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21. Frederica believes that generalization occurs because of a lack of experience with stimuli thatdiffer from the S+. Frederica is probably most comfortable with the theory of generalization anddiscrimination proposed bya. Pavlovb. Spencec. Lashley and Waded. Herrnstein22. The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients.The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by figurea. 1b. 2c. 3.d. 423. Operant learning may also be referred to asa. trial-and-error learningb. effects learningc. non-Pavlovian conditioningd. instrumental learning24. When reinforcement is contingent on continuous performance of an activity, a _________reinforcement schedule is in force.a. durationb. intervalc. timed. ratio
25. Forgetting can be measured as a flattening of the generalization gradient, a procedure calledgradienta. levelingb. degradationc. reductiond. deterioration26. Various research findings suggest that parents who use physical punishment produce childrenwho are more aggressive. Probably the best explanation of these findings is thata. physical punishment does not workb. aggressive behaviours are a special case, for which punishment is not effectivec. parents who use physical punishment serve as models for their childrend. aggressiveness is an inherited personality characteristic27. According to the text, the role of environmental cues in forgetting can be likened toa. stimulus controlb. gradient degradationc. peak shiftd. resistance training28. Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance ofa. behaviour-stimulus contiguityb. behaviour-stimulus contingencyc. inter-trial intervald. deprivation level29. John has difficulty training a raccoon to pick up coins and put them in a bank. It is mostlikely thata. the raccoon lacks the intelligence to learn this taskb. the raccoon was contraprepared to learn this taskc. this task had to be learned during a critical periodd. raccoons lack the ability for insightful problem solving30. Learning is of vital importance because so many problems that face society involvea. behaviourb. heredityc. criminal impulsesd. unconscious motivation31. As animals become experienced in an avoidance task,a. visible signs of fear increaseb. visible signs of fear decreasec. there are visible signs of fear before the avoidance response is made, but not afterd. there are visible signs of fear after the avoidance response is made, but not before
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