralQueensland Division:Patron: His Excellency The Oovemoiof Queensland.President: Comdr N. S. PlxleyM.B.E.. V.R.D.. R.A.N.R. (Retd.lRyan House. Eagle Street. Brisbane,Hon. Sec.: O. B. O'Neill. Esq.. Bof376E.. O.P.O.. Brisbane.Australian Capital Territory Division:President: Lt. Comdr J. B. Howse.V R I"). R.A.N.V.R.. 5 Baudlnstreet, Forres'., Canberra. A-C.T.Hon. Sec.: Lieut. O. M. BlakeR.A.N .V.R., 60 Limestone AvenueAlnslle. ACT. 'Phone: J 3237Northern Territory Division:Patron: His Honour the Administrator,J. C. Archer. Esq.. O.B.E.President: Captain S. H. K. SpunteonD.S.O-. O.B.E., R.A.N. (M/LhHon. Sec.: C A. J. McRar. Esq.. c •Welfare Branrh, Darwin. N.T.AUSTRALIAN SEA CADET COUNCIL:Representatives of The Navy Leajcue:Comdr R A. Nettlefold. DSC.V.R.D. R.A.N.V.R.L G Pearson. Esq; L Forsvthe,EsqSouth Australian Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governorof South Australia.President: Surgeon -Comdr. R. P.Matters -Retd.hHon. See.: R. Sutton, Esq., 30 PlrteStreet. Adelaide.Tasmanisn Division:Patron: Vice Admiral Sir Guy Wystt.KBE. C.B.. RN.

Always ask for ...SHELLEY'SFAMOUS DRINKSObtainable from leadingshops and saloonsCORDIAL FACTORYSHELLEY & SONSMURRAYPTY. LTDSTREETMARRICKVILLEN.S.W.'Phone: LA 5461MELBOURNESTEAMSHIPCO. LTD.Head Office:31 KING ST., MELBOURNEBranches or Agenciesat all ponsManaging Amenta [orHOBSONS BAY DOCK ANDENGINEERING CO. PTY.LTD.Work*: Williamstosvn, VictoriaHODGE ENGINEERING CO.PTY. LTD.Work* Sussex Si., SydneyandCOCKBURN ENGINEERINGPTY. LTD.Works Hint. R,l , FremantleShip P.epairers, etcOIT OF THE MOITHS OF—"Dear Royal Navy," wrotethe young admirer. "Pleasewould yiin be kind enough tosfinl mi' si.mo informationabout submarines? If HO, could.von tell mi' what the inside ofa submarine is like, what kindof a job I might have, howmuch I'd have for wanes, etc."I've iieen asking you tillthis. because my brothelNeville got :i book about submarines, and I looked at it. and1 found a picture of a silverand golden dolphin and determinedmyself I'd [jet one!"I think that being in a submarineis about the safest placeto be during war. because if Iwas in the Air Koive 1 mighthave to go in a plane, and beshot down, and if I was in theArmy I might be shot, and if Iwas on a warship I might betorpedoed.—Lots of love fromM. Fuller, aged 7."DRIBARMCOMPRESSED YEASTVACUUM PACKED'Dribarm' is a special form of compressed yeast,dried under scientific conditions and carefullycompounded with a suitable yeast food.Packed to the high specifications of the AustralianNavy.Obtainable from; Merchants, Stores, Grocers ordirect fromMauri Brothers & Thomson (N.S.W. Branch) Pry. Ltd.2-6 Barrack Street, Sydney — Telephone BX 2601beer inhandy cansFOSTER'SVICTORIALAGERBITTERTHE NAVYEngineering in the RoyalAustralian NavyBy Rear Admiral K. McK. URQUHART, C.B.E.Third Naval Member and Chief of Naval Technical ServicesJinuary, 1961Rear Admiral UrcjUhart Addrewini Apprentice!HE celebration this yearT of the 50th anniversaryof the founding of the RoyalAustralian Navy, is an appropriateoccasion to review theimportant role that the EngineeringBranch of the Navyhas played in the past and toindicate the present trends intechnical developments. Themodern warship comprises acomplexity of machinery andequipment which would bewilderthe engineer officer of1911 even if he had advancedideas of the technological progresswhich was beingachieved at that time. Completelynew fields of engineeringhave been developed toimprove the military capabilityof warships. It is imperativethat the officers and men whoare required to operate andmaintain, and in certain instancesplan, design and constructthe modem machineryand equipment which is builtinto • warship, are equal totheir exacting tasks. This isthe function of the Engineeringllranch whose personnelare specialised in mechanical,ordnance, electrical and aeronauticalengineering.2. It was comparativelysimple ">ll years ago to splitthe personnel of the Navy intosections whose functionscould be clearly stated. Forexample, the main responsibilitiesof the EngineeringDepartment of a coal-firedbattleship of the Kirst WorldWar were related to the boilerand engine rooms. Hundredsof stokers, a relatively unskilledlabour force, were re-

quired to trim coal and stokethe numerous boilers.3. Main propulsion machinery(some steam reciprocatingengines were still in useill battleships in 1914, butsteam turbines were rapidlydisplacing them) was the majorresponsibility of the EngineeringDepartment. Theimportance of this function is,of course, in no way diminishedin a modern warship. However,many additional dutieshave now been added to theresponsibility of the EngineeringHranch (and in this I nowinclude electrical engineers).The main engines and boilersand auxiliary machinery arejust one important section ofthe vast technical world whichis incorporated in a modernwarship.4. For the ship to be effectivein both her military and seagoingroles, personnel must ensurethat every unit of machineryand equipment dealingwith propulsion, armament,communications, radar andaircraft is operating efficiently.Despite these developmentswhich have transformed thewhole concept of a warshipthere are still some who envisagenaval engineering as'being a form of marine engineeringmainly concernedwith driving ships through thewater—they have not yet appreciatedthe engineering complexityassociated with themilitary equipment which distinguishesa warship from amerchant ship. I now proposeto cover in a Little more detailthe range of duties of the EngineeringBranch of the K.A.N.Mechanical Engineering5. The propulsion machineryof a ship has undergone greatchanges in the last half century.Oil fired high pressuresteam boilers supplying steamto high speed turbines whichdrive the propellor shaftsthrough precision gearingform the basic elements of amodern naval installation in asurface vessel. Modern developmentsin naval machineryhave aimed at higher powerweightratios so that maximumadvantage can be taken of theavailable weight and space inthe hull of a warship. Thesavings that are effected in themain and auxiliary machineryenable the ship to increase hermilitary effectiveness by carryingmore armament or otherequipment related to the ntili-STOREY A KEERS2-10 SHELLEY STREET, SYDNEYMARINE AND GENERAL BOILERMAKERSAND ENGINEERSHead tiii„,:SHELLEY STREETSYDNEYBX 1924BX 1925All Classes of Ship Repairs•Shipyard:LOUISA ROADBALMAINWB2151H'B216fiWoodwork Section:LOUISA ROADBALMAINWit loonWB262Itary role. We must always rememberthat we are limited asto what we can build into aship of a certain size and displacement—andsome compromisemust be accepted regardingthe various claims. However,with a warship, militaryeffectiveness is the ultimateobject and the ship designertherefore always has beforehim the necessity to provideall the other essential featuresof tile ship with the minimum|npssib!e demand on the availableweight and space. Withthe main and auxiliary machinerythis requirement hasresulted iii the development ofcomplex machinery of highperformance. At the sametime reliability remains all important.It will be seen that atall stages—from the initial design,through manufacturewhich demands the highestquality of workmanship, to thefinished product which mustbe operated and maintainedwith skill—the Navy has needof highly skilled personnel tomeet the challenge.Nuclear Propulsionfi. I have referred particularlyto a modern main propulrsion installation comprisingsteam boilers and turbines.The reader may possibly thinkthat we are already out-of-dateill our thinking and that weshould be building vessels withnuclear propulsion. The advantagesand disadvantages ofnuclear propulsion for surfacewarships is a complex studybut the answer as far as theRAN is concerned is wvy clearat this stage—the cost of suchvessels far outweighs anymilitary advantages that mightbe gained by nuclear propulsion.With our limited Navalvote we give the best defencevalue for our money by equippingour surface vessels withmodern conventional oil firedboilers instead of nuclear reactors.We are well advised toTHE NAVYH.M.A.S. MELBOURNE CONTROL ROOMIn the event ol a nuclear attack Melbourne's engine room could becontrolled from this one room.leave the high costs of developmentin this field to the UnitedStates Navy until such timeas the advisability of its adoptionin the RAN is clearlyestablished.7. The use of nuclear propulsionin submarines is adifferent proposition—it conferssuch outstanding militaryadvantages that cost is theonly barrier to its adoptionuniversally. If the RAN considersthe introduction of asubmarine service in the futureI am sure that the adoptionof nuclear propulsion willbe given the fullest consideration.8. In the meantime a limitednumber of personnel are beingtrained in nulear engineeringso that we will be able to keepabreast of Naval developmentsin this field.ft. The personnel engaged onmechanical engineering dutieshave many responsibilities additionalto that associated withthe Main propulsion. For example,the generation of up to2.0()(l kilowatts of electricpower ill a modern destroyerrequires steam turbine anddiesels which in themselvesconstitute a small power station.In aircraft carriers steamcatapults and llight deckequipment have introducedMarch. 1461many specialised engineeringtechniques. The Naval EngineeringBranch operates indeedin the many and varied fieldsof mechanical engineers.Ordnance Engineering10. I have already mentionedthe importance of the weaponsof a warship. In many respectsthey constitute the final measureof military effectiveness.In the days of close range surfaceengagements such as atJutland heavy guns in heavilyarmoured battleships poundedaway under visual control.Destroyers weaved their waybetween the opposing fleetsand performed feats of skilland daring as they mauoevredto fire their torpedeos at theenemy at the closest possiblerange.11. In modern naval warfarethe types of weapon and thetactical employment of themis far removed from the daysof Jutland. Aircraft play adominating part. Radar en-A raided missile being flred Irani U.8.8. Canberra durinr a recent visitto Australia

ables detection < f attackingaircraft out to ranges wellover 100 miles, and surfaceships can be detected andtracked accurately when theyare far beyond the visual horizon.The pun which lias beendeveloped Into a weapon ofgreat accuracy due to the useof radar and electronics in itscontrol, is now being replacedby the guided missile whichoperates to greater rangeswith improved performance inall respects. To meet the submarinethreat remarkable developmentshave taken place insubmarine detection and inweapons to destroy them. Hutthe advent of the hijrh speednuclear submarine requiresthat even more effort be putinto the development of equipmentto counter them effectively.It seems to be a problemin development which isnevei fully solved.12 The term "Ordnance Bngino'ring"in the past coveredmain'y the mechanical side ofthe v capon anil control rquipment.N'mv. the close integrationof the electrical and mechanicalaspects of thisequipment has necessitated thetraining of personnel in aEngineers preparing to maintenanceJet fishier.specialisation which can bebriiadly designated "WeaponKngineering".Aeronautical Engineering13. The scope of thisspecialisation does not needelaborating. It deals with boththe engine and the airframeelements of aircraft. At presentII.MAS MELBOURNE ispquipped with turbo-prop andjet fixed wing aircraft.Changes are at present beingplanned and the adoption ofmodern turbo powered A/Shelicopters by 1963 is expected.The Naval Aviation world hasalways been one of rapidchanges and developments andmust be capable of adaptingitself readily to these changes.Officers and ratings receive extensivetraining in Australiaand abroad t piip them tomeet all the future requireincutsof the KAN.Naval Ship Construction14. For the design and constructionof vessels for theRAN it is essential that sonicofficers be trained and experiencedin Ship Constructionand Naval Architecture. Thetraining in this specialisation issuperimposed on the basicsSes Venommarine engineering trainingand is carried out at the RoyalNaval College, Greenwich, nearLondon. The officers so trainedhave opportunities throughouttheir careers to carry outduies mid acquire experiencein Mamie Kngineering.Electrical Engineering1"). In addition to the electricalpower requirements of aship, for normal ship servicessuch as lighting, ventilation,air conditioning and refrigeration,warships have an increasingneed for sophisticatedelectrical equipment for radarand communications, weaponcontrol systems and weaponpower i.nits.Hi. The wide field, rangingfrom heavy electrical engineeringto the most advanced electronicengineering calls forthe services of officers and menwith vi ry exacting and highlysj ialhsed training.The Engineering' Branch as aWholeIT. I have sel out scuuc of thefunctions of the Naval EngineeringBranch. Recent reviewst f the officer and ratingstructure have shown thatsome changes are necessary tomeet i.'cent dvelopnicnts. Inparticular officers duties inelectrical and mechanical engineeringare much more in-Icrlockeil than in the past andtraining and careers arcgradually being adjusted tomeet this r e q u i r e in cut.Thought is also being given tothe possibility of training moreratings in a dual capacity asboth "operators" and "maintainors'\These matters presentcertain difficulties butthey must be faced if we arctn ensure that our ships whenHtted with the best possibleequipment are successfullymaintained and operated togive maximum military service.18. i leave it to others to setout ill detail the careers whichTHE NAVYBABCOCK BOILERS... are used in 900 POST-WARMERCHANT VESSELS and forover three-quarters of the Britishpost-war naval programme.•win t snmi or aurtaua PIT. in. MM OIFKI t < •iii Ham pan, a i.«.March, 1961An Engineer Officer at tieControls in the EngineRoom of H.M.A.SParramattaOne of the BAY'S LatestShipsare open to young men in thetechnical branches of the RAN.The young recruit rating whojoins the Kngineering or ElectricalBranch is given everyopportunity to acquire skilland experience in the variousinteresting fields that I havementioned. If he has the academicability and requisitequalities he may quickly . becomean officer. Apprenticesare fully trained by the Navyto become skilled artificers inmarine, ordnance, air andelectrical engineering. Officersare entered mainly throughthe Naval College where oncompletion of their cadettraining they are selected forspecialisation in engineeringand their further training includesperiods at the NavalKngineering Colleges in theU.K. where University andPost Graduate standards mayhe attained. Direct entriesfrom U n i V e r si t y undergraduatesare also available.19. From these trained officersand ratings the NavalKngineering Branch makes itsvaluable contribution to theRoyal Australian Navy. It isnut only in the ships wheretheir duties are obvious thatthese men apply their specialknowledge—but also in theDockyards, Training Kstablishments,Administrative Headquartersand Design officesthey play their importantpart. It is a career which,for both officer and manis stimulating and progressive.

