Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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IEG management and colleagues provided helpful guidance and comments, includingMartha Ainsworth, Marvin Taylor-Dormond, and Stoyan Tenev, amongothers. Many World Bank and IFC managers and staff provided useful commentsand support during the evaluation. The team is grateful for the supportreceived by the representatives of the governments of the Dominican Republic,Ghana, Liberia, Rwanda, and Tunisia, where field-based country studieswere conducted. We also thank the Bank and IFC offices in these countries formission support, as well as donors who offered their time for interviews. Theteam is grateful for comments received by Bruce Ross-Larson.Peer reviewers are Gordon Betcherman (University of Ottawa and former SectorManager Human Development Economics ECA Region World Bank), GaryFields (Cornell University), Louise Fox (Lead Economist Poverty Reduction andEconomic Management Africa Region World Bank), and Peter Orazem (IowaState University). The many thoughtful and thorough comments from peerreviewers improved the report and are much appreciated.xYouth Employment Programs
OverviewWorld Bank and IFC Support for YouthEmployment Programs, 2001–2011Highlights OverviewYouth employment issues are a major concern for many countries becausethey have negative effects on the welfare of young people, and may also adverselyaffect economic performance and social stability. This is the first IEGevaluation of the World Bank Group’s support to countries trying to addressyouth employment issues.The World Bank lending portfolio for youth employment is relatively small, althoughcomponents of programs appear in 57 countries. Most projects includeinterventions in skills development and school-to-work transition. Half of theprojects include interventions to foster job creation and work opportunitiesfor youth.IFC has a broad approach to job creation. Between FY01 and FY11 youth employmenthas not been specifically targeted, except in the Middle East and NorthAfrica region and in a small number of other interventions. IFC invested $500million to 50 investment operations and 18 advisory services to education.Although youth employment is addressed in the education, social protection,and labor strategies, it is not recognized as an issue in most country strategies—evenwhere youth unemployment is serious. Youth employment is amultisectoral issue, but few youth employment projects are implemented bymultisectoral teams.Evidence on what works in youth employment is scarce. Known factors thatcontribute to success are a comprehensive approach including participation of theprivate sector, monitoring and follow up of individual participants, and complementaryinterventions, such as combined training with job search and placementassistance, rather than isolated interventions. In high-unemployment environments,wage subsidies, skills training, and job search support are of little impact;and demand-side interventions are needed. Strong diagnostics are important todesign interventions for youth in low-income areas. The Bank’s few impact evaluationson youth employment examine short-term effects, find limited positiveresults, and do not calculate the cost-effectiveness of interventions.The evaluation makes two recommendations: (i) apply an evidence-based approachto youth employment operations, and (ii) at the country level, take astrategic approach to youth employment by addressing the issue comprehensively,working across World Bank Group teams, with governments and otherdonors. There is a critical need to strengthen evidence-based feedback loopsto the strategic planning process.Overview xi
Page 5 and 6: Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
Page 8 and 9: The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
Page 10 and 11: LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
Page 14 and 15: Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
Page 16 and 17: implemented 12 of the 90 operations
Page 18 and 19: Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
Page 20 and 21: • Help countries design intervent
Page 22 and 23: support to youth employment program
Page 24 and 25: tive rules on hiring and firing as
Page 26 and 27: Management Action RecordIEG Finding
Page 28 and 29: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
Page 30 and 31: IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
Page 33 and 34: Report to the Board from the Commit
Page 35: could have focused more on the lack
Page 38 and 39: • Chapter Highlights• High yout
Page 40 and 41: and can afford to wait for a better
Page 42 and 43: ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
Page 44 and 45: ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
Page 49 and 50: The strength and openness of the ec
Page 51 and 52: Interventions to Address Youth Empl
Page 53 and 54: commitments by the International Ba
Page 55: Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
Page 58 and 59: • the substitution effect of bett
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
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school dropouts early. Learning opp
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evaluations on what works best to p
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Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
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Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
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• Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
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facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
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awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
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• Comparing the interventions ana
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Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
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Chapter 5Recommendations
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farm self-employment and employment
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This appendix presents the factors
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Organization for Standardization (I
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Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
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Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
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Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
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Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
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Identification and Analysis of the
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• Making the labor market work be
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
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Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
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Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
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ment, Private Sector Development, a
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Other evaluations with outcome meas
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Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
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Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
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Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
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Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
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Training Replication Sites.” Manp
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Appendix C provides additional info
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Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
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ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
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This appendix provides additional i
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The number of projects and total le
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Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
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Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
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Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
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Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
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Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
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Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
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In sum, this portfolio review chapt
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approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
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This appendix presents a detailed a
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to Finance business line, over a si
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entrepreneurship projects. Investme
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IFC has three types of investments
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Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
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Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
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3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
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This appendix presents lessons for
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Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
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to the definition of unemployment b
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In post-conflict zones with small f
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Public works programs in Bank proje
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marginal impact of school-to-work t
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of the program. However, results fo
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• Weak results frameworks on the
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sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
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unemployed youth registered with th
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for Employment and Entrepreneurship
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Note1. The Technical and Vocational
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Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
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World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
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Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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