Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employment Distribution by RegionA. Operations B. CommitmentsLCR,15 Projects,17%SAR,13 Projects,14%ECA,14 Projects,15%AFR,32 Projects,36%EAP,7 Projects,8%MNA,$196 million,7%LCR,$475 million,17%SAR,$473 million,16%ECA,$899 million,31%AFR,$645 million,23%EAP,$161 million,6%Source: IEG portfolio review based on World Bank data.Note: AFR= Africa; EAP= East Asia and Pacific; ECA= Europe and Central Asia; LAC= Latin America and the Caribbean;MNA= Middle East and North Africa; SAR= South Asia Region.Table D.4Countries with youth employmentoperationsYouth employment lending (in US$millions)Youth employment lending as a percentageof total Bank lendingScale of World Bank Engagement in YouthEmployment, FY01–11 ApprovalsIDA IBRD Total38.5 18.5 57$1,112.53 $1,736.87 $2,849.390.95% 0.86% 0.90%Youth employment operations, number 53.5 36.5 90Youth employment operations as a percentageof total Bank operations2.85% 2.97% 2.90%Top 10 borrowers, number 4 6 10Most used interventionsEconomic sector work (youth employmentactivities)Information onlabor marketImprove qualityof formal TVETInformation onlabor market14 7 21Source: IEG.Note: West Bank and Gaza was 50/50 blend and is allocated accordingly between IDA and IBRD. Serbiahad one IDA operation and one 25/75 IDA/IBRD blend. The loan amount is allocated based on thepercentage, and Serbia is counted under IBRD based on its current status. IDA includes one operationin the Africa region.IBRD= International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; IDA= International Development Association;TVET= technical and vocational education training.106 Youth Employment Programs
evaluated. Also, in middle-income countries, unemployed youth are morevisible to policy makers through labor force survey results, and by the largenumber of youth in coffee shops.The Bank supports youth employment programs in many fragile and postconflictsettings. Youth employment support went to 10 of the 35 settingsconsidered fragile by the Bank’s definition. 2 Most of these countries areIDA-eligible and are located in Sub-Saharan Africa (box D.1). Fragile statesimplemented 12 of the 90 youth employment operations and about 6 percentof total youth employment lending (table D.5).What Objectives Do Youth Employment Operations Aim toAchieve?Most projects aim to build relevant skills for the labor market and generateemployment opportunities and economic integration for youth. In line withthe MILES framework, the objectives of the 90 operations in the identifiedportfolio were grouped into three categories. Most operations had anobjective related to “school–to-work transition” (82 percent) and a majorityhad a “skills development” objective (59 percent). Within these categories,objectives to build the relevant skills, find employment, and encourageeconomic integration were most frequent. Objectives related to “fostering jobcreation/work opportunities” (17 percent) were less often mentioned. Alsoprominent were objectives to improve vocational education and to enhanceinstitutional capacity, including labor market policies and laws.All regions have a strong focus on school-to-work transitions and manyattend to skills development. Analyzing the objectives by region showsthat skills development objectives are most prevalent in the East Asia andBox D.1Youth Employment in Fragile StatesYouth in fragile settings face different obstacles in the labor market. The risk of resurgent violenceis a common concern among policy makers in these countries, which makes job creationan urgent priority to promote social and political stability.Donors have supported short-term, labor-intensive public works programs that can provide a“quick win.” In Sierra Leone, the National Social Action Project has created temporary employmentfor over 12,000 individuals, and the Youth Employment Support project is expected toprovide employment to about 30,000–35,000 youth over the period 2010–13. However, given theneed to structure long-term solutions to job creation, these short-term programs should be theinitial step toward a longer-term employment generation strategy that includes the promotionof a positive investment climate to encourage private investment.Addressing youth employment in fragile states requires a holistic approach to economic recoveryand employment generation. Improved governance and institutions matter.Source: World Bank 2011.Appendix D: The World Bank Portfolio for Youth Employment 107
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Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
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The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
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LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
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IEG management and colleagues provi
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Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
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implemented 12 of the 90 operations
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Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
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• Help countries design intervent
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support to youth employment program
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tive rules on hiring and firing as
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Management Action RecordIEG Finding
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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Report to the Board from the Commit
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could have focused more on the lack
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• Chapter Highlights• High yout
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and can afford to wait for a better
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ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
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ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
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Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
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The strength and openness of the ec
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Interventions to Address Youth Empl
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commitments by the International Ba
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Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
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• the substitution effect of bett
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Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
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school dropouts early. Learning opp
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evaluations on what works best to p
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Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
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Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
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• Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
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facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
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awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
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• Comparing the interventions ana
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Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
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Chapter 5Recommendations
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farm self-employment and employment
Page 92 and 93: This appendix presents the factors
Page 94 and 95: Organization for Standardization (I
Page 96 and 97: Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
Page 98 and 99: Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
Page 100 and 101: Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
Page 103 and 104: Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
Page 105 and 106: Identification and Analysis of the
Page 107 and 108: • Making the labor market work be
Page 109 and 110: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 111 and 112: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 113 and 114: Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
Page 115 and 116: Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
Page 117 and 118: ment, Private Sector Development, a
Page 119 and 120: Other evaluations with outcome meas
Page 121 and 122: Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
Page 123 and 124: Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
Page 125 and 126: Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
Page 127 and 128: Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
Page 129: Training Replication Sites.” Manp
Page 132 and 133: Appendix C provides additional info
Page 134 and 135: Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
Page 136 and 137: ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
Page 138 and 139: This appendix provides additional i
Page 140 and 141: The number of projects and total le
Page 144 and 145: Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
Page 146 and 147: Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
Page 148 and 149: Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
Page 150 and 151: Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
Page 152 and 153: Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
Page 154 and 155: In sum, this portfolio review chapt
Page 156 and 157: approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
Page 158 and 159: This appendix presents a detailed a
Page 160 and 161: to Finance business line, over a si
Page 162 and 163: entrepreneurship projects. Investme
Page 164 and 165: IFC has three types of investments
Page 166 and 167: Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
Page 168 and 169: Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
Page 170 and 171: 3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
Page 172 and 173: This appendix presents lessons for
Page 174 and 175: Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
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Page 178 and 179: In post-conflict zones with small f
Page 180 and 181: Public works programs in Bank proje
Page 182 and 183: marginal impact of school-to-work t
Page 184 and 185: of the program. However, results fo
Page 186 and 187: • Weak results frameworks on the
Page 188 and 189: sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
Page 190 and 191: unemployed youth registered with th
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for Employment and Entrepreneurship
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Note1. The Technical and Vocational
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Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
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World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
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Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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