* • : . . - , ,New British NavalConstruction—THE NAVY OFTOMORROWShips fitted with most advancedequipment an' bein^built for the •Navy of Tomorrow."stated the FirstLord of the Admiralty, LordCarrington, in an explanatorystatement accompanying theliritish Naval Estimates for1961-62 published in Londonrecently. For new eonstruetion£107 million sterling has beenprovided during the comingyear. The net amount whichParliament is asked to grantis £413,200,000 sterling, whichis £15,699,990 sterling morethan in 1960-61. ".Many of theships, aircraft and weaponsnow being produced or developedwill be entirely novelto the Royal Navy."The Royal Navy is to havetwo more guided missile destroyersand a new tvpe of assaultship of 10,000 to 15,000tons, which will lower herselfin the water to launchlanding craft and which willhave a helicopter platform.Lord Carrington also said newweapons in production includea lightweight antisubmarinetorpedeo for useby helicopters and a newmine-hunting device for minesweepers.The Navy's first front-linesquadron of Wessex Helicoptersshould be embarkedin the aircraft carrier, ArkRoyal, this Autumn. The weaponsbeing developed includean improved version of theSeaalug guided weapon, withgreater range and speed, "todeal with the type of aircraftlikely to be encountered duringthe latter part of thisdecade." Prominent amongthe projects at Admiralty ResearchEstablishments are thelong-range detection of fast.deep-diving submarines atidthe introduction of automaticmeans of handling tin* massof tactical information providedby modern radar andsubmarine detecting gears.Helicopter UseGuided missile destroyersarc being armed with the Seaslugand Seiicat anti-aircraftmissile systems and with four4.5 inch guns. The ships willnot be used only for air defenceof the fleet. "They willbe thoroughly adaptable fleetunits with good surface gunneryand bombardment capability,the latest submarinedetecting devices and antisubmarineweapons which willinclude a Wessex helicopter.The new assault ship willreplace present ships of theamphibious warfare section.She will have a better range,speed and seakceping qualitiesthan the present L.S.T.s, willbe able to deploy tanks, vehiclesand men, and to serveas the headquarters ship in anassault area.The Wessex helicopter willbe the first in the navy to beable to strike submarines, aswell as hunting them, bycarrying a homing torpedeoand dipping ASDIC. Leanderand tribal class frigates are tobe equipped with WestlandP-331, light torpedeo-earryinghelicopter.Commonwealth NaviesLord Carrington said: "Thegrowing strength and importanceof Commonwealth andColonial Navies is heartening... It is also a source ofsatisfaction to the Royal Navy,which continues to contributeto this development inmany ways. Since the war. 110British ships, including fiveaircraft carriers, eight cruisersand 32 escorts have been transferredto Commonwealth andColonial navies. New buildingin British yards has made amajor contribution to the expansionprogrammes of allthese navies. Five frigates willhave been completed for Indiaand New Zealand during 1960-61 and a further three frigatesfor South Africa are undereonstruetion." In addition, theIndian Navy's first aircraftcarrier had been completedthis month.As the CommonwealthNavies developed they wereable to establish their owntraining schools; but even so,l.(MH) Commonwealth officersand ratings attended courses inthe United Kingdom duringI960.The Fourth and Sixth SubmarineDivisions of the RoyalNavy operated under the controlof the Royal AustralianNavy and the Royal CanadianNavy respectively, and theSeventh Submarine Divisionat Singapore helped in thetraining of the new CommonwealthNavies east of Suez. Inaddition, Royal Navy submarinesmade long passages totake part in joint exerciseswith Commonwealth navies—a vitally important service.THE NAVYIn the last half century therehave been quite remarkablechanges in the machineryi n s t a 1 lations in Warships.It is interesting to recordsomething of the changeswhich have occurred in thesame period to the basic operatorsof the machinery.Originally the Stoker, for atleast some of the time, earnedhis title. Mis primary businesswas firing the boilers, whethercoal fired or oil over coal: aphysically exacting task whichafter many hours using shoveldevil and slice made him a formidableworker and somethingakin to a typhoon ashore, orso legend would have us believe.The Stoker was, in addition, aman who tackled all sorts ofdifficult and dirty tasks as wellas his stokehold work. Hereceived comparatively littletraining, his advancement wasslow and any tendency toimprove his status by educationwas more than likely cuffed outof him by his more hirsute andless intelligent Mess Mates.The requirements of the timedid not call for a Stoker to havea great insight into the workingsof machinery. It was operatedin accordance with certainestablished practice andwas comparatively simple inlayout and function.The principal changes inWarship machinery installationsare, broadly, an increasein the numbers and Complexityof auxiliary machinery, togetherwith a reduction in thesize of Boilers a n d MainEngines. Recent Warshipmachinery designs also apparentlyeater for a reduction inthe physical size of Kngineroompersonnel, who. not being factorymade, continue to join theNavy in the same diversity ofsize and shape that still defiesthe best efforts of the ClothingStore to kit up in wearableready-made uniform. Accessibility,so far as these normally-M.rcK. 1961- "W^F-THE MODERNSTOKERshaped men are concerned, has,therefore, suffered.While the machinery hasbeen changing, the EngineeringSchool and the Fleet have beencontinually reviewing theTraining needs of the EngineRoom Department. Apart fromthe basic Recruit Training.which has remained almost unaltered—thesame drill riflesare, no doubt, still in use—thetechnical training given to personnelhas ben increased tomeet service requirements,namely, the need for informedand skilled operators andmaintainers. It has not been astartling change, but hasevolved with the advances inmachinery design. It is notsurprising that the Stoker,who no longer stokes a Boiler,should have discarded his onceappropriate title for a new onewhich describes his duties moreaccurately. Tradition dies hardin the Navy and the first titlecreated the Stoker Mechanic.This vas unsatisfactory and.therefore, fortunately shortlived, and the present day titleof Engineering Mechanic seemsmore fitting.In common with Ratings ofall Departments, the EngineeringMechanic shares certainshipboard duties as did his predecessorthe Stoker. He iswell-equipped also by virtue ofinstruction in class roomsashore and ships at Sea. to befully conversant with the machineryunder his care. Initially,he receives eight weeks' basicEngineering instruction beforejoining a ship. This covers thecomplete range of machinerywhich he may meet in service,but in no great detail. A consolidationperiod at sea followsand he then commences acourse of watch-keeping andinstruction on particular machinery.His knowledge of eachmachine is tested by examinationbefore proceeding to thenext. He is ultimately capableof starting, running and stoppingall auxiliary machinery inthe ship and is awarded anAuxiliary Machinery WatchkeepingCertificate. He is alsotaught to carry out minor runningmaintenance, and insimilar fashion to his predecessor,the Stoker who "knew hi*Boiler backwards", he canchange sprayers, clean boilersand work oil fuel almost bysecond nature.An important change for theEngineering Mechanic is theincrease in his prospects ofadvancement and the openingof avenues for promotion toofficer rank. Again this hasbeen an evolutionary ratherthan a sweeping change and atleast in part is allied to theneed for greater skill andknowledge and the reward forthose who obtain it.Taking into account hisqualities of inherent leadershipand Enginering Mechanic whohas been awarded an AuxiliaryMachinery Watch-keepingcertificate may be recommendedby his Engineer Officerfor advancement to ActingLeading Mechanic and isdrafted as soon as possibleafter advancement to a MechanicalTraining Course. Here(Continued on page 111..

(Continued from page 9)his Technical Education istaken a step further and hespends a fair proportion of histime in workshop ilnstructionto train him to undertake moreskilled maintenance tasks atsea. On results of the MechanicalTraining Course Examine*tions he may be selected as aprovisional Mechanician Candidatein which pase he returnsto Sea tor a brief period beforestarting H long course of instructionin technical mattersand workshop practice, whichprepares him to undertakesimilar watch-keeping a n dmaintenance duties to those ofBngine Room Artificers. Shouldhe iioi achieve the high marksnecessary of Mechanician Candidate,the Mechanical TrainingCourse graduate is technicallyqualified for advancementto Pettv Officer EngineeringPromotion to OfficerMechanic. He fore advancementhe must obtain a boiler roomWatch-keeping Certificate atSea and pass a Kleet SelectionHoard which tests his Power ofCommand as well as bis technicalknowledge.Officer Kank may be obtainedthrough either of two avenues.A promising Engineering Mechanicmay be specially selectedand subjed to satisfactory progressmay be given direct promotionto Sub-Lieutenant. Inthis case he is given extensivecourses to fit him for his \wwrole. Alternately a speciallyrecom.i.ended .Mechanician maybe Mialficd at a Klect Hoardfor promotion to this rank. Inthe former case the cx-KngineeringMechanic is of an agewhere he fits the existingOfficer structure and his furtherpromotion is parallel tothat of Officers recruitedthrough other channels. In thelatter case promotion to higherrank follows somewhat differentrules and is. in general,slower.It will be apparent from theforegoing that the training ofEngine Room Department Personnelis of paramount importance,particularly in the easeof the Kngineering Mechanic.The Petty Officer and LeadingKngineering Meehanic are nowskilled both in taking chargeof running machinery and in itsmaintenance. Hut with moderncomplex machinery, where lessobvious faults can quickly leadto serious breakdowns, it islargely on the greater abilityof the ordinary KngineeringMeehanic that the efficiency ofthe Engine Roomdepends.DepartmentSt *am turbines afloat...by 'ENGLISH ELECTRIC W4designers of the STEAM TURBINES of H.M.A.S.AT SEA:ASHORE:VAMPIREHer 'English Electric' steam turbines drive H.M.A.S.Vampire, Australia's third Daring class destroyer, at35 knots, shown here during high speed tests beforebeing officially handed over to the Royal AustralianNavy.'English Electric' have contracts for the provision ofa number of steam turbine plants for major electricityundertakings. These include one contract worth over£7,000,000 with the Electricity Commission of N.S.W.for three 200,000 kilowatt steam turbo-alternatorsfor the Electricity Commission's new Vales PointPower Station.A 20QMW unit, of the typeordered for Valet Point,undergoing tteam triali atthe Rugby Workt of'Englith Electric'THE ENGLISH ELECTRIC COMPANY OF AUSTRALIA PTY. LIMITEDSYDNEY ft NEWCASTLE • MELBOURNE • BRISBANE • ADELAIDE • HOBART • PERTHp---V*-:^>'^"-'TJS-E., -.-' L».1iiiw__— •Eli.. -""SP & O - Orient's superliner."OR1ANA" — asymbol of grace andsupremacy at sea.Nowin service on the P & O -Orient Lines'world-wideUnited Kingdom. Australia.New Zealand.Pacific Islands and NorthAmerica . . . and shortlyto be joined by hersplendid sister ship."CANBERRA." 45.000"ORIANA", 42,000 torn, berthed in Sydney Cove on her recent Maiden Voyage-PiO-ORIENT LINEStons.10 THE NAVY

•AUSTRALIAN FLAGSHIP VISITS ASIAExercises in Indian Ocean and South China SeaThe Hagship of the AustralianFleet. 1I.M.A.S. MEL­BOURNE, sailed from Sydneyat the etui of 'lanuary on whatis expected to be^her longestcruise in South East Asianwaters.The Minister for the Navy,Senator Gorton, said that theaiferaft carrier would steamsome 2~i-thousand miles on herregular annual tour of dutywith the Commonwealth StrategicReserve. It would be thesixth time she had served withthe Reserve. Before returningto Australia in mid-Jane,H.M.A.S. M ELHOl'H N Ewould, among other places, havevisited India. Pakistan andCeylon, and would have takenpart in two international exercises.The two Australian warshipsat present serving withthe Strategic Reserve. thedestroyer VOYAGER and frigateQUICKMATCH, wouldalso take part in the exercises.Senator Gorton said H.M.A.S.MELBOURNE would be accompaniedby the fast anti-submarinefrigate, Q U E E N -KOROl'GII. and the New Zealandcruiser. H.M.NJZ.8,ROYALIST. The three shipswmdd call at Melbourne (10-13February) and r'remantle (18-20 February) on their way tothe Indian Ocean.In .March. H.M.A.S. MEL­BOURNE would make her first*visits to Trineomalee, Bombayand Karachi, accompanied byH.M.A.S. Ql'EENBOROrGH*.Senator J. G. GortonThe Australian flagshipwould also call at Singaporeand Manila, returning to Australiaby way of Hong Kongand New Guinea ports.JOIN THE NAVY LEAGUEThe object of the Navy League in Australia, likeits older counterpart, the Navy League in Britain,is to insist by all means at its disposal upon thevital importance of Sea Power to the BritishCommonwealth of Nations. The League sponsorsthe Australian Sea Cadet Corps by giving technicalThe League consists of Fellows (Annual or Lite) and Associates.sea training to and instilling naval training in boyswho intend to serve in Naval or Merchant servicesand also to those sea-minded boys who do notintend to follow a sea career, but who, given thisknowledge, will form a valuable Reserve for theNaval Service.AH British subjects who signify approval to the objects of the League are eligible.MAY WE ASK YOU TO JOIN and swell our members so that the Navy League in Australia may bewidely known and exercise an important influence in the life of the Australian Nation?For particulars, contact The Secretary, 66 Clarence Street, Sydney, N.S.W.or The Secretary, Room 8, 8th Floor, 528 Collins Street, Melbourne, C.I, Victoriaor one of the Hon. Secretaries at:• Box 376E, G.P.O., Brisbane, Queensland• 726 Sandy Bay Rd., Lower Sandy Bay, Hobart• P.O. Box 90, Darwin. N.T.30 Pirie Street, Adelaide, 5.A.62 Blencowe St., West Leederville, W.A.60 Limestone Ave., Ainslie, Canber'a, ACT,THE NAVYH.M.A. NAVAL DOCKYARD,GARDEN ISLANDBy CAPTAIN A. M. CLIFT, ADC. R.A.N., GENERAL MANAGEROST inhabitants of SydneyM are familiar with GardenIsland; the workshops clusteredaround the original hill withits sweeping lawns, trees andflower beds presenting anappearance to the harbour inkeeping with its name; andbeyond, connecting it to theoriginal foreshore, the areacontaining the Captain CookDock and Workshops anddominated by the massive 250-ton crane.But only those who havebeen to the Dockyard canappreciate the extent and complexityof the workshops,power houses and equipmentnecessary for the efficientoperation of the main maintenancesupport for the ships ofthe Royal Australian Xavy.Garden Island has alwaysbeen associated with the needsof the Navy. In February,1788, Captain Hunter ofH.M.S. SIRIUS sent a partyashore to clear a garden togrow vegetables for the ship'scompany. No other use wasmade of the Island until 1886when building of workshops,stores and offices was commenced.Although the RoyalAustralian Navy was createdin 1911 the Island was notformally taken over from theAdmiralty until July, 1913.The lessous learnt from thefirst world war led to a seriesof new type warships withmore and better equipmentwith a consequent expansionof dockyard facilities andtechniques. This was acceleratedby the wartime demandsof an ever-growing AustralianNavy, allied ships, merchantships and finally in the lastyear of the war the additionallarge task of supporting theBritish Pacific Fleet of manybattleships, aircraft carriers,cruisers, destroyers and othervessels.The 1945 maintenance taskwas met only by the availabilityof the Captain CookDock project, approved in1940. and in use early in thelast year of the war. The dock,which can accommodate thelargest ship afloat, is supportedby large workshops equippedwith machines capable ofhandling propeller shafts, propellersand plating up to anysize in use afloat. Cranageand other plant is in keeping.The additional wharf spaceextending from the Woolloomooloowharves was of greatvalue then and is today.After the first world war,the complexity and amount ofequipment in new design shipswas greatly increased. Thistrend, in an age of rapid technicaldevelopment, has continuedat a rate which imposesgreat demands on the dockyard.The yard has had togrow to meet this demand, agrowth that encompasses notonly the additional capacityAn aerial photograph of Garten Island showing the Captain Cook Deskand some of the workshops.II

and specialised equipment butalso in the number of men ofhi«rh technical ability, with ahijrtfer proportion employed inthe electrical and electronicfield covering radar, communications,gunnery (and soonguided missile) control systems,underwater detect ion equipmentami underwater weaponcontrol systems.In modern warships, theships' companies have littletime and lack the facilities tomaintain ships' equipment tothe extent they were able todo in pre-war ships. Increasinguse of repair by replacementmeans more repair of units instore. Both these factors addto the dockyard's task. Thistask also includes maintenance,not only of the dockyard, butalso the installation and maintenanceof the equipment inthe training establishmentssuch as Il.M.A.S. WATSON.1I.M.A.S. RUSHCUTTER, theNaval Apprentices' TrainingEstablishment at Sehofields.the Naval Air Station atNowra and the logistic supportestablishments — the variousStores and armament depots inthe Eastern Area.-More workshops with costlybut essential testing equipmentare planned to keep pace withnew equipment expected to bein service in the next few years.Already the area of the drawingoffices alone is that of amedium-sized factory.Associated with the developmentof the dockyard has beenthe need for improved organnationand control to run thelarger am! much more variedHeld id' work which can onlybe covered by an increasednumber of specialised sections.The almost frightening cost ofmodern ships' equipment andthe means of maintaining themdemands the maximum efficiencyin their use. Moreover,only this standard can reducemaintenance periods sufficientlyto permit satisfactoryoperational availability ofships.Despite the popular beliefthat no Commonwealth facilityis operated with anything likethe efficiency of private enterprise,the taxpayer can restassured that he is getting jjoodvalue for his money investedin capital equipment in thedockyard and paid in salariesand wa^cs to those who workthere.Retaining the quality andnumbers of men needed at thedockyard is an ever-pressingproblem. Specialists leaving theNaval service make a worthwhilecontribution, and thebenefits of the ton*; applicationof "rood apprentice trainingpolicy are now beinjr appreciated.A large percentage ofthe professional officers amiforemen started their careersas (Jarden Island apprentices.The inducements offered byprivate industry are difficultto counter — there is a worldwideshortage of engineers,technical officers and skilledtradesmen and the law ofsupply and demand operates.m HsnHJSfJiHowever, it is clear In mostthat there will always be aNavy — certainly until thedistant future when worldpeace is possible! Security ofemployment for reliable menis assured — an importantfactor these days. Workingconditions in the yard are goodand amenities are good andare being progressively improved.Overseas visitors areinvariably impressed with theclean and tidy dockyard, afacet which reflects the importancegiven to safety measures— in itself an axiomatic partI.I good management.Sound, just and progressivedepartmental policy for employeesimplemented by sensiblemanagement coupled withgood conditions and securityof employment has made itpossible to man the dockyardto do its job and leads toconfidence that it can do so inthe future.A little-known aspect ofHarden Island Dockyard is itsvalue in contributing to ournational development. The 250-ton crane, originally designedto cover heavy lilts such asthe major components id'battleship turrets, is the onlycrane in Australia tht}| canhandle equipment between ISOand 250 tons. Large transformersnow on order overseas*sfo:VJ,4•at.»and the large components offuture nuclear plants couldnot be brought into the countryif we did not have the bigcrane.The urge dock is also anational as well as a Navalasset. While the dockyardcannot undertake work incompetition with private enterprisewith the corollary ofjeopardising the employmentid' men in industry, large shipssuch as OKI ANA. CANBERRAami the super tankers were puton the Australian run with theknowledge that the CaptainCook Dock — the largest inthe Southern Hemisphere — is(Continued on page 21)KfS.£- .^sHiMit.il 1•JB^LJX,. •». ' va *cF^Hg^gaIn the service ot world shippingBell's Asbestos and Engineering ita world-wide organisation, specialising inasbestos goods and supplies forshipping and industry.BELL'S ASBESTOS AND ENGINEERING(AUSTRALIA! LIMITEDSydn.y. Mtlbournt, Perth. Brlibon*. Adelaide,Townlvillf. Newcastle. Lwnctilon. Darwin, Koiqoorlit14 THE NAVY^The ilir of Captain Cook Dock may be indeed bv the fact that a 12M too submarine can lubninif In Ike l•ectkm. Thh photograph was taken durln* an "Open Day" at the Dockyard.March. 1961&4II1

