Study Guide RADIOLOGY - UMF

Study Guide – Radiology – Faculty of Medicine - IV th Year 12o Types of Radiation• Natural natural radioactive background• External radiation: cosmic radiation (especially at high altitudes),terrestrial radiation and the one from construction / housing• Internal Radiation: air, water, food• Artificial:• Radiological• Therapyo Major effects of ionizing radiation - directly dependent on the dose, the cumulativeeffect over time:• Lethal• Mutagenic independent or transferable• Teratogenic• Carcinogenic effecto Acute radiation disease• State of illness that begins immediately or not later than a few weeks after amassive radiation• Minimal exposure dose :> 50 rad• Immediate onset at 400 rad• Clinical presentation:• Hematopoietic system: anemia, leuco-lymphopenia, bleeding• Digestive system: abdominal pain, diarrhea, dehydration, infections• Skin & mucosa: cutaneo-mucosal atrophy, epilation, loss offingernails, erythema, ulceration, stomatitis, epistaxis• Nervous System: Asthenia coma• Gonads: sterility• Cardiovascular system: hypotension, heart failure by myocardialdiseaseo Grouping critical organs in terms of irradiation (the first place: gonads, Hematopoieticsystem)o Medical radiation:• Useful• Useless• Techniques that irradiate too much: radiophotography• Indiscriminate examination• Technical defects - repeat examination• Wrong presumptive diagnosis / failure to examine the patientresulting in unnecessary additional examinations• Exaggerated demand from the population / administrative systemso Prophylactic and curative radioprotection• Prophylactic:• Physical shielding (screens, lead aprons, collars, goggles, gonadprotectors, etc.)• Chemical• Biological• curative treatment of radiation disease• Chemical - drugs• Biological - skin graftso Ways to achieve radiation protection:• Construction of the installation: filter, dome, collimator• Technique• Aprons, screens• Films, cases, amplifier screens• Legislative: reference levels, dose constraints, monitoringo Please note: the main rules of radioprotection• The important role of filtering and colimation of X-rays (diaphragms, grids)