Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG RecommendationsMost country strategies do not identify youthemployment as a strategic issue. A combinationof complementary interventions worksbest, and implementation benefits frommultisector teams.• A comprehensive approach to youth employmentis more effective than isolated interventions,and a positive growth environmenthelps the interventions to succeed.• Subgroups of youth are always worse off.These include the low-income youth withoutthe necessary skills and connections to findwork or access credit and land.At the country level, take a strategic approachto youth employment by addressing the issuecomprehensively, working across teams.• Help countries address youth employment issuescomprehensively, from the demand and thesupply side. This requires greater cross-sectoralcollaboration within the World Bank Group andwith other donors as appropriate.• Help countries design interventions targetedto low-income youth. Examples for the privatesector could include closing the gap betweenskills demanded by the private sector and thoseacquired through the educational system.xxviYouth Employment Programs
Acceptance byManagementManagement ResponseRegarding the fourth bullet, by definition, IFC’s investments in highereducation (over 2/3 of the portfolio) will target the employability ofyouth. IFC will continue to measure ‘access to education’ as a mainproxy of impact. In addition, IFC will pilot measurements of the directimpact of education investments on employability and quality and exploreopportunities to conduct impact evaluations in a select numberof projects aimed at addressing youth employment issues.Monitoring impacts of all youth employment targeted projects willrequire further analysis with respect to costs and benefits. Trackingage-related job creation in every project could prove very burdensomeon our clients. At the same time, as we are learning from our ongoingjobs study, measuring job creation at the firm level provides onlya partial picture since the bulk of the jobs provided are outside thefirms through indirect and induced employment. 4 As we continue tolearn from the jobs study and from our ongoing youth employmentinitiatives, and if the benefits will outweigh the costs, IFC couldconsider monitoring impact on youth employment at the firm level forfuture youth employment targeted projects.World Bank: AgreeWorld Bank: The Bank agrees that to better assist client countrieswith the most effective interventions to address the constraintsfacing young people in their entry to the labor market, whether fromthe demand or the supply side, will require greater cross-sectoral collaborationwithin the whole World Bank Group, as well as with otherpartners and donors. Although a comprehensive approach is to berecommended generally, it must be recognized that in some circumstancesa more targeted approach via a focused investment projectmay be needed to overcome a particular bottleneck.In client countries where youth employment is a concern, managementplans to continue to engage with partners, including IFC, asappropriate to identify and address the binding constraints facingyoung people and to provide analytical support to help client countriesdesign interventions aimed at alleviating these constraints andfacilitating the labor market entry of youth. In these cases, managementplans to advocate for the inclusion of low-income youth amongthe target groups of youth-employment interventions, including whenthis requires a focused investment project. At least two regions, MENAand Africa (AFR), are preparing regional studies on youth and jobs,which we expect will facilitate the dialogue with partners and fostercross-sectoral collaboration on youth employment issues.IFC: AgreeIFC: Regarding the first bullet, on the demand side, IFC will continueto contribute to World Bank Group objectives in this regard throughits financing and advisory support for private sector investments thatprovide direct, indirect and induced employment opportunities to theunderserved, including youth and women.Management Response xxvii
Page 5 and 6: Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
Page 8 and 9: The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
Page 10 and 11: LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
Page 12 and 13: IEG management and colleagues provi
Page 14 and 15: Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
Page 16 and 17: implemented 12 of the 90 operations
Page 18 and 19: Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
Page 20 and 21: • Help countries design intervent
Page 22 and 23: support to youth employment program
Page 24 and 25: tive rules on hiring and firing as
Page 26 and 27: Management Action RecordIEG Finding
Page 30 and 31: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
Page 33 and 34: Report to the Board from the Commit
Page 35: could have focused more on the lack
Page 38 and 39: • Chapter Highlights• High yout
Page 40 and 41: and can afford to wait for a better
Page 42 and 43: ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
Page 44 and 45: ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
Page 49 and 50: The strength and openness of the ec
Page 51 and 52: Interventions to Address Youth Empl
Page 53 and 54: commitments by the International Ba
Page 55: Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
Page 58 and 59: • the substitution effect of bett
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
Page 63 and 64: school dropouts early. Learning opp
Page 65 and 66: evaluations on what works best to p
Page 67 and 68: Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
Page 69: Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
Page 72 and 73: • Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
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awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
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• Comparing the interventions ana
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Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
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Chapter 5Recommendations
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farm self-employment and employment
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This appendix presents the factors
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Organization for Standardization (I
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Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
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Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
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Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
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Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
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Identification and Analysis of the
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• Making the labor market work be
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
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Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
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ment, Private Sector Development, a
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Other evaluations with outcome meas
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Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
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Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
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Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
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Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
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Training Replication Sites.” Manp
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Appendix C provides additional info
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Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
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ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
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This appendix provides additional i
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The number of projects and total le
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Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
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Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
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Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
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Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
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Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
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Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
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In sum, this portfolio review chapt
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approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
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This appendix presents a detailed a
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to Finance business line, over a si
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entrepreneurship projects. Investme
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IFC has three types of investments
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Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
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Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
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3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
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This appendix presents lessons for
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Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
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to the definition of unemployment b
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In post-conflict zones with small f
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Public works programs in Bank proje
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marginal impact of school-to-work t
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of the program. However, results fo
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• Weak results frameworks on the
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sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
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unemployed youth registered with th
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for Employment and Entrepreneurship
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Note1. The Technical and Vocational
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Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
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World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
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Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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