•Shipbuildingthe RoyalAustralian NavyBv Commander II. J. Bodman, R.A.N.The first known vessel builtin Australia solely for Navalpurposes was the' SPITFIRE,a wooden ketch which was completedin 1855 in a yard inDarling Harbour. This wasfollowed by some smallschooners intended for patrolwork in the South Pacific area.Shipbuilding prior to about1850 had been centred in areaswhere supplies of timber wereeasily to hand, but in thelatter half of the century ironhulled ships began to appear ineastern waters, and the attentionof shipbuilders wasdirected to the larger centreswhere the means of workingiron were available.The principal works in Sydney,where the most importantyards were established, werethe Morts Dock and EngineeringCompany, privately ownedand established in 1854, andCockatoo Island, where theGovernment opened a new drydock in 1858 for the purposeof servicing and repairingships of the Royal Navy servingon the Australian station.Modern Naval ShipConstruction• ' •:."»^1Not for some time after theturn of the century was constructionof purely Navalvessels undertaken in Australianyards, the first importantstep being the re-constructionof the torpedo boat destroyerWARREGO, completed in 1912at Cockato Island Dockyard.This ship was built in Englandto the order of the CommonwealthGovernment, thendismantled, shipped to Australiaand re-erected and fittedout.In 11*12 also the first ordersfor modern steel warships ofthat period were placed inAustralia, to be built at CockatooIsland.These were for a "Town"class cruiser, H.M.A.S. BRIS­BANE, and three torpedo boatdestroyers, ANON, TORRENSand SWAN, known as the"River" class, all with turbinemachinery.A second "Town" classcruiser, H.M.A.S. ADELAIDE,was laid down in 1917 and wasnot completed until almost fiveyears later, in 1922, due tocertain important machineryand turbine rotor forgingshaving been sunk by enemyaction during transport toAustralia from England.About the time .the orderswere placed for the abovevessels, negotiations were inprogress which resulted in theCommonwealth Governmenttaking over Cockatoo Island asa Naval Dockyard in 1913. Extensivedevelopment followedwhich considerably widenedthe capacity of the works forbuilding and repairing ofNaval vessels, and addedgreater facilities for constructionof turbines and boilers ofhigh powers and modern design.This latter advance was amost important step, observingthat the replacement of themachinery components forH.M.A.S. ADELAIDE involveda delay of something over twoyears, at a time when warshipswere vitally important.NEWSURVEYSHIP'.'k.- ....Resultant on the actual constructionof ships mentionedabove was developed anotherimportant facility at Cockatoo,that of drawing office capacityneeded for production ofworking drawings and a staffcapable of interpreting, modifyingas necessary, and redesigningto meet changing requirements.This was to become most significantin later years and lessfortunate circumstances, andwill be referred to in paragraphsdealing with WorldWar II expansion of warshipconstruction.During the period from 1918until the beginning of WorldWar II, warship constructionreached a very low ebb, withonly one yard, Cockatoo Island,employed on this work, andonly one new project undertaken— H.M.A.S. ALBA­TROSS, a seaplane carrier laiddown in 1926 and completed in1928 to Admiralty design. Thisproject was notable as representingthe largest warshipconstruction in Australia up tothat time.One further vessel, a pilotship, was completed in this,'ard before it was decided tolease the works to a privatecompany, and thereby avoid thesteady and considerable annualdrain on public funds by allow-THE NAVYinjr more efficient use of itscapabilities in open competitionwith private industry.Following the lease agreementin 1933 an order wasplaced by the Commonwealthwith the newly formed CockatooDocks & Engr. Companyfor a turbine driven Navalescort vessel, H.M.A.S.YARRA, to be followed by asecond one, H.M.A.S. SWAN,in 1934. These were completedin 1935 and 1936, respectively.There was no further Navalconstruction undertaken until1938, when a boom workingvessel, H.M.A.S. KOOKA­BURRA, was laid down.Two further escort vessels,H.M.A.S. PARRAMATTA andWARREGO, were commencedin 1938 and 1939 and work onthese was still in hand at theoutbreak of World War II, aswell as another boom workingvessel, H.M.A.S. KANGAROO,completed in March, 1940.Warship Construction DaringWorld War n, 1939-46The situation at the outbreakof war in 1939 was thatonly one yard in Australia wasengaged on Naval ship constructionand modernisation,i.e., Cockatoo Island.Work in hand consisted of:Fitting out escort vesselsMarch. 1961PARRAMATTA and WAR­REGO.Building boom workingvessel KOALA, laid downJune, 1939.Preparation for laying downboom working vessel KANGA­ROO.Preparations for constructionof "Tribal" class destroyers(RAUNTA and WAR-RA'MUNGA).Immediately before this,various other modernisationand conversion projects hadbeen undertaken, the most importantbeing modernisation ofthe County class cruiser AUS­TRALIA, including fitting ofside armour, modernisation ofH.M.A.S. ADELAIDE, conversionof one liner to an armedmerchant cruiser, and othersupply ship conversions.From the above it can beseen that a large volume ofwork in the few years before1939 had been progressivelyundertaken and as a direct resultof this the organisation atCockatoo was already on abasis which allowed of rapidexpansion at the beginning ofthe war.Considerable potentialexisted in most parts of Australiafor shipbuilding, but theimmediate need at the outbreakof war was for warships, andCockatoo Dockyard was theonly yard with experience inbuilding them.Moreover, they were alreadycommitted in a Naval programmeand could not for atime undertake further newconstruction projects.A most pressing problemwhich faced the Governmentand the Naval Board was thatof finding a way to build warshipsin yards many of whichhad not only no experience bathad abandoned shipbuilding infavour of general engineeringdue to lack of orders in the prewarperiod.The solution to this lay inthe experienced organisationalready in being at Cockatoo,and the capacity of that yardto build engines and boilers ata greater rate than their ownconstruction required.How efficiently this wasachieved is shown by the greatnumber of ships completed inthe six-year period by a numberof firms in various partsof the country, all of whomobtained drawings, templates,and technical advice and assistancefrom Cockatoo, as well aaall but a small proportion ofthe boilers and propellingmachinery.Approximate numbers ofships built are:Destroyers—3.IT

Frigates — 12 ('River"elass.Corvettes—-m' (also calledminesweepers and of variousclasses i.Boon defence vessels—2.These were bnill in six yards.including Williamstown NavalDockyard) whieh was takennver by the Department of theNavy in 1942 from the Mel.bourne Harbour Trust, althoughalready engaged inNaval Construction.Manx" nther eral't such asfuel lighters, tugs. etc.. werealso built during these years,and very extensive repairs toabout 40 war damaged ships offour other Navies were successfullyachieved.Tin' cud of the war was followedby extensive re-conversionof ships for return to theirpeaceful uses, ami by modernisationof Naval Vessels.New construction took theform of two "Battle" classdestroyers, one built at WilliamstownNaval Dockyard andone at Cockatoo Island inSydney, carried on at the sametime as conversions of destroyersto fast AS Frigates,and modernising of destroyers.At this time, attention wasalso being directed to allweldedconstruction, and a(Treat deal of preparatorywork, training and study wasundertaken at both Xavalbuilding yards, with the majorpart at Cockatoo, wheregreater drawing office capacityexisted.The first application ofmodern prefabrication andwelding techniques was in thepost-war designed, all-welded"Daring" class ships.These, basically designed bythe Admiralty, were extensivelymodified by the NavyOffice design staff beforeorders for four were placed—two at Cockatoo ami two atWilliamstown. The secondWilliamstown ship was laterIScancelled, due to financial restrictions,before work cm thehull began.The Admiralty concept inthe Daring design was closelyadhered to in the Australianversion, and represented a bigdeparture from previous Navalpractice.This was an attempt to buildships whieh consisted as far aspossible nf interchangeablepurls mill thus permit a" repair-by-replacement" policyfor maintenance, intended toreduce the work required ofships' stall's to keep the shipsoperating.In practice this has proved avery expensive method ofoperating a modern, highpoweredcomplex war vessel,and a compromise has necessarilyI u reached. Nonetheless,the principle remains asan aim which is kept in viewduring design.Of interest also is the methodof construction made practicableby the adoption of allwelded ships, that of prefabrication.The degree nf prefabricationdepends in practice on thefacilities available in any givenyard, but in all eases it consistsof building up large sectionsor panels in special jigs,and then transporting them tothe building berth fur finalwelding in place as part of thest mcturc.This method was used in allthree Daring class ships, andalso for the next programmewhich consisted of fast antisubmarinefrigates. Initiallysix of these ships were ordered,but the number was later rcducdto four, two of which arenow completing, and two duefor launching shortly.They were nil built to thesystem outlined above, and allmain engines and boilers werebuilt at Cockatoo Island.Once again WilliamstownNaval Dockyard and CockatooDocks & Engineering Companyshared the order.The foregoing is a generalH.M.A.S. VOYAGER LaunchingTHE NAVYoutline of Naval shipbuildingin Australia to the present day,when an uncertain internationalsituation, rapid technicaladvances in weapons andweapon systems, the threat ofthe nuclear submarine, guidedweapons, and a multitude ofother conflicting factors havemade the decision as to typesand number^ of ships bestfitted to defend the nation, avery difficult ami hazardousone indeed.This. then, is the problemconfronting the Naval Staff,and until it is possible to reacha solution there can be no questionof committing the availableshipbuilding capacity to alengthy ami expensive programmeof vessels whieh maywell become useless, or of verylimited value, before they areeven launched.Organisation in tbe R.A.N.The following notes outlinethe organisation responsibleMwch. 1961for the building of ships forthe Royal Australian Navy:The 'Third Naval Member,in his capacity as Chief ofNaval Technical Services, isresponsible for all matters relatingto Naval ship construction.He is assisted in this taskby the various technicalDirectors, whose work is coordinatedby the Deputy Chiefof Naval Technical Services,and who arc generally responsiblefor the procurement ofequipment anil materials —although this function has nowbeen largely transferred to theDirector of Naval and AirStores. responsible to theFourth Naval Member.The planning of shipyardwork, estimates, and controlof expenditure, primarily aresponsibility of the Chief ofNaval Technical Services, areco-ordinated by bis Deputy andregulated in one of two ways—ill Naval dockyards by the(ieneral Manager, who is alsoresponsible for proper overseeingof the work, and in privateyards by the GeneralOverseer in the area through,in the case of Cockatoo Docksand Engineering Company, aresident Principal Overseer.Supporting the overseers,whether they be self-overseeingas in Naval Yards or overseeingprivate contractors, a(ieneral Overseer in each areacontrols and overseas themanufacture of materials andequipment by industry generallyfor supply and fitting toships under construction.Actual procurement of thismaterial is, however, the responsibilityof the Supply organisationas indicated above.Quite a volume of equipmentcomes from overseas, particularlyBritain, and once againprocurement is initially theresponsibility of the Directorof Naval and Air Stores. In(Continued on page 20)THE UNITED SHIP SERVICES PTY. LTD.GEELONG * MELBOURNE • PORTLANDVICTORIA, AUSTRALIAThe largest organisation in Victorian ports for the supply and erection of fittingsfor the carriage of every description of cargo. Bulk grain fittings a speciality.Dunnage supplied, holds cleaned. Decks caulked. Carpenters, joiners andshipwrights supplied.88-102 NORMANBY RD, SOUTH MELBOURNETelephone: MX 5231Telegram, snd Cables: " FLHTVYAYS," Melbourne

• — - -HELICOPTER DETECTS AND HOLDSNUCLEAR SUBMARINEAmong reports of theN.A.T.O. naval exercise in theNorth Atlantic anil Arctic atthe eiul of last year. "TheTimes" Naval Correspondenthail an interesting note. Hewas watching the exercisefrom II.M.S. Ai.K ROYAL,which hail just established anew record for the largestnumber of daily sorties from aBritish carrier since the newgeneration of aircraft — Scimitarsand Sea Vixens — caiueinto service.He continued his report: "Inaddition during daylight thereis continuous flying by helicoptersfrom this carrier andthe flagship HERMES on antisubmarinepatrol using dippingasdics. This has produced anotable success in that a helicopterfrom the HERMESlocated and held the nuclearsubmarine TRITON in the roleof enemy for so long thatofficial opinion here was thatshe could have been destroyedunder war conditions. Sixcontacts were, in fact, madewith the TRITON followed bythree successful attacks, twowith aircraft and one by thefast anti-submarine frigatesZEST and UNDAUNTED."Ability to locate and holdthe position of a fast movingnuclear submarine must be regardedas one of the satisfactionsof this exercise sincesomething like invulnerabilityhas long been claimed for them.Captain Hill-Norton, commandingARK ROYAL, regards thehelicopter achievement as alandmark in anti-submarineeffort."This correspondent referredto the point again in a briefsurvey of the results of theexercise. Among points mentioned,he wrote that: "On theair side, the exercise has been20"a considerable success; mamhavekept thetenance crewsaircraft Hying. the system ofbriefing pilots after take-offhas worked wi and developthcincuts in employment ofearly warning system by 1 annetsare now showing .Teatadvance."In the anti-submarine field,the position gives no cause forcomplacency, although someNuclearFollowing the launching ofthe DREADNOUGHT,Britain's first nuclear submarine,by Her Majesty theQueen, there has been a lot ofcomment in British papers regardingthis class of submarines.This was one of the commentsby the Defence correspondentof "The Guardian":"The DREADNOUGHT'Smain problem will be the highnoise level of its engine, which.successes have been claimedagainst fast nuclear submarines."The Flag Officer AircraftCarriers. Kear-Admiral R. M.Smeeton. who ftoflfen&llded theBritish carrier striding groupmuler his N.A.T.O. post, saidthat he believed the claims ofthe submarine to sink a carrieralmost at will were notfully justified. "While recognisingthat the submarine wasstill a very real menace, highspeed and evasive steeringoffered a sporting chanceagainst conventional submarines."SubmarinesNoisyis caused by the primary coolingcircuit of the nuclear reactor.Noise travels far inwater and is still the mainmeans of detection for submarines.The Americans aremaking a strenuous effort tosolve the problem with the new"Thresher" class of nuclearsubmarine, which will be at seaafter 1962. Ultimately, theyhope to convert the heat of anuclear reactor directly intoelectricity — and thus achievea very quite submarine."SHIPBUILDING IN THE R.AJT.I Continued from page 19)many instances, however, thisis standard Naval equipment,manufacture of which is underthe control of the Admiralty,in which case the latter is requestedto procure it for theR.A.N., a system which makesconvenient use of the Admiraltyoverseeing organisation.During construction of aship, a comprehensive programmeof tests, trials and inspectionsis carried out.This commences soon afterlaunching and goes on continuouslyuntil the time atwhich the ship is formallyhanded over and accepted bythe Navy.All branches of the Serviceare involved within theirspecial spheres, and their commentsand suggestions at eachinspection are put forward forfinal decision by the NavalBoard as to whether they areto be incorporated in the ship.The actual people who carryout the inspections and conducttests and trials are officersand senior ratings who maythemselves be called on to servein any of the ships they inspect.By this means, it is hoped, wecan achieve the object forwhich the whole complex organisationexists — the bestship possible for its purpose.THE NAVYI•(Continued from page 14)ApprenticesSteelavailable at Sydney shouldemergency docking and repairbe necessary. In recent timeslame emergency repairs weremade to RMS. HIMALAYAof 2H.000 tons and the ore Apprentices at 1I.M.A.S.carrier M.V. MOUNT KK1RA. MKIMBA have commencedThis completes a broad the construction of a 40-foot,picture of the large industrial steel-hulled yacht.establishment covering 50 Captain B. Mussared whoacres and colloquially known announced the project at theas "the Island."last passing-out of apprenticesThe whole Department of said:the Navy exists for one fundamentalpurpose -— to keep thefleet lit lor operation at sea."Naval Board has approvedthe project."Mr. Williams, owner- skipperThe maintenance of the fleetof CI1KKANA, winneris an important part of that of the 19.">9-60 Hohart yachtpurpose and the dockyard atGarden Island is the backbonerace, has presented a set ofplans designed by Mr. Allenof the maintenance structure. Payne, who is at present designingThe yard is proud of itsthe Australian con­tradition of a high standard tender for the next Americanin all its work and has met.and will meet, all challengesset by the continuing introductionCup."The apprentices will carryof new machinery andequipment.to BuildYachtout the work during their sparetime and it should prove ofgreat practical value to theirtraining.Many of the apprentices aremembers ol the Royal NavalSailing Association and havetaken part in many of the Association'sregattas with greatsuccess.It is anticipated that whenthe yacht is completed, it willcompete, with a Navy crew, inthe annual Sydney to Hobartvacht race.TAM-O-SHANTER, which isentered by the Royal AustralianNaval College, is the onlyNavy-manned entry to participatein the race.APPRENTICES AT THEIRLATHESNaval apprentices atIIM.AS MKIMBAreceive a thorough technicaland educationaltraining to equip them forthe time they will hare todeal with the complicatedmachinery of a modernwarship.

