Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth Employment Interventions Supported by ProjectsConducted in Fragile States (n=20)Number ofprojects1. Fostering job creation/work opportunities 8i. Improving the business environment and investment climate 1ii. Regulations to provide incentives to firms to hire young people 0iii. Fostering entrepreneurshipTraining in entrepreneurship/business management skills 2Support to start up businesses 2iv. Wage subsidies 0v. Direct job creation 72. Smoothing the transition from school-to-work and facilitating job mobility 10i. Counseling, job search skills, matching, placement 3ii. Program for overseas employment of young people 0iii. Improving information on the labor market 103. Fostering skill development and labor market relevance of skills 10i. Improving the quality of formal secondary and post-secondary vocational education and training6including through the private sectorii. Expanding/improving work-based learning in post-secondary and secondary vocational training andapprenticeshipiii. Recognition and certification of skills 2iv. Remedial education/second chance/non-formal technical and vocational training 5v. Providing information on training opportunities 5vi. Training subsidies and vouchers 2vii. Support to transportation and changes of residence 1Source: IEG portfolio review based on World Bank data.4Pacific region (86 percent), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (73percent). However, “school–to-work transition” is the top objective in bothregions. “Fostering job creation and employment opportunities” was mostprominent in Europe and Central Asian countries, followed by the Middle Eastand North Africa. Projects in Africa show lower frequencies because projectshave more single objectives than those in other regions where multiple subobjectivesare more common (tables D.7 and D.8).Objectives reflect the priority of the managing Sector Board. All projectsmanaged by the Education Sector Board support relevant skills buildingfor the labor market, and those managed by Social Protection supportimproved school–to-work transition and job mobility. However, these HumanDevelopment-led operations include very few job creation or work opportunityobjectives, which are more prominent in FPD and PREM-led operations. Tosome extent, this reflects the sector expertise in the teams.108 Youth Employment Programs
Table D.6 Prevalence of Project Objectives (percent)Percent of operations with objective2001–2011 (n=90)Fostering job creation/work opportunities (I) 17Entrepreneurs start up firms, self employment 2Enterprises; small-medium enterprises 7Investment climate, access to credit 10Growth and competitiveness 8School-to-work transition/job mobility (L) 82Employment/economic integration 50Individual earnings 20Information, transparency 8Institutional capacity/labor market policy/laws 29Fiscal management, financial sustainability 1Employment service/job search 3Employment programs 9Productivity 6Efficiency 13Skill development (E) 59Relevant skill building 51Improve technical and vocational education 29Source: IEG portfolio review based on World Bank data.Table D.7Prevalence of Project Objectives, by Sector Board (percent)Percent of projects with objectiveEducation(n=37)SocialProtection(n=26)Finance andPrivate SectorDevelopment(n=8)EconomicPolicy(n=5)SocialDevelopment(n=14)Fostering job creation/work opportunities (I) 3 8 88 60 14Entrepreneurs start up firms, self employment 0 0 13 0 7Enterprises; small and medium enterprises 0 0 50 20 7Investment climate, credit access 0 0 75 60 0Growth/competitiveness 3 8 38 20 0School-to-work transition/job mobility (L) 70 100 75 80 86Employment/economic integration 35 73 50 60 43Earnings, wealth 3 27 13 40 50Information, transparency 3 15 0 20 7Institutional capacity/Labor policy/laws 27 38 38 40 7Fiscal management, financial sustainability 0 0 13 0 0Employment service/job search 0 12 0 0 0(Continues on the following page.)Appendix D: The World Bank Portfolio for Youth Employment 109
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Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
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The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
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LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
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IEG management and colleagues provi
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Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
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implemented 12 of the 90 operations
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Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
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• Help countries design intervent
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support to youth employment program
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tive rules on hiring and firing as
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Management Action RecordIEG Finding
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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Report to the Board from the Commit
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could have focused more on the lack
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• Chapter Highlights• High yout
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and can afford to wait for a better
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ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
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ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
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Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
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The strength and openness of the ec
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Interventions to Address Youth Empl
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commitments by the International Ba
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Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
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• the substitution effect of bett
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Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
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school dropouts early. Learning opp
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evaluations on what works best to p
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Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
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Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
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• Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
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facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
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awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
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• Comparing the interventions ana
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Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
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Chapter 5Recommendations
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farm self-employment and employment
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This appendix presents the factors
Page 94 and 95: Organization for Standardization (I
Page 96 and 97: Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
Page 98 and 99: Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
Page 100 and 101: Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
Page 103 and 104: Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
Page 105 and 106: Identification and Analysis of the
Page 107 and 108: • Making the labor market work be
Page 109 and 110: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 111 and 112: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 113 and 114: Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
Page 115 and 116: Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
Page 117 and 118: ment, Private Sector Development, a
Page 119 and 120: Other evaluations with outcome meas
Page 121 and 122: Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
Page 123 and 124: Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
Page 125 and 126: Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
Page 127 and 128: Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
Page 129: Training Replication Sites.” Manp
Page 132 and 133: Appendix C provides additional info
Page 134 and 135: Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
Page 136 and 137: ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
Page 138 and 139: This appendix provides additional i
Page 140 and 141: The number of projects and total le
Page 142 and 143: Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
Page 146 and 147: Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
Page 148 and 149: Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
Page 150 and 151: Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
Page 152 and 153: Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
Page 154 and 155: In sum, this portfolio review chapt
Page 156 and 157: approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
Page 158 and 159: This appendix presents a detailed a
Page 160 and 161: to Finance business line, over a si
Page 162 and 163: entrepreneurship projects. Investme
Page 164 and 165: IFC has three types of investments
Page 166 and 167: Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
Page 168 and 169: Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
Page 170 and 171: 3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
Page 172 and 173: This appendix presents lessons for
Page 174 and 175: Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
Page 176 and 177: to the definition of unemployment b
Page 178 and 179: In post-conflict zones with small f
Page 180 and 181: Public works programs in Bank proje
Page 182 and 183: marginal impact of school-to-work t
Page 184 and 185: of the program. However, results fo
Page 186 and 187: • Weak results frameworks on the
Page 188 and 189: sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
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Page 192 and 193: for Employment and Entrepreneurship
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Note1. The Technical and Vocational
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Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
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World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
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Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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