Youth Employment Programs - Independent Evaluation Group

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Notes1. This phenomenon could be less important if skills are defined as comprising botheducation and work experience. Youth’s lack of experience could then outweighthe benefits of their increased education. This hypothesis called “the doubleskillbias” has hardly been submitted to empirical verification (See Ryan 2001).2. Where still about 90 percent of the labor force works in the informal sector.3. Although measuring and isolating the effects of employment protectionlegislation is difficult, a number of studies find employment lower when theemployment protection legislation is strict. There is also evidence of changesin the dynamics of unemployment with lower inflows and outflows, and longerduration of unemployment spells (Bentolila and Bertola 1990; Nickell and Layard(1998), changes in the composition of unemployment with youth most adverselyaffected (Scarpetta 1996; Heckman and Pagés-Serra 2000). The OECD study (1999)suggests that employment protection legislation protects the jobs of prime-agemen at the cost of reducing employment for youth.ReferencesBell, David, and David Blanchflower. 2010. Youth Unemployment: “Déjà vu?“ IZA DPNo. 4705. Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit: Bonn, Germany.Dutz, Mark, Ioannis Kessides, Stephen O’Connell and Robert Willig. 2011.“Competition and Innovation-Driven Inclusive Growth.” World Bank PolicyResearch Working Paper 5852.Freeman, Richard, and David Wise. 1982. “The Youth Labor Market Problem: ItsNature, Causes, and Consequences.” National Bureau of Economic Research(NBER). http://www.nber.org/chapters/c7869.pdfHeckman, Jame J. and Carmen Pages-Serra. 2000. “The Cost of Job SecurityRegulation: Evidence from Latin American Labor Markets.” Economica 1(1):109-144.Independent Evaluation Group. 2012a. “World Bank and IFC Support for YouthEmployment Programs.” Background Paper. Country Case Study: Rwanda.Forthcoming.———. 2012b. “Project Performance Assessment Report, Sri Lanka Education.”Forthcoming.Nayar, Reema, Pablo Gottret, Pradeep Mitra, Gordon Betcherman, Yue Man Lee,Indhira Santos, Mahesh Dahal, and Maheshwor Shrestha. 2012. “More and BetterJobs in South Asia.” South Asia Development Matters. Washington, DC: WorldBank.64 Youth Employment Programs
Neumark, David and William Wascher. (2004). “Minimum Wages, LaborMarketInstitutions, and Youth Employment: A Cross-National Analysis.”Industrial and Labor Relations Review 57( 2): 223–248.Nickell, Stephen, and Jumana Saleheen. 2008. “The Impact of Immigration onOccupational Wages: Evidence from Britain.” Working Paper No. 08–6. FederalReserve Bank of Boston.Riboud, Michelle. 2012. “A taxonomy of youth employment interventions.Background paper prepared for the IEG youth employment evaluation.”Unpublished report.World Bank. 2008–09. “ADI Africa Development Indicators 2008/09. Youth andEmployment in Africa: The Potential, the Problem, the Promise.” Washington,DC: World Bank.———. 2007. World Development Report 2007: Development and the next generation.Washington, DC.Appendix A: Conceptual Foundation of the Evaluation Framework 65
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Youth EmploymentProgramsAn Evaluati
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The Bank’s Impact Evaluations on
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LACLICLILMBAMENANEETNGOOECDPADPCRPD
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IEG management and colleagues provi
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Youth Employment ChallengesIn gener
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implemented 12 of the 90 operations
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Kenya, entrepreneurship training fo
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• Help countries design intervent
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support to youth employment program
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tive rules on hiring and firing as
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Management Action RecordIEG Finding
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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IEG Findings and ConclusionsIEG Rec
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Report to the Board from the Commit
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could have focused more on the lack
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• Chapter Highlights• High yout
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and can afford to wait for a better
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ConsequencesEarly unemployment is s
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ReferencesBegg, David, Stanley Fisc
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Chapter 2What Are the World Bank an
Page 49 and 50: The strength and openness of the ec
Page 51 and 52: Interventions to Address Youth Empl
Page 53 and 54: commitments by the International Ba