S.S. Oriana—Her EnginesWhen* S.s. ORIANA re-'eently arrived in Australia,much was written about ht'rsize. .her food, her accommodation,but little, if any, waswritten about her engines.To those of TOU who arckeen on engines, the followingmay be of interest.The vessel is propelled bytwin screws. each driventhrough double-reduction gearingby a set of steam turbines(H.P.. t.P. and L.P.) of 'I'ametrada"design. Tin 1 total normalservice shaft horsepoweris K5.000 at 147 propeller revolutionsper minute and thetotal maximum designed shafthorsepower is 80,000 at 157.5propeller revolutions perminute.The astern turbines havebeen designed so as to be capableof developing 05 per cent,of the normal service shafthorsepower.The steam is to be suppliedto the turbines at a pressureof 700 p.s.i.g. and a temperatureof 950 deg. P.The II.P, turbine is of the allimpulsetype consisting of oneimpulse wheel with two rowsof blades followed by eightsingle row impulse wheelsmachined out of the forgedsteel rotor. The II.I". turbineis fitted with nozzle controlvalves for efficient operationthroughout the normal servicepower range. These controlvalves are arranged in a separatenozzle box of tours design.The I.I\ turbine is of the allimpulsetype consisting of ninesingle row wheels machinedout of the forged steel rotor.Bled steam for feed heatingis to be taken from this turbinebefore the 4th and 7thstages at 97 and 45 p.s.i.g., respectively,at maximum power.The L.I', turbine is of thedouble How mixed impulse reactiontype consisting of foursingle-row impulse stages followedby six reaction stages.All wheel discs arc machinedout of the forged steel rotor.Thi' II.1'. astern turbine consistingof one two-row impulsewheel is overhung Mt the forvardend of the I.I', turbine.The L.I' .astern turbine consistingof two separate impulsewheels is incorporated in theforward end of the L.I*, turbinecylinder.The ll.l'.. I.I', and L.I*. turbinesare designed to run at4,o8S, 3.588 and 2,!H8 revolutionsper minute, respectively,at the maximum power.The two main condensers,which are designed to be capableof maintaining 2H inchesvacuum with sea temperatureof 86 deg. F.. are of the Weir"Regenerative" type. Eachcondenser has 10.10!) cuproidckeltubes giving a coolingsurface of 32,000 square feet.The total length of tubes inboth condensers is b'2? miles.Each turbine drives the maingear wheel through double helicalarticulated gears consistingof one primary pinion, oneprimary wheel and one secondarypinion. Each turbinedrives its own primary pinionthrough a small-toothed flexiblecoupling.The propellers are of thesolid four-bladed type, 20 feetdiameter, of nickcl-aluminiumbronzeeach weighing approximately29 totis.The BoilersSteam is supplied by fourwater tube boilers of Messrs.Foster Wheeler external superheaterdesign. They arearranged with air attemperatorsto maintain the superheatconstant at 960 deg. F. at thesuperheater outlet while at sea.-^.-.-^^-,_ v..„ 4 ,.,„, -—--and to reduce the superheat to825 deg. F. for manoeuvring.The superheater outlet pressureis maintained constant at750 p.s.i.g. The combustion,steam-pressure and temperatureare all automatically controlledby Bailey AutomaticControl Equipment of thelatest design.All boiler drums arc fusionwelded and are made of openhearth steel. The air to thefurnace is to be preheated to230 deg. K. by Serek nonferroushied steam air heaters.The boilers ate fitted with castiron gilled economisers designedfor a feed inlet temperatureof 240 deg. K.The heating surface of eachboiler is as follows:Boiler heating surface, 3.755square feet.Economise!' surface. 19,920square feet.Superheater surface. 8,550square feet.Tin 1 boilers are designed toburn oil fuel only under balanceddraught. Suitablemotor-driven forced and induceddraught fans are fittedfor this purpose.The oil fuel burning installationis by Joseph Lucas Ltd.,consisting of four pumping andheating units. Only threeunits are required to be in useat maximum power. Each unitconsists of a low pressure andhigh pressure pump and lowtemperature and high temperatureheater. The Bailey automaticcombustion controlequipment operates one oil fuelspill valve on each boiler.The high temperature oil fuelheater has sufficient surface tomaintain the fuel oil at 300deg. F. The steam supply iscontrolled by means of a "viscostat"to maintain the fuel oilat a constant viscosity for efficientcombustion. The burnersare of the suspended flame typeand are operated with oil fuelat 500 p.s.i.g.THE NAVYMONTHLY LIST OF INTERESTING HISTORICAL DATESFEBRUARY1st1944 4th Mr. Div. Landed on Roi and Nannie7th luf. Div. on Kwajalein Island, inKwajaleiu Atoll, .Marshall Isands.2nd1941 LI Agheila reached.1943 II.M.A.S. WYALLA attacked McLarenHarbour.3rd1942 IIOBAKT rescued passengers and crewof British ship NoltAH MoLLKRbombed and set on fire.1945 .".llili I'IVIH. Inf. tilth A/I! Div.)seised Tagaylay Ridge, Batangas byparachute drop.1st t'av. Div. entered Grace Park,Manila.I'.S. Forces enter Manila.4th-12th1945 Assault on Kviiku Islands.' 5th1941 Benghazi captured.1942 II.M.A.S. YAUUA rescues 1.800 troopsfrom binning ship EMPRESS OF ASIAat Singapore.9th1B43 Evacuation of Guadalcanal announcedby Tokyo Radio.10th1942 First Jap landing in New Guinea—I'inschhafen.(•asinata (New Britain) occupied.1944 Juncture of elements 32nd Inf. Div. and8th Ausl. Bde. (5th Div.) at Jagomi.Kast of Saidor.Patrols 1st Mar. Div. and 112th R.C.T.establish contact on New Britain.GG Sixth Army terminated DexterityOperation (Western New Britain andSaidor).13th1942 British Ship DERBYMORE torpedoed7 miles SAW of Swatcher Is. (Northwestof llatavial.14th1942 First lauding on Sumatra.DERRYMORE survivors rescued toll.M.A.S.BALLARAT.15th1942 Singapore surrendered. Fall of Singapore.1944 Green Island Landing (elements 3rdN.Z. Div.).1945 Landing at Mariveles, Bataan bv 151stR.C.T.March. 194116th1943 Sixth Army established in S.W.P.A.1944 Naval Task Force struck Truk.1945 Corregidnr Landings in which II.M.A.S.SHROPSHIRE, ARISTA and WARRA-MUXOA assist I'.S. Forces.5th Fleet Struck Tokyo and llagoya-Kobe areas.17th1942 Port Timor occupied.II.M.A.S. SWAN. WARRKGO, YOYA-(1ER, ARMIDALK and (ASTLEMAINEescorting convoy to Koepang, heavilyattacked by aircraft.1944 Naval Task Force struck Truk.Kniwctok Landing.5th Fleet struck Tokyo and Nagoya-Kobc areas.18th1942 II.M.A.S. BUKK1E st 1 by at withdrawalat Singapore and embarkedrearguard.1945 American Landing on lwojima in theVolcano Islands.19th1942 Air Raid at Darwin, ships there includedII.M.A.S. SWAN. PLATYPUS.(ilNBAR. CONGOOLA and MAN-UNDA.1942 Japanese Air Raid on Darwin : numerousR.A.N. Ships engaged. U.S.S. PEARYlost and number of merchant ships.1945 lwojima Landing.Landings on North-west tip of Samar,Capul and Itiri Is. in S411 BernardinoStrait by elements American Div. and1st Philippine Inf. Regt.20th1942 Evacuation of Sumatra. 11.MA. Shipsassisting included GOULBURN, BUR-XIE, WOLLONGONG. BALLARAT andBENDIGO.Timor invaded.1945 Landings on North-west tip of Samar,Capul and Biri Is. in San BernardinoStrait by elements American Div. and1st Philippine Inf Regt.21st1943 Russell Islands lauding.22nd1941 II.M.A.S. STUART and VAMPIRE joinR.A. 1st Battle Squadron for operationalsweep towards Rhodes.1943 Northern Solomons Campaign — 22ndFeb., 43—21st Nov., 44.

•• • • '23rd1944 Naval Task Force struck Mariannas.25th1945 Bombardment of Wewak-Aitape area byII.M.A.S. SWAN.Last organized enemy resistance in.Manila overcome.26th1942 .lava Sea Battle. II..MAS. IIOBAKT amiPERTH in action.1943 I .S.A.F.F.E. reconstituted.27th1942 I ".attie of .lava Sea.II.M.A.S. UOHABT slightly damagedand casualties caused by bomb attackin West .lava Sea.28th1942 Battle of .lava Sea.1945 Palawan Landing in vicinity of PuertoPrineessa by lSGth B.C.T.Destruction of Japanese on Corregidorvirtually complete; Manila Bay open toAllied shipping.29th1944 Landing at Admiralty Islands, II.M.A.S.SHROPSHIRE and WARRAMINGAincluded in these operations, alsoII.M.A.S. ARINTA.MARCH1st1942 II.M.A.S. PERTH sunk in Java Seaduring night attack in Suuda Strait.Japanese invaded Java.2nd1942 Japanese air raid on Broome caughtrefugees from Java.Evacuation of Java, II.MA. CorvettesBALLARAT and BURNIE assist.3rd-5th1943 Bismarck Sea Battle (destruction of LaeConvoy by Fifth Air Force and R.A.A.F.—18 out of 22 ships in convoy sunk).4th1941 II.M.A.S. CANBERRA with H.M.S.LEANDER intercepted and sank Germanvessels KKTTV BROVIG and COBURGin Indian Ocean.1942 H.M.A.S. YARRA lost off Tjilatjap.Attacked by vastly superior enemyforce while escorting convoy from Javato Australia.4th-7th1944 Bombardment of Hauwei Island. AdmiraltyGroup, included II.M.A.S. SHROP­SHIRE and WARRAMUNGA.5th1S44 Landing at Mindiri.W. of Saidor. byelements 32nd Inf. Div.6th1944 Landing on Willaumez Peninsula,vicinity of Talasea. by elements 1st Mar.Div.—II.M.A.S. SIIEPPARTON assists.1945 Capture of Meiktila announced.8th1942 British evacuated Rangoon.Lae-Sahiiiiau captured.8th-28th1944 Jap. assault on Empress Augusta Bayperimeter repulsed by :17th Inf. andAmerican Divs.1£45 Talnscu captured by elements 1st Mar.Div.9th-17th1645 Bombardment of Open Bay Area.II.M.A.S. SWAN.41st Inf. Div. 1-lSlith R.C.T.) landednear /.amboanga. Mindanao.11th1941 Lend-Lease Act signed by PresidentRoosevelt.1944 II.M.A.S. ARUNTA, in company withU.S. ships, bombarded Seeadler. closingto within less than 4.000 yards.14th1944 II.M.A.S. BENALLA carried out surveyof Seeadler Harbour during height ofbombardment.Maims Island landing.1945 Final clearance of Volcano Islands. Japanesecasualties. 21,000 killed. U.S.casualties. 4.189 killed:, 15,749 wounded.15th1943 South-west Pacific Force re-designatedSeventh Fleet.1945 Basilian Island (Sulu Archipelago)landing bv elements 41st Inf. Div.17th1942 General MacArthur ariived Darwin,Australia.18th1944 Lorcngau captured by 2nd Cav. Brig.1945 Panav Landing, 1!! miles W. of Iloilo,bv 40th Inf. Div. (-108th R.C.T.1.19th1941 II.M.A.S. WATERIIEX salvaged burningmerchant ship MARIE MAERSK inthe Mediterranean.20th1944 Emirau Landing (4th Mar. Regt).1945 Capture of Mandalav.23rd1942 Japanese occupy Andaman Islands.(Continued In next lame).THE NAVY1 0>dr9An aerial view at of the War Memorial Chapel at H.M.A.S. WATSON whleh .» dedicate* on the 4th March. WW.•March, IMI

. . .THE NAVY IN A PERIODOF CHANCEAn Address by Tbe Right Hon. Lord Carrington,P.C., K.C.M.G.. M.C., First Lord of the Admiraltyto the Navy League.AY I first »f all thank yonM most warmly for havingdone me the honour of askingme to this luncheon today, andmay I also say how sorry wean- that Admiral Sir RalphEdwards has resigned fromthe chairmanship 01' the NavyLeague: I know how hard heworked for you.Hut at the same time, onbehalf of the Hoard ofAdmiralty, i welcome mostwarmly Admiral ('azalet in hisplace.Yon have, of course, askedme here this afternoon to saysomething about the RoyalNavy, and it so happens thatexactly one year ago today Ibecame First Lord of theAdmiralty. It has been a veryfull, a very enjoyable, and avery edueative year. I havevisited all the major commandsat borne; and I have been toGibraltar. Malta and thePersian Gull'. It is very necessaryfor all of us ou the Boardof Admiralty to (ret about andsee the Fleet as much as wecan. Generally speaking, it isonly the things which go wrongwhich arrive on our desks. Butwhen one visits the Fleet, onecan see that though we in theAdmiralty are far from perfect,there is certainly nothingwrong with the Navy.Perhaps I may begin bysaying one or two thingsabout the relationship betweenthe Navy League and theAdmiralty. It was AdmiralEdwards who suggested to methat we ought to get togethera bit more often, and I mostwhole-heartedly agreed withhim. We have arranged a seriesof meetings with your PolicyCommittee — we had the firstone about t\\ r three monthsago — which I think hasproved, and will prove, usefullo both of us, because we havea common aim: to see in beingan efficient and well-equippedNavy, ready and able to carryout its vital role. It is asimportant for you to knowwhat we are thinking as it isfor us to know your views amiopinions.It is perfectly right andproper, if I may say so. thatthe Navy League should lieenquiring searcltingh- into theGovernment's naval policy. Itis of great value to us thatyou should act as a goad whenyou think that we are failingin tbe job we have set ourselves.At the same time, it isto you that we turn first andforemost tor appraisal andcomment on the Admiralty'spolicy, which we believe to besoundly based ami to have thebroad confidence of the peopleof this country. We arepartners, not antagonists, andthe more we see of each otherthe better.We are celebrating todaythe greatest naval event inour history, and in doing sowe have been paying ourtribute to the great past ofthe Royal Navy. That is justas it should be. because it isin the past that the traditions— and never let us underestimatethe value of tradition— of the Navy are rooted. Butalthough we may drawstrength from the past andrefresh ourselves with thecourage and enterprise of ourforebears, we must look to thefuture; and it is fitting that. 'on this anniversary of Trafalgar,the Royal Navy hasentered into a new age bylaunching a new ship with newpropulsion — a ship which Iiiope will be the symbol forthe Navy's future greatness.It is. oi course, obvious to allof us that we have in the last15-2(1 years lived through aperiod of revolutionary change.However much we may betempted to do so. we mustnever, in any circumstances,base our policy for the futureon nostalgia for the past.Nuclear AgeWhat is this new situationto which we must adjustourselves? The causes of it.ire, I think, twofold: thecoming of the nuclear age.bringing with it the dominanceof the two vast opposingindustrial powers of the I'nitedStates and Russia, and ourown changed economic position,for our ability to sustaina defence programme isdirectly related to the strengthof our economy. How verysimple it must have been —although I have no doubt itdidn't appear to be so — tothose who were in control ofour defence policy 200, 60,and even 30 years ago. Warwas not total, global war didnot mean total destruction,armaments were relativelysimple and comparatively inexpensive.When we were atpeace, we were not engagedas we are now, in a perpetualstruggle in which the chiefweapons are not arms at all.Our first contribution todayto the stability and peace ofthe world lies, I suggest, inmaintaining our influence, andwith it the influence of theWest, in as many parts of theworld ns we can. This meansincreasing our overseas trade.In the old days trade followedthe flag. Today, I think theflag follows trade. It meanscontrbuting to the economy ofTHE NAVYthe under-developed and uncommittednations; and itmeans playing an effectiveand increasingly importantpart in the economic andpsychological phase of thecold war. I do not believe wecan do this if our economy isweakened, and although wehave recovered pretty wellsince the war, it is useless topretend that our resources arewhat they were in pre-wardays. And so with ourresources we must in mattersof defence strike a balancebetween the risks of doing toomuch and those of doing toolittle.But there has been anotherremarkable change in the last20 years. No longer are wealoue in defending ourinterests and, whether we likeit or not, we are inextricablybound up with the othernations of the West whosecause, which is our cause, canonly be defended by allianceami co-operation. We have tothink In terms of the Westerncommunity. We have to thinkin terms of the Common wealthand of the Anglo-AmericanAlliance. But at the same time,we no longer need contemplatean Australian Margarineblended to suitAustralianconditionsN I S AI SNICER• S^B«5pour single - handed defenceagainst a major aggressor: itis with combined strength thatwe must meet the threat fromthe Kast. Against this background— and I do notapologize for saying whatmust be very obvious — wemust assess the nature and sizeof our defence commitmentsand the forces with which tocarry them out.What is this threat to oursafety and what are ourcommitments? The threat, Isuppose, takes many forms. Ithas a nuclear form as well asa conventional form. It appearson land, in the air, as well asat sea. It is a direct threat inthe West; an indirect threatin the Middle Kast; and animponderable threat in theFar East. Perhaps if we usedall the resources at ourdisposal, we could match onethreat fully in one of itsforms, but not the others.Rather we must make abalanced contribution to thecommon defence and. in doingso. we shall. I think, provideourselves with the best meansof carrying out our ownparticular responsibilities inthe areas where we may haveMTSA TABLEMARGARINEMircll, 1941to act from time to timewithout the help of our allies.Defence ExpenditureThese, it seems to me. arethe realities of the situation,and it ::; on these realitiesthat we have to assess ourdefence needs, which are incompetition with all the otherclaims ou Government expenditure— education, roads, aidto the under-developed, welfare,and all the rest of it.And he would be a sanguineman who would look into hiscrystal ball and say that inthe future a much larger shareof our national resources canbe devoted to defence. Havingbeen given their slice of thecake, the Admiralty has nowgotthe very difficult task ofcutting it into the right piecesof the right shape andsatisfying all its hungry andrapacious children.What are we to do with ourmoneyt Are we to have alarger Navy composed of olderand simpler ships? If so, canwe man them ? Are we to havea smaller Navy consisting ofnew and modern ships withtheir life in front of them!Well, we have chosen thelatter, and 1 am quite convincedthat this is the rightanswer. I do not believe forone moment that the RoyalNavy can afford to be secondrate.If we are going to havea Navy, it must be first-class.We are carrying out acontinuous programme of newconstruction. Since 1956 wehave built no fewer than 35new frigates — and many ofthem of a new type. "Type81" and "Type 12." or "the"Whitby" class, which comparemore than favourablywith those of other classes. Wehave now put in hand animproved version which we arecalling the "Leander" class.Wc are planning to give these,as part of their anti-submarine

