Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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Table D.11Type of Interventions Supported by Youth EmploymentProjects by Sector Board (percent)Percent of projects with interventions Education (n=37) SP (n=26) FPD (n=8) PREM (n=5) SD (n=14)Type of Interventions Supported byYouth Employment Projects by SectorBoard (percent)Business environment/investmentclimateRegulations to provide incentives tofirms to hire young peopleTraining in entrepreneurship or businessmanagement skills3 92 100 100 790 0 38 20 140 35 25 80 73 23 63 40 36Support business start up and accessto credit0 15 38 40 50Wage subsidies and minimum wages 0 15 0 20 0Direct job creation and public worksprogramsSchool to work transition and jobmobility (L)0 50 25 40 2976 96 63 80 64Counseling, job search skills, matching 27 62 13 60 29Improving information on labor market 70 96 50 80 64Overseas employment programs 0 4 0 0 0Skill development and labor marketrelevance of skills (E)Improving quality formal vocationaleducationExpanding work-based vocationaleducation100 73 63 80 6492 65 63 80 4332 42 25 80 14Skills recognition and certification 49 46 25 80 7Remedial/second chance/non-formal technicaland vocational training programs22 50 0 60 43Providing Information on training 49 58 50 80 29Training subsidies and vouchers 32 31 13 40 14Support transportation and residentialchanges11 8 0 0 0Source: IEG portfolio review based on World Bank data.Note: n=the number of projects. FPD= Finance and Private Sector Development; PREM= Poverty Reduction and EconomicManagement; SDN= Sustainable Development Network; SP= Social Protection.entrepreneurial, basic, and information technology skills. Eighty percentof the operations with skills development interventions focused ontechnical skills building. About half of the projects with interventions tofoster job creation mention offering entrepreneurial skills (figure D.7).114 Youth Employment Programs
Table D.12Percent of projects with interventionsType of Interventions Supported by Youth Employment Projectsby Region (percent)AFR(n=32)EAP(n=7)ECA(n=14)LAC(n=15)MENA(n=9)Fostering job creation/work opportunities (I) 53 43 71 53 44 54Business environment and investment climate 9 0 7 0 11 8Regulations to provide incentives to firms to hire youngpeopleSAR(n=13)6 14 43 27 11 15Training in entrepreneurship or business management skills 19 0 29 20 33 23Support business start up and access to credit 16 0 21 7 33 31Wage subsidies and minimum wages 0 0 14 20 0 0Direct job creation and public works programs 28 29 36 13 22 8School to work transition and job mobility (L) 72 71 71 87 100 85Counseling, job search skills, matching, placement 13 43 57 67 33 46Improving information on labor market 69 71 64 87 100 77Overseas employment programs 0 0 0 0 11 0Skill development/labor market relevance of skills (E) 84 100 71 87 67 85Improving quality formal vocational education 69 71 71 80 67 85Expanding work-based vocational education 38 57 21 27 33 38Skills recognition and certification 31 57 36 67 11 54Remedial/second chance/non-formal technical and vocationaltraining programs25 57 21 67 11 31Providing Information on training and outreach 44 86 43 60 22 62Training subsidies and vouchers 13 71 29 40 11 38Support transportation and residential changes 6 0 0 20 0 8Source: IEG portfolio review based on World Bank data.Note: n=the number of projects. AFR= Africa; EAP= East Asia and Pacific; ECA= Europe and Central Asia; LAC= Latin Americaand Caribbean; MENA= Middle East and North Africa; SAR= South Asia Region.Monitoring and Evaluation in Bank ProjectsBank projects on youth employment have weak results frameworks andfew collect any labor market outcome data. Higher and middle-incomecountries describe their youth employment situations using data on: laborforce participation and unemployment rates; levels of earnings; access tounemployment insurance; and the use of labor standards in the workplace.In low-income countries, youth employment is better described by abroader set of indicators: distribution of youth by primary activity; youthemployment-to-population ratio; status of young workers in employment;youth employment by sector; mean earnings for wage and salaried workers;educational attainment of youth labor force; unpaid work; and workingpoverty (Fields 2007). However, Bank projects have weak results frameworksand few of the youth employment projects collect these indicators.Appendix D: The World Bank Portfolio for Youth Employment 115
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Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
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The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
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LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
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IEG management and colleagues provi
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Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
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implemented 12 of the 90 operations
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Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
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• Help countries design intervent
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support to youth employment program
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tive rules on hiring and firing as
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Management Action RecordIEG Finding
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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Report to the Board from the Commit
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could have focused more on the lack
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• Chapter Highlights• High yout
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and can afford to wait for a better
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ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
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ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
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Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
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The strength and openness of the ec
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Interventions to Address Youth Empl
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commitments by the International Ba
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Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
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• the substitution effect of bett
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Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
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school dropouts early. Learning opp
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evaluations on what works best to p
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Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
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Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
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• Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
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facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
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awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
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• Comparing the interventions ana
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Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
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Chapter 5Recommendations
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farm self-employment and employment
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This appendix presents the factors
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Organization for Standardization (I
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Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
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Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
Page 100 and 101: Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
Page 103 and 104: Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
Page 105 and 106: Identification and Analysis of the
Page 107 and 108: • Making the labor market work be
Page 109 and 110: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 111 and 112: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 113 and 114: Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
Page 115 and 116: Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
Page 117 and 118: ment, Private Sector Development, a
Page 119 and 120: Other evaluations with outcome meas
Page 121 and 122: Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
Page 123 and 124: Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
Page 125 and 126: Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
Page 127 and 128: Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
Page 129: Training Replication Sites.” Manp
Page 132 and 133: Appendix C provides additional info
Page 134 and 135: Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
Page 136 and 137: ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
Page 138 and 139: This appendix provides additional i
Page 140 and 141: The number of projects and total le
Page 142 and 143: Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
Page 144 and 145: Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
Page 146 and 147: Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
Page 148 and 149: Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
Page 152 and 153: Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
Page 154 and 155: In sum, this portfolio review chapt
Page 156 and 157: approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
Page 158 and 159: This appendix presents a detailed a
Page 160 and 161: to Finance business line, over a si
Page 162 and 163: entrepreneurship projects. Investme
Page 164 and 165: IFC has three types of investments
Page 166 and 167: Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
Page 168 and 169: Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
Page 170 and 171: 3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
Page 172 and 173: This appendix presents lessons for
Page 174 and 175: Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
Page 176 and 177: to the definition of unemployment b
Page 178 and 179: In post-conflict zones with small f
Page 180 and 181: Public works programs in Bank proje
Page 182 and 183: marginal impact of school-to-work t
Page 184 and 185: of the program. However, results fo
Page 186 and 187: • Weak results frameworks on the
Page 188 and 189: sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
Page 190 and 191: unemployed youth registered with th
Page 192 and 193: for Employment and Entrepreneurship
Page 194 and 195: Note1. The Technical and Vocational
Page 196 and 197: Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
Page 198 and 199: World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
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Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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