The final exam will consist of 100 multiple choice questions. The ...

47. A stimulus that occurs in the middle of a response chain serves asa. a conditioned reinforcerb. a discriminative stimulusc. both a and bd. neither a nor b48. All of the following are useful tips for shaping behavior except ______.a. reinforce small stepsb. reinforce immediatelyc. provide small reinforcersd. never back up49. Research suggests that self-injurious behavior ______.a. is often negatively reinforcedb. is intrinsically reinforcingc. is usually the result of a death wishd. must be punished to be stopped50. Herrnstein says that behavior is likely to drift toward its essential features. He means by thisthat only behavior that is ______.a. essential is learnedb. required for reinforcement is likely to persistc. superstitious will produce reinforcementd. modified is essential51. The Chase and Simon study comparing chess masters and ordinary players showed that whenchess pieces were arranged in random (i.e., non-game legal) order,a. chess masters forgot lessb. ordinary players forgot lessc. chess masters and ordinary players forgot about the same amountd. chess masters learned more and forgot more52. Levine and Murphy’s study on reading pro- or anti-Communist passages suggests that peopleare more likely to forget what they read if theya. agree with itb. disagree with itc. are ambivalent about itd. wrote it53. Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory isa. covert modelingb. symbolic observationc. retentional processesd. simulation training