capability, a helicopter carriedin the ship.We are continuing with ourprogramme of new submarines,both nuclear and conventional.You will remember that wehave ordered the secondnuclear submarine: but wemust not lose -1 •_• * 11 of the(treat value of conventionalsubmarines of the "Porpoise"and "Oberon" class. Not onlyare these very much lessexpensive to build, but wehave concentrated on makingthem as silent as possible, avery important quality for thetask they have to perform.With the new "County"class of guided missiledestroyers, of which the first,the I) E V () X SHIH K, waslaunched by Princess Alexandrain June, we are enteringthe guided missile field. Theseships will be armed withSensing, a missile of greatcapability against the threatwith which we are faced inthe next few years. But theseSome peopleare lucky. . .Some people win lotteries; others winat dice or cards. But if you want money,there's only one sure way of getting it—saving. Whatever you want—save for it.If you Bave for it, you'll get it. If youhaven't already got a CommonwealthSavings Bank account, open one today.Don't trust to luck. Save for the thingsyou want.COMMONWEALTHSAVINGS BANKships are not just guidedweapon carriers — I wouldemphasize this; they will alsohave a powerful antisubmarinecapability, and a gunarmament. They are bothformidable and versatile.ll.M.S. BULWARK, the newCommando carrier, commissionedfor the first time thisyear, represents a new formof naval activity. With hercapacity for the rapid movementof Royal Marine Commandosover great distances,she constitutes a big increasein the strength of the RoyalNavy. As you know, we aretaking ll.M.S. ALBION inhand for conversion to Commandocarrier next year.In addition, our aircraftcarriers, with their modernaircraft ami their quiteremarkable radar, add significantlyto the naval strikingpower of the West. I wouldlike to emphasize the importantpart which the Fleet AirAnn is playing in our futureplans. We have recently commissionedthe new aircraftcarrier H.M.S. HERMES. Weare giving the EAGLE anextensive modernization tobring her up to the lateststandards. New aircraft suchas the Sea Vixen and theBuccaneer will immeasurablyimprove the Fleet's strike anddefensive power. We plan touse helicopters more and morewidely, not only in the Commandocarrier, but also in ourescort vessels. I can promiseany young man who isattracted by the thought offlying with the Navy a full andsatisfying career as a navalofficer.The FutureWhat of the future? Well,you will hardly expect me tobe too precise about that.We are at the momentdiscussing the problem of anew generation of aircraftcarriers and. perhaps evenTHE NAVYmore important, the aircraftwhich would go with them,because on the aircraft woulddepend the size and shape ofthe ship.We arc also considering thebest form of replacement forthe ships of the AmphibiousWarfare Squadron. And manyof you must be wonderingabout Polaris, that remarkablemissile system developed sospeedily and successfully bythe Americans. For the timebeing the British nucleardeterrent is predominantly inthe hands of the R.A.F. However,should circumstanceschange, and the Governmentdecide in the future thatPolaris is to be our deterrent,then I am confident that theRoyal Xavy will be able toprovide it. We are keepingin touch with developmentson the other side of theAtlantic; and, of course, theDREADNOUGHT will give usvaluable experience of theoperation of nuclear-poweredsubmarines.I hope you will not think Iam being complacent: nobodywho is in my position can bethat. Of course, every FirstLord, every Board ofAdmiralty, would like moreships, but I hope that in whatI have said I have at any rategiven some idea of the complexitiesand difficulties whichface us, as well as the vastlyincreased price of everything,both in money and manpower.But if the ships of the RoyalXavy are fewer than they were10 years ago, they possess avastly greater capability thantheir predecessors, and I knowthey are giving us good valuefor money. Certainly we makea significant contribution tothe combined strength of thenavies of the Western Alliance.NICOL BROS. PTY. LTD.INCORPORATINGPENGUIN HEAVY LIFTING PTY. LTD.&PENGUIN PTY. LTD.ALL CLASSES OF STEAM, DIESELAND GENERAL ENGINEERINGBOILERMAKERS. OXY-ACETYLENEAND ELECTRIC WELDERSPLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL WORKFLOATING CRANE AVAILABLE AT AIX TIMES'(20 TON CAPACITY)ALL CLASSES OF MARINE EQUIPMENT FOR SALEMarch. 196110-20 WESTON ST., BALMAIN EAST'Phones: WB 3121 — 5 linesAfter Hours: UM P485, WM 5225, FM 5708The PolicyAbove all — I speak assomeone who has come fromthe outside to look at theNavy with different eyesperhaps from all of you — onecannot but be overwhelminglyimpressed with the spirit andefficiency of the Fleet.I hope I have convinced youthat the policy which we arepursuing is the right one. apolicy not only dictated byeconomics hut by sound commonsense.1 hope you willperhaps help us in three ways:First of all, by impressingupon the public the growingimportance of the Navy in aworld where bases are lesssecure and mobility more andmore important. Secondly, byeducating the public in what isinvolved in maintaining a firstclassXavy. And lastly, byhelping us to stimulate reeruit :ment. both of officers andratings, because a career in theNavy today is as fine, asworthwhile, and as satisfyingas ever it was in the past.It is a great honour to bea member of the Board ofAdmiralty, and 1 know that Ispeak for all my colleagueswhen I say how very consciouswe are of the responsibilitythat thai membership placesupon us. Upon our decisionsdepend the future well-being,efficiency and equipment ofthe Royal Navy. We shall doour best to carrv out that task.COCKATOO DOCKSfc ENCINKtINCCO. PTY. LTD.•ShipbuildersMarineandGeneral EngineersContractor, to . . .H.M. AUSTRALIAN NAVYInquiriMIrwiUdCOCKATOO DOCKSYDNEY'Phone: 82 0661(10 lines)

.'U.S. Navy Antarctic ExpeditionObservers believe thai thepresent l.S. Navy expedition tothe Antarctica is the biggestin the history of explorationin this continent.Plans for "Deep Freeze 61 ".the operation code name forthe expedition, include:An attempt by Icebreakersto penetrate the AmundsenSea, the last unexplored coastalsection.Preparation of a site for thebuilding of an atomic powerhouse at the main eoastal baseat McMordo Sound. 2.500 milessouth of New Zealand.The expedition will lie underthe command of Rear-AdmiralI). M. Tyree and Captain E. A..McDonald will be in control ofi he seagoing force.Ships taking part will be:—i'mir Icebreakers — I'.S.S.STATEN ISLAM). (iLACIEREDIKTHO and EASTWIND.Three Cargo Vessels—l.S.S.ABNKB, l.S.N.S. PRIVATEJOHN R. TOWLE ami r.S.X.sGREENFIELD VICTORYU.8.C.G. EA8TWIND, one of the Polar Expedition this*.One Tanker — U. S. N. S.ALANTA and one Air OuardShip, U.S.S. WILHOITE, whichwill maintain a patrol betweenNew Zealand and Antarcticawhile air operations are beingcarried out.Aircraft ParticipationIn addition 22 aircraft of theU.S. Navy's airborne wing, AirDevelopment Squadron 6(VX6) will be on haiul.The Squadron, led by Captain\V. II. Jluiison, t'.S.N., willparticipate in Hying operationsbetween New Zealand and.Me.Murdo Sound.Also, it will operate into theinterior of the huge ice continentthai is roughly twice thearea of Australia.Some of the aircraft willlly direct to the South Pole, 800miles inland from .Me.MurdoSound, where the I'.S. maintainsa permanent IS manscientific base known asAinundsen-Seott Station.Jets With SkisFor the first time thisseason the l.S. Navy willoperate four of its new C130Hercules Turbo-jel 350 m.p.h.transport aircraft in the Antarctic.Similar to the Herculesowned by the R.A.A.I 1 '.. thesegiant (ill-ton planes, fitted withskis, will land at the SouthPole base which is at analtitude of almost 10.000 feeton top of the liliz/.anlly interiorAntarctic Plateau.They also will land on thesnow and ice at I lie remoteliyrd Station, bringing in newhuts in prefabricated sectionslo build a complete "under thesnow" township to replace theexisting base which is rapidlybeing covered by drift'The Hercules also will carrysouth some of the parts neededfor the £6,000,000 plan to installnuclear power stations inthe Antarctic which mean theredaction of about 60 per cent.THE NAVYof the oil fuel hauled southeach year.The first station will be readyearly in 1962.Other aircraft in the I'.S.Navy's VX6 wing include jetboostedNeptune bombers withskis, Dakotas, a Super Constellation,a Skymaster, and numerousOtters and helicopters.All icebreakers where possiblecurry helicopters on theexploration trips.Amundsen Sea EffortLargest sea-going operation,outside of the supply runs, willlie the attempt to enter the ieetilledAmundsen Sea by icebreakersGLACIEB and STA­TKN ISLAND.The two vessels will carryscientists representing thefields of oceanography, ornithology,seismology, geology,and other geographicalsciences.The GLACIER and STATENISLAND are lo commence theAmundsen Sea voyage early iuFebruary. The sea is known tobe heavily ice clogged, subjectto fog and violent blizzards andsubject to illusions.Captain Edwin A. McDonaldwho will lead the two icebreakerson the Amundsen Seaoperation is a Navy cold weatherexpert and a veteran ofsix Arctic and five Antarcticexpeditions. So far the sea'srugged ice pack has repulsedall attempts by ship to reachthe Antarctic coastline in thisregion. It is one of the lastunexplored coastal portions ofAntarctica. The sea is bi-seetcdby 115 deg. west longitude.Beside it is another littleknown water which wasenter d by l.S.S. GLACIERlast j ear — the BellingshausenSea.All ships are scheduled toleave Antarctica before darknessand the winter ice packsclose in towards the end ofMarch.March, If61Two more Frigates for Royal NavyThe keels of two moregeneral purpose frigates of theTribal class were laid onThursday, 1st December.Tin- first ship, which willeventually lie named the ZULUwill be built by Alex Stephens& Sous Ltd. of Linthouse, (liasgow.Parsons Marine Turbine Co.Ltd., will supply the steamturbines and gearing and.Yarrows Lid. will provide thegas turbines for this vessel.The second ship, to be laterchristened MOHAWK, is beingconstructed at the P.arrow-in-Kurness shipyard of Vickers-Armstroiigs (Shipbuilders)Ltd.The machinery for thisfrigate will lie built by Yickcrs-Arinstrongs (Engineers) Ltd..who will supply the steam turbines,and Associated ElectricalIndustries Ltd. who are buildingthe gas turbines.Ships of the Tribal classhave a standard displacementof approximately 2,500 tons, alength of 360 feet and a beamof 42 feet 6 inches. The hullsare of all-welded, prefabricatedconstruction and are speciallytreated to prevent corrosion.The propulsion machineryconsists of a combination ofboth steam and gas turbines.The steam turbines providepower for normal cruising andmanoeuvring and the gas turbines,operating the same shaft,will give immediate power forhigh speed steaming and gettingunder way in an emergency.Denny Brown stabilizersare also being fitted.WATSON & CRANE PTY. LIMITED• MANUFACTURERS & DISTRIBUTORS ofAll Standard and Special Brassware Fittings, including the"WATCRANE" Spring Cock, for the Plumber and Hot WaterEngineer.• SUPPLIERS ofFull range of Gunmetal, Cast Iron and Steal Valve* forWater, Air, Oil and Steam; Baths, Basins, Lowdown Suites,Heaters and "IDEAL" Hot Water Boilers.• ELECTROPLATING SPECIALISTS inChrome, Silver, Nickel, Cadmium and Tin.FOUNDERS ofNon-Ferrous Castings and Hot Pressings, etc.,Gunmetal, Phosphor Bronxe, Aluminium Alloys.DIE MAKERSWORKS AND FOUNDRY:Fairfield Street, Villawood, N.S.W.'Phone: YU 7171WAREHOUSE:1037-1047 Bourke Street, Waterloo, N.S.W.'Phone: MX 5761Brass,

Reserve TrainingShipVisit* NoumeaLate last year the OceanM i ti e s w e e p e r, 1I.M.A.S.WAIK1A which is used as atraining for the Royal AustralianNaval Reserve paid avisit to Noumea.This is the first foreigncruise which has been made byWAGGA, though she has previouslyvisited Tasmania andthe Hairier Beef.Flench Naval Officers, whovisited the ship, were amazedthat the ship was entirelymanned by Reservists ami saidthat they had no idea that theAustralian Naval Reserve wasso strong.Right sea cadets were annumthe ship's company of R) officersami 76 ratings whomanned the ship for the cruise.H.M.A.S. WAGGA, commandedbv Lt. Cdr. R. V.Williams, D.S.C., R.A.N.R.,steamed a total distance of2,200 miles during the cruise,the first foreign visit ever tohe undertaken in peace time bya Reservist manned ship.Visiting NavalShips FromThree Nations"KEMBIA"COFFER, B RASS ANDOTHfcR NON-FERROUSWm CABIES & TUBESNaval ships from three countriesmade operational visits toAustralian ports in January.The visiting warships werefrom the United States. Pranceand New Zealand,The American ship was thedestroyer escort. I'.s.s. WIL-IIOITK. which had been servingwith the United StatesAntarctic expedition, "OperationDeep Freeze." She wasat HotRrrt from 11th to 16thJanuary and visited Sydneyfrom 19-28 January. "\V1L-MOITE had a crew of thirteenofficers and 166 men. and wasunder the command of Lieutenant-Commander('. H. Willis.Senator Gorton said theFrench frigate. FRANCISGARNIEB, arrived at Sydneyon 17th January, and remainedfor three weeks. Sheunderwent maintenance atGarden Island.The New Zealand visitor.II.M.N.Z.S. ROYALIST, arrivedin Sydney on 28th .lanuary.She sailed on .'list .lanuary.calling at Melbourne (10-13 February i ami Freuiantle! 18-20 February) on the way toa tour of duty in Asian watersand to take part in SEATOM.D. to Australia'seroded acres..METAL MANUFACTURES LTD.PORT KEMHLA; N.S.W;TUBES AN'D BRASS WIREKNOX SCHLAPP PTY. LTD.Adelaide, Brisbane, MelbourneSydney, LauncestonVEILING ;AC.£NT;S,. (wirii Distributor! in- «JlSt«t*a)WIRE AND CABLESBRITISH INSULATEDCALLENDER'S CABLES LTD.Melbourne, Albury, Sydney,Newcastle, Wolloncong,Brisbane, Hobart, LauncestonAdelaide.THENAVYNo. 9 at a \eries depicting a tuition*prttgrewONE INCH OF RAINFALL over an acre of land is 100tons of water. Left uncontrolled this races off toerode gullies, sweep away top and sub-soil, silt anddry up rivers and creeks.Today under the guidance of Government Soil andWater Conservation Authorities, and private organizationssuch as the Ycomans Keyline Land AdvisoryPlanning Service, farmers learn to harnessrainfall and prevent erosion. They are shown how torecognize high point catchment areas, build low-costdams, and then by gravitation and pattern ploughing,safely and gently irrigate the land below.Gradually the scars of erosion arc being healed, andrich healthy soil built up to ensure Australia'sagricultural future..•I, (HI Australian tompant toinrihutiiig In Australia*tletelopmettl through tin t-\len\i*e range of *irc\ amitable*. Ctihie Makers Australia Ply. Lilt. i\ proud lopat Irthule to the men ttlto ate going MI much to hltiljlite Australia ol loilai unit tomorrow'.w.M-A.HI CO TRAOt MARK NOi. J49M-7-,WIR1 s • CABLES • FLEXIBLESfcCABLE MAKERS AUSTRALIA PTY. LTD.WORKS: LIVERPOOL, NSW. STMTtMMNE,QUEENSLAND. ELIZABETH. SOUTH AUST.Distributor! throughout the Commonwgolth

...its first cost is the last cost!Look at it any way you like. Nothing matchescopper when it comes to hot water systems.There is never any fear of dirty, rusty waterwith copper, because it is non-corrosive, hasOnly with a copper hot water container canno toxic effect on water and never requirescorrosion-control maintenance.you be sure of a plentiful supply of crystalclearhot water every time you turn on the INSIDE your hot wafer system. Insist onYou'll feel safer with a copper containertap . not for a year or so, but for the copper—cost of installation is the first andentire life of your home.only cost.*// pays to specify COPPER THROUGHOUTfor HOT WATER STORAGE CONTAINERSflUSTRHMCOMPANY •TY ITO.BRONZEN.S.W.: 128-130 Itothtchild Av.nut, Rotobory. 67-4443. Vic: 473-479 Swan Street, Burnley. 42-4324. Old.:224-230 Montagu* Road, Won Ind. 4-6562. S.A.: 463 Tor,em Road, Kilkenny. 45-5366 W.A.: 48 Short Street,Eott Forth. 28-4126. Tat.: Box 42. PP., Gtenothy. 7-688/. AB180/B 6••- . t-'tt'•"} Newspapers L*-j. 16 Bc*'i Street S,-;-*/

f1~1 1 E'./«•—

.rut LU A If If""NAVYVol. 24 APRIL, 1961 N ». 4The sort of Air Powera shipbuilder. . . in a. range of tools by Atlas CopcoCompressed air is versatile. It can be used in many industries topower many types of equipment. For shipbuilders, Atlas Copcomakes air-powered hoists, grinders, drills, chipping-hammers, riveters,screwdrivers and the compressors which drive them.Designed for reliable service under the most arduous conditions, thehand tools are fitted with high-efficiency air motors giving the bestpossible power weight ratios. Easy to handle, they are economical tooperate. The air hoists ranging in capacity from 5 cwt to 10 tons —are especially suited to shipyard work. With smooth-running airmotors and very low creep speeds, they permit ultra-sensitive control.An additional advantage is the enclosed des:gn, which allows safeoperation in any atmosphere hot, explosive, dusty, damp or corrosive.SALES AND SERVICE IN NINETY COUNTRIES.With companies and agents in ninety countries. Atlas Copco is theworld's largest organisation specialising solely in compressed airequipment. Wherever you are, the international Atlas Copco groupoffers expert advice on the selection of equipment and provides acomplete after-sales service.:•• - •• GrmdarJ&iasCbpcc''.-- v*y *°ATLAS COPCO AUSTRALIA PTY19° 205 Parramatta Road Auburn,Telephone: YX 1711LIMITEDN.S.WSThs Official Organ of the Navy League of AustraliaAUTHORITIESCONTENTSYOUNGER SIRLS GIVE WRANS RECORD INTAKEANOTHER STOKER IN THE R.A.N.SHIPS OF THE R.A.N. BUILT IN AUSTRALIAMONTHLY LIST OF INTERESTING DATESNAVY RESEARCH SHIP IN TASMAN SURVEYSYDNEY — THE PORTNUCLEAR SUBMARINESFEDERAL COUNCIL:President: Rear Admiral H. A.siiuvMTs. C.B.E. (Retd.l.Deputy President: Cdr. B. A. Nettlefold.DSC, V.R.D.. R.A.N.R.Secretary: Lieutenant L, Mackay-Crulse. R A.N.R.New Soutfl Wales Division:Patron: Hli Excellency The Governorof New South W-les.President: Renr Admiral H. AShowers. CD E.Secretary: LieuU nant L. Mackay-Crulsc. R A.N.RHon. Treasurer: R. I. Rac. Eaq.Vlcto.lan Division:Patron: Hla Excellency the Governorof Victoria.President: Mr. K. York Byrne.Secretary: Miss E. C Shorrocks. 526Collins Street. MelbourneSHIPBUILDING IN THE UNITED KINGDOMUNITED STATES NAVY BASE IN CUBA1P "»*Published by the Navy League of Australia66 Clarence Street. Sydney. MA 8784. Poital Addreit Bo. 3850 C P.OTHE NAVY I I \