Page 55: Figure 2.2Top 12 Youth Employment I
Page 58 and 59: • the substitution effect of bett
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3What Is the Evidence that
Page 63 and 64: school dropouts early. Learning opp
Page 65 and 66: evaluations on what works best to p
Page 67 and 68: Agriculture, Health, Education, Soc
Page 69: Holzmann, Robert. 2007. MILES: Iden
Page 72 and 73: • Chapter Highlights• The Bank
Page 76 and 77: Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, and
Page 78 and 79: facilitated 69 foreign work contrac
Page 80 and 81: awarded vouchers to about 1,000 out
Page 82 and 83: • Comparing the interventions ana
Page 84 and 85: Hjort, Jonas, Michael Kremer, Isaac
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 5Recommendations
Page 89: farm self-employment and employment
Page 92 and 93: This appendix presents the factors
Page 94 and 95: Organization for Standardization (I
Page 96 and 97: Box A.3Youth as a Demographic Divid
Page 98 and 99: Table A.1Types of Youth Employment
Page 103 and 104: Appendix BEvaluation Data Sources a
Page 105 and 106: Identification and Analysis of the
Page 107 and 108: • Making the labor market work be
Page 109 and 110: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 111 and 112: Table B.3ApprovalFYList of Projects
Page 113 and 114: Table B.4(I)nvestmentClimate(L)abor
Page 115 and 116: Table B.6List of Economic Sector Wo
Page 117 and 118: ment, Private Sector Development, a
Page 119 and 120: Other evaluations with outcome meas
Page 121 and 122: Table B.8CountryFranceKenyaMexicoPa
Page 123 and 124: Table B.8CountryUnitedStatesYouth E
Page 125 and 126: Table B.8CountryEuropeancountriesLa
Page 127 and 128: Bidani, Benu, Niels-Hugo Blunch, Ch
Page 129: Training Replication Sites.” Manp
Page 132 and 133: Appendix C provides additional info
Page 134 and 135: Box C.2Global Partnership for Youth
Page 136 and 137: ReferencesAedo, Cristian, and Ian W
Page 138 and 139: This appendix provides additional i
Page 140 and 141: The number of projects and total le
Page 142 and 143: Figure D.2World Bank Youth Employme
Page 144 and 145: Table D.5Intervention categoryYouth
Page 146 and 147: Table D.7Prevalence of Project Obje
Page 148 and 149: Table D.9Target Groups of Project O
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Table D.11Type of Interventions Sup
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Table D.13 Frequently Used Youth Em
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In sum, this portfolio review chapt
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approach in Turkey and Sierra Leone
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This appendix presents a detailed a
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to Finance business line, over a si
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entrepreneurship projects. Investme
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IFC has three types of investments
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Box E.1Africa Schools ProgramIFC su
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Box E.2e4e Initiative for Arab Yout
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3. IFC’s Advisory Services corpor
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This appendix presents lessons for
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Labor Market RegulationsLabor marke
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to the definition of unemployment b
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In post-conflict zones with small f
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Public works programs in Bank proje
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marginal impact of school-to-work t
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of the program. However, results fo
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• Weak results frameworks on the
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sustainability. Zambia’s TEVET pr
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unemployed youth registered with th
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for Employment and Entrepreneurship
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Note1. The Technical and Vocational
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Ibarraran, Pablo, and David Rosas.
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World Bank. 2012a. “World Bank an
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IEG’s Youth Employment Evaluation
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Figure G.1 Facebook Demographics Ba
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Figure G.3Results on Rural Employme
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BibliographyBarrera, Felipe, Paul G
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———. 2011b. Migration and Rem
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The World Bank GroupWorking for a W
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