Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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Identification and Analysis of the IFC PortfolioA limitation of the review is that IFC has not identified youth as a priority, andavailable data have not been categorized by age. Therefore, the review is notrestricted to those projects with demonstrated “youth employment” results.In addition, IFC’s investment operations and advisory services implicitly havethe objective of job creation based on the premise that investments result inprivate sector development, higher growth, and greater employment opportunities,which may have created opportunities for youth directly or indirectly.Therefore, the evaluation reviews and assesses IFC private sector projects withcomponents focused on job creation and skills development. The portfolio reviewused the evaluation’s MILES-based conceptual framework as follows:Investment Climate: The review included investment and advisory servicesprojects that either had job creation as an objective or tracked job creationas an indicator. The review also looked at the type of investment done incountries with high youth unemployment and at the number of jobs createdin sectors and industries (agriculture, information technologies, tourism,and textiles) with the highest proportion of youth employment (sectors asidentified by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).Although this did not yield a complete picture of IFC’s contribution toyouth employment, it identified the investments that may result in youthemployment. The review also included investment climate and access to financeprojects regardless of their job and youth focus, since evidence indicates thatthese sectors lead to employment creation that may also benefit youth.Labor: IFC’s involvement with labor market policies is limited, but the reviewlooked for any relevant project.Education and skills: IFC’s education sector and advisory services provideskills training or assistance to entrepreneurs and institutions that, in turn,deliver skills training and education programs for youth. IFC’s educationportfolio was included since most of the universities that IFC has invested inoffer courses to current workers to upgrade skills, and/or offer TVET courses.Given the limitations noted above, the portfolio review was done in two steps.As shown in table B.4, the first-level analysis identified 1,148 investment and159 advisory services operations with job/employment creation objectives,and 50 investment and 18 advisory services operations in education and skillsdevelopment. Additional analyses were conducted at this level to gain insightinto whether youth benefitted from any of the interventions designed toimprove skills and employment. The second-level analysis specifically focusedon operations that targeted youth as a beneficiary or tracked youth in itsresults indicators. This analysis identified 10 projects.Identification and Analysis of World Bank Economic and Sector WorkIdentification. Published studies undertaken by the Bank between 2005and 2011 on topics of youth employment, job skills, or labor markets were76 Youth Employment Programs
Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor market(E)ducation andskillsIFC Portfolio ReviewAll investmentoperationsPortfolio reviewed Level 1 focus Level 2 focusProjects with employment data(company level) approved betweenFY01–FY11All advisory services Projects with: (i) job creationobjective and/or; (ii) job relevantindicator, and approved betweenFY06–FY11*Investment climateadvisory servicesEducation sectoradvisory servicesEducation investmentoperationsInvestment climate advisory servicesportfolio approved betweenFY06–FY11*Access to finance, public-privatepartnerships, investment climate,and sustainable business advisoryservices projects listed undereducationEntire portfolio approved betweenFY01–FY11Employment/ jobN= 853 clients (correspondingto 1148 investmentoperations);N= 159 advisoryservices projectsLabor marketN=0N=50 investment operations,18 advisoryservicesYOUTHN=10Source: IEG* IFC’s advisory services review covers FY06–11, as the corporate data system for advisory services was established in only inFY06.identified. This yielded 34 studies from all six Bank regions. Most studieswere produced by the Africa, Europe and Central Asia, and East Asia regions,so these regions accounted for a majority of the sample. The 21 studiesin the sample were selected to include the topics most relevant to youthemployment. 1 Table B.5 shows the number of studies from each region in thesample.The 21 reports related to one of five categories (table B.6 lists the reports)include:• General Labor Market Assessments provide some specific coverage ofyouth issues including employability of young labor market entrants;labor market institutions affecting youth (such as sub-minimum wagesand hiring and firing rules); reviews of TVET and apprenticeship sys-Table B.5Distribution of Sample by RegionRegion AFR LAC MENA ECA EAP SARNumber of Economic and Sector Work (ESW)products reviewed8 2 2 3 4 2Source: World Bank data.Note: AFR=Africa; EAP= East Asia and Pacific; ECA= Europe and Central Asia; LAC= Latin America andCaribbean; MENA= Middle East and North Africa; SAR= South Asia Region.Appendix B: Evaluation Data Sources and Methods 77
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Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
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The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
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LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
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IEG management and colleagues provi
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Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
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implemented 12 of the 90 operations
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Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
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• Help countries design intervent
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support to youth employment program
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tive rules on hiring and firing as
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Management Action RecordIEG Finding
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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Report to the Board from the Commit
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could have focused more on the lack
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• Chapter Highlights• High yout
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and can afford to wait for a better
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ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
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ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
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Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
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The strength and openness of the ec
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Interventions to Address Youth Empl
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commitments by the International Ba
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Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
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• the substitution effect of bett
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
Page 63 and 64: school dropouts early. Learning opp
Page 65 and 66: evaluations on what works best to p
Page 67 and 68: Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
Page 69: Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
Page 72 and 73: • Chapter Highlights• The Bank
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Page 78 and 79: facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
Page 80 and 81: awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
Page 82 and 83: • Comparing the interventions ana
Page 84 and 85: Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 5Recommendations
Page 89: farm self-employment and employment
Page 92 and 93: This appendix presents the factors
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Page 96 and 97: Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
Page 98 and 99: Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
Page 100 and 101: Notes1. This phenomenon could be le
Page 103 and 104: Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
Page 105 and 106: Identification and Analysis of the
Page 107 and 108: • Making the labor market work be
Page 109 and 110: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 111: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 115 and 116: Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
Page 117 and 118: ment, Private Sector Development, a
Page 119 and 120: Other evaluations with outcome meas
Page 121 and 122: Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
Page 123 and 124: Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
Page 125 and 126: Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
Page 127 and 128: Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
Page 129: Training Replication Sites.” Manp
Page 132 and 133: Appendix C provides additional info
Page 134 and 135: Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
Page 136 and 137: ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
Page 138 and 139: This appendix provides additional i
Page 140 and 141: The number of projects and total le
Page 142 and 143: Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
Page 144 and 145: Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
Page 146 and 147: Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
Page 148 and 149: Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
Page 150 and 151: Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
Page 152 and 153: Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
Page 154 and 155: In sum, this portfolio review chapt
Page 156 and 157: approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
Page 158 and 159: This appendix presents a detailed a
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entrepreneurship projects. Investme
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IFC has three types of investments
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Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
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Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
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3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
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This appendix presents lessons for
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Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
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to the definition of unemployment b
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In post-conflict zones with small f
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Public works programs in Bank proje
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marginal impact of school-to-work t
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of the program. However, results fo
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• Weak results frameworks on the
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sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
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unemployed youth registered with th
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for Employment and Entrepreneurship
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Note1. The Technical and Vocational
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Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
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World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
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Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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