R.A.N. Divers in Deep Dive on SnowyDivers of the Royal Australian Navy led by CommanderH. S. a a 11 e r h a m a n dLieutenant Ron Titcombe arrivedat Lake Eucembene inthe Snowy Mountains areaearly in .March to prepare fortheir most difficult task yet.The Navy divers have beenasked by the Snowy .MountainsHydro Kleetrie Authorityto examine stop logs at theentrance to the diversion tunnelunder the Kueumbene Dam.260 feet below the surface.This dive will be the deepestdive of this nature on recordin the Southern Hemisphere.Stop logs at the intake ofthe tunnel around KueumbeneDam were recently lowered toenable a routine inspectionand test id' the main (rates inthe tunnel to be made. Leakageat one of the two wis of stoplops led the Authority to believethat there is probably anobstruction at the spathig ofthe loirs. This leakage wastemporarily sealed w h i e henabled the inspect inn andmaillteliani f the main (ratesin the tunnel to be carried outsatisfactorily, but before theslo;i Inns are removed and Hiemain gates are brought intooperation it \„ important toknow the nature of the oh.stru.tion .it the -lop Texamination nf lie „|, I,,,-,ei illy he d by dive...The Authority is ids., takingthe precaution of having thedivers auiilabli should underwaterHssistam • be requiredin removing the stop logs.Opportunity will also betaken to use the divers to clearany debris which may havecollected around the stop logopenings.It is pointed out that thistunnel was driven to carry theKueumbene Rivet- past thedam-site during the constructionof the dam. Plow throughtin' tunnel is controlled by themain gates near the centre ofthe tunnel which arc operatingsatisfactorily. The purposeof the stop logs at the tunnelportal is to enable the tunnelto be ile-watered for inspectionand maintenance of thetunnel and the main gales.Because of the extremedepth, considerable pr paraeightlion is required. All thedivers have been down to adepth of 120 feet and bei nne-familiar with the underwatersurroundings of the tunnelintake. The submersible decompressionchamber weighing•"U tons has been tested underwaterand all the other equipmentto be used has beenrigorously tested.The divers wore diving suitsespecially ordered from Francebecause of their ability to protectthe diver from some ofthe effects of the extreme pressureanil intense cold of 9degrees above freezing point.Leading Seaman Moore and AB. JHTrr-ss entering the decompressionchamber.THE NAVY]The picture shows some of the divers who are at Lake Encumbene. They are (left to right). ChiefPetty Officer W. T. Fitzgerald. Leading Seaman K. Gregson. Leading Seaman O. Moore. AB. N. Jem-ess.AB. K. Creasey. Leading Seaman J. Ingram, with Lieut. R. Titcombe.YOUNGER GIRLS GIVE W.R.A.N.S. RECORD INTAKEl-'ifty girls from all parts ofAustralia entered the Women'sRoyal Australian Naval Servicerecently in one of thebiggest Wran intakes of alltimes.The Minister for the Navy.Senator tiorton, said that17-year-old girls would comprisesixty per cent, of the recruits.It was the first intakereflecting the response to thelowering of the entry age from18 to 17. Since the reductionof the entry age last October.enquiries and applications forthe service had doubled.Senator (lotion said theHfty recruits, thirty of whomwere seventeen, would begintheir training at HindersApril, 1961Naval Depot. Victoria, nextTuesday. There would be12 recruits from Queensland[four 17-year-olds i : 12 fromVictoria (eight aged 171 11from Western AustraliaI eight): six from South Australia(three): six from New-South Wales (five), and threefrom Tasmania (two).He said that after completingtheir basic training atFlinders Naval Depot, thegirls would be posted to navalestablishments ill various partsof- Australia, serving in categoriesranging from drivers toradio operators.The service was now closeto its establishment of three-Hundred Wrtins. The unavoidablewastage rate wouldnecessitate continued recruiting,but there would be needfor even greater selectivity.Senator Gorton said thegood response from 17-yearoldswas probably because atthai age they had not becometoo settled in other employment.In announcing the reducedWran entry age last year,Senator Gorton said the ideawas to attract girls directfrom school and to increaseaverage "life" of Wrans. Marriagecaused by far thegreatest wastage, but at leastone-third of the girls waiteduntil they were twenty-onebefore getting married.

P & O-Orient LinesAdopt Planned MaintenanceP & (. Orient Lines announcethat Captain Duncan Campbell,M.S.. who retired at the end•if lasjt year as Director ofRoyal Navy Kleet Maintenanceat Bath, has been appointed1'Ianneti Maintenance Adviser.lie is establishing a plannedmaintenance service with aninitial staff of four for theV &. O-Orient Lines' fleet.Planned maintenance, whichhas reeentiy been adopted withsuccess by large industrialorganisations and the RoyalNavy, is a system whereby theyreat majority of maintenanceneeds are planned, noted.recorded and interpreted inconsiderable detail. As a result,it is possible to judpe moreexactly the performance of anypiece nt" machinery, to employrue's own maintenance staff tothe best effect, to t'orsee ingreater detail what help fromship-repairers may be needed,and when and where it canbest be sought. The decision byP & O-Orient Lines to adoptplanned maintenance and theappointment of Captain Campbellare results of the increasingcomplexity of ships,particularly exemplified inCANBERRA and ORIANA.To start with, the departmentwill concentrate on newconstruction-Captain Campbell, who willrank as a Superintendent with1' & O-OHent Lines, is 53 years'old and has been in charge ofthe Royal Navy's plannedmaintenance for the past twoyears. lie received his earlyengineering training withAlexander Stephens & Co. Ltd.on the Clyde and at GlasgowUniversity, whence he graduatedwith first-class honours inengineering in 1J12N.He was employed in thedesign departments of AssociatedElectrical Industries until19:15. when he entered theAdmiralty Civilian ElectricalEngineering Service, In 1949he transferred to the newNaval Electrical Branch, withthe rank of Commander, andwas promoted to Captain in1951.THE UNITED SHIP SERVICES PTY. LTD.GEELONG * MELBOURNE • PORTLANDVICTORIA, AUSTRALIAThe largest organisation in Victorian ports for the supply and erection of fittingsfor the carriage of every description of cargo.Bulk grain fittings a speciality.Dunnage supplied, holds cleaned. Decks caulked. Carpenters, joiners andshipwrights supplied.88-102 NORMANBY RD., SOUTH MELBOURNETelephone: MX 5231Telegram* and Cabin: " FUETWAYS," MelbourneANOTHER STOKER INTHE R.A.N.I joined the Navv 3rd March,1941, at ll.M.A.S. BUSH-(TTTEH ami after about twoweeks of boat pulling, inarchingand scrubbing duck suitseach day was sent to P.N.D.Engineering School. On completionof training was sentto H.M.A.S. PENGUIN, whichin those days was GardenIsland with converted ferryKUTTABUL — which waslater sunk by a torpedo fromJapanese midget sub. — asaccommodation vessel. HardenIsland was in those days stillan island, and they were atthat stage tilling in the channelbetween Harden Island and the'I to make Captain CookDock. My stay at GardenIsland ended alter a fortnight,when I was sent on temporarydraft to H.M.A.S. PERTH aspart of It boiler party, lieiugthe smallest in the party I wasloaded into the superheaterdrums, there to remain untilI was drafted to ll.M.A.S.WARRNAMBOOL.The WARRNAMBOOL was» brand-new O.M.S. not yet incommission, with a singleWorld War I 4in. gun, but tome she looked like the K.ti. V.We commissioned in September'41 and joined Up with the21st Mineswecping Flotilla;after a few months minesweepingin Bass Strait amiwith Japan's entry into thewar we were sent post-hasteto Darwin. One week afterarriving in Darwin I wasfallen in on Q.D. waiting tosee the Captain to be rated aFirst Class Stoker when thewharf disappeared in a eloudof smoke. The first raid onDarwin was on; we had finiten hectic time, as we werelying at anchor with bothboilers eold and ships goingdown all around us. We finallygot under way and barelycleared the harbour before thesecond wave hit. We spent therest of the year convoyingships from Thursday Islandto Darwin, our only breakbeing three days in Darwinevery three weeks for boilercleaning. No leave, of course.During this period we weredespatched in company withthe TOWNSVlUiE to collectthe survivors from the VOY­AGER, which was agroundand afire on the coast ofoccupied Timor. We returnedsouth at the end of '41 forrelit and I was rated A/L/Stoker and drafted back upnorth again to join GLENELG.which was at the time runningconvoys from Townsville toMilne'Bay. About. July '42 she.I came south for refit andI was drafted to PENGUIN,which had just been built atBalmoral. This for me wasmost unfortunate. as myarrival in PENGUIN coincidedwith a seamen's strike, so theday 1 got to PENGUIN alsohappened to be my day ofdeparture for Newcastle andthe s.s. IRON DUKE. This shiphad a queer set-up as far asI was concerned. She was asingle screw job with onetriple expansion reciprocatingengine and a Ii.P. turbinegeared to it. After two monthsof swinging a banjo andtrying to juggle a 90 lb. slicethe strike ended and I wasreturned to PENGUIN. Myblisters had almost healedwhen the SHROPSHIRE arrivedfrom England and Ifound myself on her. and upto New Guinea we wenttogether with AUSTRALIA,two American light cruisersand four U.S. destroyersThese eight ships did all the'bombardments for landing onBeak. New Britain. Hollandia,Mauus. etc.. until we finallyjoined up with the Pacific'Fleet for the invasion of thePhilippines. During the Philippinesinvasion SHROPSHIREand ARl'XTA joined with theAmerican Fleet in what turnedout to be the biggest navalbattle of World War II. whenwe met and sank the JapaneseFleet in Surago (don't knowhowit's spelt) Strait. Afterthe invasion of the PhilippinesSHROPSHIRE returned toSydnev for refit and I wasdrafted to AUSTRALIA, whichwas on its way to Englandfor a major refit following thepounding she took from suicidebombers. About this timeGermany had surrendered, sofor the first time we sailedwith DO blackout and with theupper deck ablaze with lightsand went via the PanamaCanal to New York, spent aweek in New York then acrossto Plymouth. Had about onemonth in Plymouth then wasdrafted to H.M.S. SUFFOLK,which was a County Classcruiser. She was in dry dockin Liverpool when I joinedTHE NAVY,April. 1961,

•her and a couple of dayslater Japan surrendered. Westeamed the SUFFOLK backto Australia and on arrival wasTHOMASROBINSON &SON PTY. LTD.•ccFLOUR MILL ANDWOOD-WORKINGENGINEERS160 SUSSEX STREETSYDNEYN.S.W.Precision Builffor Reliability..I: - •/ v 3nls*'.±MM i • 8:'"" - . ... n1 - Y^^^^^.^HHiL^^^B 6jin. Centra Lathi^^^V~S=^^^^HlI4in. Swing.^ H ^tt in G«|Bi40!n. betweenBWPBI^WMWWI^BCentre!.ne of e Urge range available,drafted to Darwin, whence Ispent a couple of monthssweltering in the middle ofbay on an oil fuel lighter. Thecrew of the lighter consistedof myself, then a stoker P.O.,two stokers and one A.B. Theliving conditions were slightlyprimitive. Our food for theday was put on the wharf bythe victualling truck eachmorning at 0830, what wasleft of it by 1100 was broughtout to us by the duty boat;for cooking we bad a coalfiredstove and we took itturn about to try and poisoneach other; once a week wehad to lower our dinghy androw about a mile down theharbour to the coal hulk forour domestic. The fishing onthe lighter wasn't the beat, soone of the stokers dug up somedetonators and proceeded todo a spot of blasting for fish.They got no fish but managedto spring half the rivets.including*]entre — Sliding — Surfacing — Screwlifting— Capstan — Automatic — Turre'- Special Purport*.elephone: MX 4327*•>J "_. 1t• ritjlAt this stage there was inoperation a points system fordischarged, and when mynumber came up in May '461 paid off and kicked off afreshas a civvy. Was in the cold,cruel, outside world forapproximately nine monthsand couldn't settle down soin March '47 re-engaged foranother 12 years.Spent from March '47 toJanuary '4K on the Ml'K-CHISON doing daily runningfrom Watsons Hay on A/Straining; was then drafted toP.N.D. to do the M.T.C. torequalify for my P.O. rate.After- being rated Sto. P.O.again 1 was sent to DreigerHarbour to join 1I.M.A.8..SWAN, which was minesweepinground New Guineaand the Solomons, remained inSWAN until January '49 when1 was drafted to ' BARCOO.which was at the time surveyingalter one survey season in(NUTTML)LATHES^^^^BE» Built in iiil || ,„ c.LI..'^^i DUIIT in Australia to bchlesinge f"feja! ^ Inverted Vee type bad — TimU 1"*^-ja^^ bearing headitocl with Urge bor •"""Bjtfw hollow spindle.EARLY DELIVERY AVALIABLEINCLUDINGLATHE CHUCKS — LATHE TOOL 5— DRILLING MACHINES -MILLING MACHINES —GRINDINGk MACHINES — HACKSAWINCP MACHINES — BAN DSAWS. E c.DISTRIBUTOR*•MODI ERN TOOLS Ply. Ltd.414 BOTl .NY ROAD • ALEXANDRIA • N S WSpencers (iulf. BABOOO returnedto Sydney anil paid off.I was selected to remain as('. and M. Pty. and stayeduntil September '50: was thendrafted to KANGAROO aniloff we went to Mantis Island.Just after I joined KAN­GAROO 1 was rated ChiefStoker, and as the boom boalsdo not carry Chief Stokers Iwas drafted to II.M.A.S.SYDNEY, joining in March'51 at the time I he war inKorea was in full swing, sowe headed for Japan amiKorea. The war in Korea waspretty dull lor most engineroom bods, as on the very rareoccasions we did manage to getfresh air we eouldn 't see athing anyhow. The monotonywas only broken by a typhoonwe managed to tangle with offJapan in '52. After our tourof duty up north we returnedhome after refit then roundto Monte Bello Island for thetesting of Britain's first atombomb, which 1 saw from adistance of about 30 miles; wethen wended our way slowlyhack to Sydney, It was nowMarch '53 and' the SYDNEYwas preparing to go to Englandfor the Coronation and havingno ambitions along these linesI applied for and was givenan exchange draft to theBATAAN, which I joined theday the SYDNEY nailed.After tivi mths of leisureI was drafted to the WARRA-Ml'NGA. which was beingconverted at Garden Island,then in May '54 was sent toPLATYPUS SIR. In October'54 received another draft, thistime to JUNEE and spent 13months in W.A. carrying seasicknational servicemen upand down the coast. InNovember '55 was drafted toWARREGO, back to the surveycrowd for another 13 months.In January '57 the powers-tobedecided I was due for aspot of sliore time, so aftera series of short-lived drafts Ir.ftsrI finally wound up in Solaworthy,where I spent almostIK months as Compound Supervisor.This period was to methe best of all my drafts, asit was a complete change fromengines ami boilers. In July '58was again on draft, this timelo K.X.I)., and spent fivemonths there on the maintenanceslaff until December,when I was sent on my wayto Maraliuga. This, too, wasa good change, as there werethe three Australian Services,three British Services andcivilians all messed together.Hardly got settled into mylocker there when it wasdecided, owing to the suspensionof atomic weapons testing,that the complement should bereduced, so packed the bagsagain ami joined MEL­BOURNE in July '59.THE NAVYApril, 1961Scene In the engine-room of H.M.A.S. Parramatta.

•Ships of the R.A.N. Built in AustraliaNameAOELAIDEALBATROSSANZACARARATARMIDALEARUNTABALLARATBARCOOBARWONBANKSBASSBATAANBATHURSTBENALLABENDIOOBOWENBRISBANEBROOMEBUNBURYBTOJDABERGBURDEKINBURNIECAIRNSCASTLEMAINL"CES8NOCKCOLACCONU AMINECOOTAMUNDRACOWRA 'CULOOADELORAINEDIAMANTINADUBBOECHDCAFREMANTLEGASCOYNEOAWLEROEELONOOERALDTONGLADSTONEOLENELGOOULBURNOYMPIEHAWKESBURYHORSHAMHUONINNISFAILINVEKELLIPSWICHJUNKEKALOOORLIEKANGAROOKAPUNDAKARANGIKATOOMBAKIAMAKIMBLAKOALAKOOKABURRALACHLANLATROBELAUNCESTONLISMOREIJTHGOWMACQUARIEMARYBOROUGHMILUURATypeLight CruiserSeaplane CarrierDestroyerCorvetteCorvetteDestroyerCorvetteFrigateFrigateQ.P.V.O.P.V.DestroyerCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteLight CruiserCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteFrigateCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteFrigateCorvetteCorvetteFrigateCorvetteFrigateCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteFrigateCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteFrigateCorvetteDestroyerCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteBoom Working VesselCorvetteBoom Working VesselCorvetteCorvetteBoom Working VesselBoom Working VesselBoom Working VesselFrigateCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteFrigateCorvetteCorvetteCoi nmissioned1921!1929IMS19431942IMS194:194419451950195919451940194119411942191619421943194219441941194219421942194219451943194019471941194519421942194319431942194219421943194119411942194419421915194119421942194419421940194219411941194419581940193919451942194219411941194519411941NameMURCHISONPALUMAPARKESPARRAMATTAPARRAMATTAPIRIEROCKHAMPTONSHEPPARTONSHOALHAVENSTAWEELSTRAHANSWANTAMWORTHTOBRUKTOOWOOMBATORRENSTOWN8VILLEVAMPIREVENDETTAVOYAGERWAGOAWALLAROOWARRAMUNGAWARREGOWARREGOWARRNAMBOOLWOLLONOONGYARRAYARRAMONTHLY LIST OF INTEREST: [NOHIS TORICAL DATESMARCHTypeFrigateSurvey VesselCorvetteSloopType 12 FrigateCorvetteCorvetteCorvetteFngateCorvetteCorvetteSloopCorvetteDestroyerCorvetteDestroyerCorvetteDaring Class DestroyerDaring Class DestroyerDaring Class DestroyerCorvetteCorvetteDestroyerDestroyerSloopCorvetteCorvetteSloopType 12 Frigate— Contd. from last issmCom missioned28th1941 Battle of Tape Matapan.Three hei ivy Italian cruisers, ui ic largedestroyer and one small destroy. •r sunkOne 6-inc h gun cruiser probabl y sunkBritish f orees suffered no dan liige orloss. Mat tie of Cape Matapan (IonianSea I. in which H.M.A.S. VEN DKTTAwas the first Australian unit t o comeunder fi re. H.M.A.S. PERT II andSTDAET also participated.1942 St. Nazal re: Principalwrecked.hattleshi p dock29th194519571944194019611942194219431945194319441937194219471941191619411959195819571942194219421912194019411942193619611948 Negro* I. auding (W. Coast, nci ir PaluI'andun i by 40th Inf. Div. i-iosthH.C.T.).30th 31st1944 Naval Ta sk Force struckWnleai.Palm I. Yap.Hnllandia air strips heavily 1 tombed,approx. 2 NH Jap. aircraft destrc wed.THE NAVYAPRILlit1944 Naval Task Force struck Pallia. Yap.Woleai.1945 158th BCT landed at Legaspi, SK Luzon.lat-3rd1944 llolliitnlia air strips heavily bombed,approx. 288 .lap a/r. destroyed.2nd1941 German Counter-offensive in NorthAfrica.2nd April-lStb June, 1941.British withdraw from Merza Bergo.1945 Elements 41st inf. Div. landed SanaaSanaa Island. Tiiwi Tawi Qroup.3rd1941 British evacuate Benghazi.6th1941 Merman forces invade Yugoslavia anilGreece.British and Imperial forces consistingof nearly 60,000 men under Genera) SirHenry Maitlaud Wilson sent to Greecefrom General Wavell's force in Libya.1942 Japanese landed at Bougainville.1945 Establishment of GHG. APPAC.7th1942 lluiii i Southern Bougainville) occupied.9th1940 Germans invade Denmark.('openhagen occupied.Germans invade Norway.1942 Surrender on Bataan.1945 Elements 41st Inf. Div. landed JoloIsland, Stilu Archipelago.10th1940 1st Battle .d' Narvik. 1I..M. destroyersHARDY, HOTSOYR. HAVOCK andHUNTER destroy six enemy supplyships and an ammunition ship, anddamage two destroyers.1942 H.M.A.S. VAMPIRE sunk in Bay olBengal.1945 Fall of Hanover to U.S. Ninth Army.11th1943 H.M.A.S. 1*1 HIK defends convoy againstheavy air attack. H.M.A.S. PIRIEsuffered direct bomb hi! in enemy airattack mi Oro Hay.1945 Elements American Div. landed onHnhol (visayas).l.S. Ninth Army reaches the Kibe nearMagdeburg.April. 1*4119401944194519411943194119401943194519421945194519451941194419451945194413th2nd Battle of Narvik. H.M. battleshipWARSPITE and H.M. destroyersMARIS. HERO. FOXHOUND, KIM-BERLBY, FORESTER, BEDOUIN,PUNJABI, ESKIMO and COSSACKdestroy nine enemy destroyers.Seige of Tobruk begins. Germans.capture Bardia.Bogadjim occupied without oppositionby elements loth Austn. Bde. operatinguuiler command of 11th Austn. Div.Vienna falls to Russians.14thH.M.A.S VYATERHEN rescued thepersonnel id' damaged Hospital ShipVITA in Med.H.M.A.S. KAPUNDA. WAGGA andWHYA1.1.A defend convoy heavilyattacked by aircraft.H.M.A. Ships KAPUNDA, WAGGA andWHYALLA did good rescue work inheavy enemy air attack on Milne Bay.H.M.A.S. STUART and H.M.S. GRlP-FIN bombard Solium.15th 18thBritish Expeditionary Force lands inNorway at Nainsos and Narvik.Air attack on Naval installations atDarwin.Canadians reach the North Sea.JapaneseI Pansy).77th Inf. Div.16thlanded at Capiz and lliololanded on Io Shima.17thlanded Malabang — CotabatoX CorpsArea Mindanao. 24th Inf. Div. madeinitial landing, followed 22nd April by31st Inf. Div.18thU.S. Third Army enters Czechoslovakia.19thH.M.A.S. STUART. VOYAGER andWATKRIIEN in company with R.N.destroyers laud night raiding party atBardia.Attack on Sabang: H.M.A.S. NAPIER,NEPAL. NIZAM. QUIBERON andQUICK MATCH participate.20thFall of Nuremburu' to Seventh Army.21stItalian Front — fall of Bologna,22ndU.S. landings at Tanamerah Bay,Humboldt Bay, Aitape Area. H.M.A.S.AUSTRALIA, SHROPSHIRE, ARUN-*

19451941194419411944TA, WARRAMCNUA. WESTRAI.IA.MA.NOORA and KAMMBLA take partwith preliminary surveys bv II.MAS.MORESBY. BENALLA, SHErTAK-TON, CAPE LEEUWIN and I'OI.ARISHollandia and Aitape landings.1st Corpi directed operation* atHollandia with 41st Inf. Div. (163rHBCT) landing Humboldt Bay and 24thInf. Div. (-;i4th BAT) landing alTanahmerata Ha\. '14th BIT wax 1Corps Reserve. -163rd Kt'T Ian.1,-1 alAitape.Russians enter Berlin.24thEvacuation of Oi ce. II ..MASSTCART, VOYAGES, VAMPIRE.VENDETTA and WATEBHBN playimportant part.Madang captured by elements lothAustn. Bde. (11th Div.) and Hth AustnBde. (5th Div.).26th2f>th Apiil-2nd May. 1941. Evacuationof Imperial Forces from Greece. 45,000troops evacuated.Australians capture Madang, II.M.A.s.VENDETTA and BUNDABEBG present.JOINTHEThe object of the Navy League in Australia, likeits older counterpart, the Navy League in Britain,ii to insist by ail means at its disposal upon thevital importance of Sea Power to the BritishCommonwealth of Nations. The League sponsorsthe Australian Sea Cadet Corps by giving technicalThe League consists of Fellows (Annual or Life)194519441945194119411945194219441945Conference of the I'nited Nations atSan Francisco (25th April-26th June.1945).26thAlcxishafen occupied by 8th Austn.Itde. (5th Div.). Hollandia. Cyclopsami Sentaui 1/mes captured by elements24th ami 41st Inf. Divs.Bagnio captured by 129th Inf. (37thInf. Div. i.Call of Bremen.Stettin falls to Russians.t'.S Third Army enters Austria.27thGermnna occupy Atheua.28thHermans capture Siillum.Mussolini, attempting to flee the country,caught ami shot by partisans.29thJapanese cut Mandalay-I,ashiu railway.Call of Lashio. Evacuation of Mandalay.British retreat to India.Pour-fifths of forces evacuate to India.30thNaval Task Force raided Truk.Call of Munich to Seventh Army.NAVY LEAGUEsea training to and instilling naval training in boyswho intend to serve in Naval or Merchant servicesand also to those sea-minded boys who do notintend to follow a sea career, but who, given thisknowledge, will form a valuable Reserve for theNaval Service.and Associates.All British subjects who signify approval to the objects of the League are eligible.MAY WE ASK YOU TO JOIN and sweU oar members so that the Navy League in Australia may bewidely known and exercise an Important influence in the life of the Australian Nation*For particulars, contact The Secretary, 64 Clarence Street, Sydney, N.S.W.or The Secretary, Room 8, 8th Floor, 528 Collins Street, Melbourne, C.I, Victoriaor one of the Hon. Secretaries at:• Box 376E, G.P.O., Brisbane. Queensland• 726 Sandy Bay Rd., Lower Sandy Bay, Hobart• P.O. Bo. 90. Darwin, N.T.30 Pirie Street, Adelaide, S. A.62 Blencowe St., West Leederville, W.A.60 Limestone Ave., Ainslie, Canberra, A.C.T.THE NAVYNavy Research Ship for Tasman SurveyA Royal Australian Navyfrigate sailed from Sydney on12th January to complete thefirst stage of an oceanographicsurvey that is giving scientistsimportant information aboutthe content and behaviour ofthe seas off the eastern coast ofAustralia.The Minister for the Navy.Senator Gorton, said that theoceanographic and trainingfrigate. II.M.A.S. GA8C0YNE,which had already conducted asurvey in the Coral Sea. wouldnow carry out research in theTasman Sea. This would completethe preliminary survey oftthe eastern seaboard, givingAustralian scientists informationof vital importance todevelopment and de­nationalfence.Senator (iorton said sixscientists from the C.S.I.R.O.Fisheries Division in Sydneywere abroad OASCOYNE whenshe sailed. Working under thedirection of Mr. E. .1. S. Wood,of Sydney, they would conducttheir research from the frigate's"floating laboratory."Senator Gorton said the surveywould take (iASCOYNE170 miles south of Tasmania,and then follow a zig-zagcourse to the south of New Zealand.The frigate would crossthe estimated sub-tropical convergence;this was the poititwhere sub-tropical waters fromthe north met the Antarcticwater masses from the south. Itwould be the first detailed investigationof the convergence,which hud a vital bearing onfish life. The reaction of thewater at the area of convergencecaused rich nutrient sailsto rise to tin* surface of the sea.This in turn created food fortish.Senator (iorton said that 1Mcausethe convergence was soApril. 1*61closely associated with fisheryresources, it was proposed toinvestigate the nature of theconvergence and to discoversomething of its movements.The various methods ofscientific research would includewhat was known as "drift stations."in which the ship andunderwater scientific equipmentwould be allowed to drift foreight hours at a time. Thiswould all help provide informationoti the production of fishfood.The scientific cruise, whichwas the most extensive of itskind undertaken in the Tasman,would continue west of thenorth island of New Zealandbefore the frigate returned toAustralia in February.Senator Gorton said II.M.A.S.(IASCOYNE would visit Wellingtonand Hay of Islands. Atthe Hay of Islands the frigatewould join the New ZealandNavy celebrations of the Treatyof Waitangi. an important milestonein New Zealand Navalhistory.KclmtbU test SSJBJSSBSBS before teevbtc on lonf Oceanofrastne Saner.II

WHEN Arthur Phillip/""Captain - General andGtovernor-in-Chief of all theterritory between Cape Yorki\m\ Tasmania, sailed with hisfew ships into what was tobecome Sydney Harbour inJanuary, 1788, then- was aSYDNEY-AS A PORTSydney Harbour has developed from a distant penalsand bar inaide tin* eiitranee. colony of Great Britain to a major world portThis sand bar, carrying adepth of 20 ft. at low water.serving- a city of more than two million people.did not hinder Phillip's ships,Street on Cockle Hay. soon totor those ships had a maximumThis etivity was.be developed as Darlingdraught ol only 15 feetnow. I he baabf of Sydney'sHarbour. In mid-century CircularQuay was built.However, tin siting andprosperity.The bar and other shoalareas in the port were, in the In tlte next .'10 years the development of most of theyears to eome, removed by population of Sydney increased Harbour tnsla at ions wasdredging to provide the wide. from 53,000 to 380.000 and haphazard — some were builtdeep channels now available transport changed from oxwaggonand sail to railways private enterprise, some cameby the Government, some byto the world's shipping.With the prowth of the woolunder the general supervisiontrade in the early nineteenthof the "Wharf Association."century, wharves and warehouseswere built roundSydney Cove.Then the pioneer pastoralistJohn Macarthur built a privatejetty i.t the end of MarketCIRCULAROUAYand stcnniships; wheat becamea major export to Britain.All kinds of commercialactivities flourished in the Portof Sydney, the jrreat terminalwhere roads and railways metthe seaways and the big newsteamships from Europe andthe ("llited States.Two views of Circular Quay in the 17th (above) and 18th CenturiesIt was only with the establishmentof the SydneyHarbour Trust in 1901* thatthe real work begun of niakinpSydney a modern port with(rood harbour facilities.Larjre-scale works were thenTHE NAVYIundertaken to provide themain wharves in Woolloomooloo,Walsh Bay. DarlingHarbour and Pyrmont, thetimber wharves at Rozelle Bay,the (rreat wheat terminal at(ilebe Island and to link thesewith the State's railways.Shipbuilding was well established.Shipwrights had alreadyestablished themselvesat Pyrmont and Balmain. andin 1H54 the Government builtKit/.roy Doek at CockatooIsland. Soon afterwardsThomas Mori completed hisdoek at Waterview Bay. andlater the same concern builtthe large Woolwich Dock.Miles of WharvesToday in the 13,600 acres —about 21 square miles — ofSydney Harbour there areabout 12 miles of wharves,excluding berths for harbourcraft.The wharves arc under thecontrol of the .MaritimeServices Board, which tookover from the Harbour Trustin 1936.The principal wharfage isconveniently and centrallysited for both commerce andshipping, for it is within fouroi' live miles of the sea andwithin a mill' of the heart ofthe city.April, IMIDARLING HARBOUR.An aerial view of DarUnrHarbour, one of the busilestsections of SydneyHarbour.J—I—I—I—I I I I I I I I I—J—I I I Iiiilillilliiliilie a s

Apart from the generalcargo berths, wharfage facilitiesinclude special berths forhandling cargoes such us oil.timber or coal.Most wharves are built oftimber piles, although the solidfill method has been used forrecent work. All new constructionhas concrete decking andthe timber decking of theolder wharves is beingbeer inhandy cansFOSTER'S LAGERVICTORIABITTERreplaced with concrete whenrenewal becomes necessary.About half the area of theHarbour carries a depth ofwater not less than 30 feet atlow tide. The average widthis just under one mile, butilthouKh the Harbour extendsonly about !-; miles inland.there are 152 miles of foreshorebordering the various armsHid the many sheltered bays.DRIBARMCOMPRESSED YEASTVACUUM PACKED'Dribarm' is a special form of compressed yeast,dried under scientific conditions and carefullycompounded with a suitable yeast food.Packed to the high specifications of the AustralianNavy.Obtainable from: Merchants, Stores, Grocers ordirect fromMauri Brothers & Thomson (N.S.W. Branch) Pty. Ltd.2-6 Barrack Street, Sydney — Telephone BX 2601The entrance between SydneyHeads is nearly a milewide and SO feet deep.The greatest depth in theHarbour is 155 feet off BluesPoint, a little to the west ofthe Bridge.Comparatively little dredgingis required to conserve thedepths in the channels and atthe berths, where up to 40feet of water is available.Most of the berths haveroomy cargo sheds with a totalarea of nearly three millionsquare feet, or about 73 acres.It is usual for general cargoto be handled at berths byship's gear, but cranes andother equipment are availableat some points.The Captain Cook Dock, onthe east of the approach toWoolloomooloo Bay, ranksamong the world's largestgraving docks. It is 1.139 ft.long, 147 ft. 7j in. wide and45 ft. 2 in. deep over the sillat high water.MELBOURNESTEAMSHIPCO. LTD.Head Office;SI KING ST., MELBOURNEBranches or Agenciesat all portsManaging Aijcnu torHOBSONS BAY DOCK ANDENGINEERING CO. PTY.LTD.Works: WllUamstown, VictoriaHODGE ENGINEERING CO.PTY. LTD.Works: Sussex St., SydneyandCOCKBURN ENGINEERINGPTY. LTD.Works: Hines Rd., FremantleShip P.epairers, etc.iTHE NAVY April. 1961NUCLEAR SUBMARINESThe United Stales Congresshas now authorised funds formore than fifty nuclear-poweredships for the AmericanNavy although il is only fiveyears since the pioneer nuclearsubmarine, NAUTILUS, gotunderway on nuclear power.In the recent appropriationsessions the Congress authorisedthe Navy to construct four moreattack submarines and fivePolaris-firing a t o m i c submarines.In addition, approvalwas given to procure long-leadtime items (primarily reactorparts) for another seven Polarisatomic submarines.This brings to 53 the numberof atomic submarines so farauthorised: 30 attack type(eight now in service); oneradar picket type (in service);a lone guidcd-missile-firing type(ill service) : and 21 Polarisatomic submarines (two whichwill go on station this autumn,the GEORGE WASHINGTONand PATRICK HENRY, andBy NORMAN POLMARtwo others to be operational bythe end of the vear. theROBERT E. LEE" and theTHEODORE ROOSEVELT).In addition, three nuclearpoweredsurface warships areunder construction in U.S. shipyards;an attack aircraft carrier,a guided missile cruiser,and a large destroyer type missileship.By contrast the rest of theworld can boast but one operationalatomic ship, the Sovieticebreaker LENIN.Britain will launch her firstnuclear submarine, H.M.S.DREADNOUGHT, on October21. and the Soviets are reportedto have three atomic submarinesunder construction.Italy and France are givingserious consideration to theconstruction of nuclear submarinesand the director of theJapanese Defence Agency hasbeen quoted as saying Japan isalso studying the possibility ofFor THE NAVY and You!ELECTRICALAs contractors to the Royal AustralianNavy, we provide them with all classesof electrical installations and repairs,motor and generator winding, radarinstallations, etc.These services are also available toprivate enterprise for ships, factories,commercial buildings, etc.We Ofler Our ServicesINSTALLATIONS PTY. LTD.6 NAPOLEON STREETBX5311 SYDNEY BX5311building a nuclear-powered submarine.The I'.S. is also completing anuclear-powered merchant ship,the N.S. S A V A N N A II,launched on July 21. 195!). Shewill go to sea early next year.* • •In the history of naval scienceprobably no other technical developmenthas been introducedinto a fleet as rapidly as hasnuclear propulsion in the I'.S.Navy.In 1946. one year after thefirst atomic bomb explosion, aNavy group headed by a CaptainHyman G. Riekover wentto the United States' Oak Ridgcatomicresearch installation.The purpose of the trip was tostudy the possibility of producinguseful power from the atom.On .lanary 17. 1955, less than10 years later, Riekover. withtwo stars on each shoulder,went on another trip. This timeit was on the nuclear-poweredsubmarine NAUTILI'S downthe Thames River from Connecticutinto Long IslandSound. During the short vovagethe NAUTILUS made the" historicsignal '' underway onnuclear power."A new age had dawned.That trip by Riekover wasmade after a series of battlesboth inside and outside theNavy in which he made manyenemies ami won a few friends,but gave the world its firstnuclear-powered vehicle.The submarine was now atrue "submersible," completelyindependent of the earth'satmosphere and with a fantasticallylong cruising radius. Theadvent of the snorkel in the1940s allowed a diesel-clectriesubmarine to remain submergedindefinitely, but still requiredit to remain near the surface inII

" "'order to "snort." Thus, periodicallythe submarine would bevulnerable to both detectionami destruction from air andsurface forces.The atomic-powered submarine can remain underwater,at whatever depth its pressurehull can withstand, indefinitelyand is limited in its underwaterendurance only by the humanfactor of its crew.While the NAI'TIU'S wasstill under construction aleoond atomic submarine, theSEAWOLF, was ordered inmid-1955. A different type ofreactor, using liquid sodium insteadof pressurised water asthe heat transfer agent, wasplanned. Despite initial delaysin the SEAWOLF S completionbecause of reactor difficulties,she entered service in lf»">7 andwas termed "highly successful."However, in 1958 it was decidedto change her reactor toone similar to that of the\A( TILUS and later atomicJ. Murray-More (N.S.W.) Pty. Ltd.•173 PHILLIP STREET, WATERLOO•MERCHANT STEEL SECTIONS, SHEETS, PLATESand BARS STRUCTURAL and REINFORCING•Telephone MX 3201A. G. BOWMAN PTY. LTD.Contractors to:CENIRALMM A. NAVAL ESTABLISHMENTSCLEANERSOFFICESSHOPSFACTORIESWINDOWSFLATSFLOORS61 Station St., Naremburn - JF 5726.submarines. The extensive 20-million dollar project wasundertaken because the liquidsodium caused damage to certainmachinery parts, and althoughcausing no radiationdanger, it restricted the SKA-WOIiF to only HO per cent, ofher potential power. During heryear of operation before conversionshe steamed more than35,000 miles, tin' greater part ofthat submerged and includingone underwater endurance testof GO days. She was rccommissioncdon September .'10.With the ajre of nuclear propulsionbarely out of its womb,the CJJ3. Navy embarked on anunprecedented peacetime submarineconstruction programme.In mid-1955 the first productionatomic submarines, theSKATE, SWORDKISH.SARGO and SEADRAOON.were ordered. All are now incommission.The seventh, the SKIPJACK,also ordered in 1955, introducedthe revolutionary "teardrop"hull configuration innuclear submarine construction.The new shape had beentested with the diesel-electricpowered auxiliary submarineALBACORE. She was able tooutrun conventionally shapedatomic-powered submarines forlimited periods of time.The speed of the SKIPJACK.commissioned in 1959. has beenestimated as high as 45 knotswhile submerged. As the 252-foot craft "flics" under thesurface her "pilot" manoeuvresher with an aeroplane type"joy" stick. Key control personnelman their stations withsafi tv belts holding them inplace.The SKIPJACK — with herTHE NAVYdiving planes mounted on her"sail" (previously called conningtower \—set the design forfuture attack ami ballistic missileatom submarines. The latestones have such great underwaterspeeds that new devicesare being developed for controllingthem. In future I'.S.atomic submarines, the speedand depth indicators, as well ascertain other instruments, willshow the position and speed ofthe submarine two or threeminutes in advance if her currentspeed, course, etc., areheld. This is designed to improvereaction time by controlpersonnel. In addition, the"pilot" will watch a televisionscreen which will show a "highway."He will then manipulatethe submarine's controls to keepa box-like affair on the "highway."thus keeping the submaline on her course.After the SKIPJACK theI'.S. Navy began two specialpurpose atomic submarines: theradar picket TRITON and thegiiided-missile-firing II Aid-BIT.The TRITON is the largestsubmarine yet built. Her surfacedisplacement is 5,900 tonsand she is 447 feet long—virtuallyan underwater cruiser.The world's first twin-reactorsubmarine, she is designed toserve as an early warning radarpicket station. Her surfacespeed approaches 30 knots,somewhat more than her submergedcapability.On February 16. 1960, theTRITON left New London.Connecticut, on her sea trials.At 5.37 p.m. local time she slippedbeneath the waves. Herhull next broke water 84 dayslater when she completed thefirst underwater voyage aroundthe world. With 183 officers,ratings, and civilian techniciansand scientists aboard. shesteamed 41,519 miles, with onlyher sail breaking water on twooccasions. This feat shatteredApril. 1961Golded Missile betnf flrcd from an Atomic Submarine.En/oy a fabulous holiday afloat.'X~ *' HWIimiiT|s»«« COSTEnjoy a leisurely

'the previous underwater enduraneerecord of 611 davs set bythe SEAWOLP.The TRITON'S cruise providedvaluable data on thefeasibility of keeping ballisticmissiles submarines on underwaterdeployment for monthsat a streteh.The HALIBUT is the world'sfirst missile-tiring atomic submarine.She was designed tofire the surface launched RegulusII 1,000-mile guidedmissile. However, the missileproject was cancelled late in1968 and only a few of theolder 500-mile Regulus I missilesremain available. The airbreathing?Regulus missiles arccapable of carrying a nuclearor conventional warhead andare guided by electronic signalsfrom either the launching submarine,another guidance submarine,or aircraft. The controlscan also be preset beforelaunching.Additional Regulus-firingatomic submarines were laterordered, hut with the cancellationof the missile they were redesignedas attack submarines.With tlie initial success of thefirst atomic submarines the U.S.Navy undertook the constructionof a large nuclear submarineforce. Since the SKIP­JACK was ordered, contractshave been placed for 19 additionalattack hunter-killer submarines:SCAMP, SCORPION.SCCLPIN. SHARK. SNOOK.THRESHER. PERMIT.PLUNGER, PARI!, TULLJ-BEE. POLLACK. HADDO,JACK. TINOSA, DACE.GUARDEISH. KLASHER.OREENLINE and GAZO. Ofthese 19, SCORPION, commissionedon July 29, 1960, TUL-LIBEE on October 15. 1960.and SHARK is to be commissionedin late December: fiveare scheduled for commissioningin 1961; seven in 1962; andfour in 196.'!.IIUNITED STATES NUCLEAR SUBMARINESTypeCommissionedUnder ApprovedConstruction in 1960 TotalAttack-SS (N)Hlh4 HORadar Picket—SSR INJ 1Guided Missile—SSG (N) 11Ballistic Missile—SSB (N) 2i12 .i 21ta'a> Five fully funded and already contracted for and approval of longleadtime items only for seven others.In the fiscal 1961 ShipbuildingProgramme the Navy askedthe Congress for funds to constructone additional nuclearattack submarine. Vice-AdmiralRickover urged construction of10 to 13 atomic submarines describingthem as "the bestmeans we possess to attack andsink Russian submarines." Congressvoted the Navy enoughfutuls for four.During these Congressionalhearings on submarine construction.Admiral Rickoveralso said the first nuclear coreinstalled in the now operationalSKIPJACK will run the submarinefor three or four years.The NAUTILUS had her originalcore replaced after steamingmore than 62.000 miles intwo years of operation. Hersecond core was replaced after90.000 miles and her present oneis expected to last 120.000 miles.Ironically, while the "life" ofher nuclear fuel elements havebeen increasing tin costs havebeen decreasing.In 1955 the Navy investigatedthe possibility of adopting theArmy's Jupiter intermediaterange ballistic missile for ship,board use. After a few monthsthe Navy decided the liquidfuelledJI'PITEK was not suitablefor shipboard use and inmid-1955 the Navy began workon the Polaris. The programmewas formally approved on 1stJanuary. 1957. Rear-AdmiralWilliam F. Raborn (since promotedto Vice-Admiral) wasnamed head of the project withauthority to cut across the linesof responsibility within theNavy and given direct accessto the Secretary »f the Navy.The Polaris' fleet ballisticmissile has the single purposeof being a retaliatory weaponas are also I.R.B.M.'s andI.C.B.M.'.s. The advantages ofa submarine-fired missile liver aland-based one are many. A submarineis invulnerable to ballisticmissile attack and requiresno base on foreign territory.Nuclear submarines are also extremelydifficult if not impossibleto track down and destroyat the present time.In February, 1958, AdmiralRaborn expressed his belief thatthe basic problems of designingthe Polaris system had allpassed from the scientific to thiengineering state. Then, in anunprecedented move on 11thFebruary. 1958, the Congressapproved a bill funding threePolaris-firing submarines. Withspeed being the keyword, theplans for a new attack type submarineon the drawing boardswere literally cut in half and a130 foot amidship section wasinserted. Here were placed thePolaris fire control system andlaunching tubes for 16 missiles.Like the SKIPJACK, thePolaris submarines have theALBACORE'S streamlinedhull and single propeller drivenby a pressurised water reactor.However, la-cause of the addedweight, thi' speed of the firstPolaris atomic submarines isconsiderably below that of theSKIPJACK.An inertia! navigation systemallows Polaris atomic submarinesto fire their missileswith pinpoint accuracy whilefully submerged. Data fromTHE NAVYthis system is automatically fedinto a fully transistorised firecontrol system.In the 1959 shipbuilding appropriationsthe Congress providedfunds for another sixPolaris-firing atomic submarinesand the Navy requested aneventual force of 45 Polaris submarines.While the n cw underwatergiants were iH'ing constructed,it was decided to depart fromthe system of naming U.S. submarinesafter fish ami marinelife and name them after peoplefamous in American history.Thus, the first Polaris atomicsubmarine — commissioned inDecember, 1959 — bears thename GEORGE WASHING­TON. She is followed bv thePATRICK HENRY. THEO­DORE ROOSEVELT.ROBERT E. LEE. ABRAHAMLINCOLN, ETHAN ALLEN.SAM HOUSTON. THOMASFor:MARITIMEMAINTENANCEPTY. LTD.9 Rust Elimination• Tank Cleaning• Flame Scaling• Cleaning & PaintingandAll forms of Ships' Husbandryand ServiceConsult:MARITIMEMaintenancePry. Ltd.SHELL HOUSE, SYDNEYBL 1159 (Day) WB 3640 (Night)April, 1961EDISON, and JOHN MAR­SHALL.In the fiscal 1961 ShipbuildingProgramme approved bythe Congress this past spring,the Navy had asked for funitsto build three more Polaris atomicsubmarines and order longleadtime items for six others.Instead the Congress voted fullfunds for five and lead itemsfor seven others. This broughtto 21 the number of Polarisatomic submarines approvedsince 195S although the missilehad yet to lie fired from a submarine.The ETHAN ALLEN andlater ships are of a new design.They will lie more than 400 feetlong compared to the GEORGEWASHINGTON'S 1)80 feet.Like earlier ships, they willcarry 16 missiles which can befired either while the submarineis on the surface or submerged.The submarines authorisedthis vear (one to be namedLAFAYETTE I will lie of a stillnewer design.On May 20. 1960. the firstfiring of a Polaris from a submarinewas made when theGEORGE WASHINGTON successfullyfired two of the 2Kfootmissiles. Ten days later athird Polaris was successfullyfired which, like the others, travelled1,100 miles to its target.However, a fourth firing failed.But the Navy was pleased andannounced that the GEORGEWASHINGTON and PAT­RICK HENRY would both goon station this autumn, eacharmed with 16 missiles capableof delivering a nuclear warhead1,380 miles away.The Polaris will eventuallyhave a range of 2,875 miles.Each Polaris atomic submarinealso has six forward firingtorpedo tubes giving it a"conventional" war capability.Also of note, each ballisticmissile submarine will be assignedtwo crews designatedBlue and Gold (the U.S. Navycolours). One crew of about 100officers and ratings will take thesubmarine to sea for a monthor more, while the other crewundergoes rest and training.After a cruise the submarinewill have a short yard period,have her missiles checked, andbe taken to sea by the alternatecrew. With this system it ishoped to keep about SO Polarissubmarines at sea at any giventime with a total force of only45 ships in service.WE ARE SUPPLIERS OF SEA FRESH LOCAL FISHandDirect Importers of United Kingdom and ContinentalQUICK-FROZEN FISHWholesale Suppliers to Hotels and RestaurantsWE SPECIALISE IN SHIPS PROVIDORINGBULK COLD STORE AND WHOLESALE DEPT.:Corner of Gibbons and Marian Streets, Redf ern—MX 5688A. A. MURRELLS FISH SUPPLYHead Office:195 George Street, Sydney-BU 5945. After Hours-FY 5470.. .

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moorings in the bay willenable tankers to dischargewater faster than the base canuse it.In short, (itiantanamo Kay isfairly secure against physicalthreat. More dangerous to itsfuture — indeed, to the futureof other bases overseas — isthe inclination of some Americansto appease, compromiseor retreat in the face ofthreats, or the danger ofphysical violence.Admiral Feuno, supportedfirmly by the Pentagon, willhave none of this. "If we leftUuantaiwimo." he said recently,"we would lose so muchface here in the Caribbean itwould be reflected all over theworld. How long are we goingto be pushed around? We haveno intention of giving up thisbase. We are not interferingwith the internal affairs ofCuba. We are meticulous inliving up to our end of theagreement."So long as the nationsupports a policy of firmness,it stems likely that the Cubanswill limit their attacks against(litmo to luirrassment. pressureagainst the workers, propagandaand threats.U.S. 5. TRITON-The WorldsLargest Submarine.£- .*» *$rjr: : •««;*'•M.D. to Australia'seroded acres..Things are bound to getworse in Cuba before they getbetter, and (Jitmo may beaffected. Hut we are therelegally. We have converted anarid wilderness into a firstclassnaval base with Americandollars, and our continuedpresence is in the best interestof the United States, and theCuban | pie too.Gitnio, important militarily,is even more important as asymbol of the United States'position in the world today,and as a sanctuary of freedomin a land where freedom i«dying. We retreat at our peril.14l.S.S. TRITON is the largest submarine yet built.Early hist year she completed the first round-the-worldunderwater cruise in N4 days. During this cruise she carried1KI officers, ratings and civilian technicians and steamed 41,519miles. She is to be used as a radar guard ship.Her surface displacement is 5.900 tons and she is 447 feetlong.• THE NAVY. 9 of a series depleting a nations prowONE INCH OF RAINS-ALL over an acre of land is 100tons of water. Left uncontrolled this races off toerode gullies, sweep away top and sub-soil, silt anddry up rivers and creeks.Today under the guidance of Government Soil andWater Conservation Authorities, and private organizationssuch as the Ycomans Kcyline Land AdvisoryPlanning Service, farmers learn to harnessrainfall and prevent erosion. They arc shown how torecognize high point catchment areas, build low-costdams, and then by gravitation and pattern ploughing,safely and gently irrigate the land below.Gradually the scars of erosion are being healed, andrich healthy soil built up to ensure Australia'sagricultural future.As on Australian tuntpany eoiitrihuliiiii to Australia'sdevelopment through an extensive range of wins andtables. Cable Maker* Australia Ply. Ltd. is proud topin tribute to tin- men who are going so much to buildthe Australia of loilin anil tomorrow!v.M.A.fifCO.TRAOf MARK NOS 3t-936-7-8WIRES • CABLES • FLEXIBLEStCABLE MAKERS AUSTRALIA PTY. LTD.WORKS: LIVERPOOL N.S.W. 5TRATHPINE.QUEENSLAND. ELIZABETH. SOUTH AUS1.Distributors throughout the CommonwealthCM

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