Patterned and switchable surfaces for biomaterial applications
Patterned and switchable surfaces for biomaterial applications
Patterned and switchable surfaces for biomaterial applications
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionTable 1.2. Description of various surface patterning techniques <strong>for</strong> spatiallycontrolled cell attachment.Technique Advantages Disadvantages Typical proceduresPhotolithographyLaser ablationMicrocontactprintingMicrofluidicsMicroelectronicsRobotic contact<strong>and</strong> non-contactprintingSub-micronresolutionpattern<strong>for</strong>mation.Sub-micronresolutionpattern<strong>for</strong>mation.Controlleddepth <strong>and</strong> rateof ablation.Adaptable toany ablatablesurface.Lower costs <strong>and</strong>relativeexperimentalease.Micronresolutionpattern<strong>for</strong>mation.Relativeexperimentalease.Ability toseparatereactionsolution.Separatesvarious celltypes.Induces surfacemigration ofcells.Effectivelypositions <strong>and</strong>holds cellsspatially.Quick <strong>and</strong>simple pattern<strong>for</strong>mation.Micronresolution.Rigorouslaboratoryprocedures.Expensivemaintenancecosts.Cleanenvironmentrequired.Rigorouslaboratoryprocedures.Expensivemaintenancecosts.Cleanenvironmentrequired.Limited numberof molecules<strong>and</strong> substratumthat can beused.Poor resolution.Limitedpatterns.Poor resolution.Limited to thedimensions ofthemicroelectronics chip.Only applicableto limited celllines.No mechanism<strong>for</strong> spatialconfinementonce patterningcompleted.<strong>Patterned</strong> shapelimited to pin(contactprinting).Unevenadsorption ofbiomolecules ineach spot.Deposition of aphotoreist or aphotoactive layer.Subsequently irradiate,typically with UV light,through a photomask.Formation of anablatable layer withsubsequent laserirradiation, eitherthorough a mask or by afocussed layer.Formation of aphotomask <strong>for</strong> the<strong>for</strong>mation of a patternedstamp. Stamp is thenused to transferthiolated SAMs ontogold or silanes ontoglass.Formation of a PDMSmask from a moldcontining grooves.Sealing of mask ontosurface createschannels. Solutioncontaining desiredmolecules or cells isflowed throughchannels.Use of microelectronicschip containing an arrayof individual electrodesis used to apply specificvoltages to localisedregions.Spotting ofbiomolecules ontolocalised addressableregions.Cell microarrayapplicationFormation of patternedbioactive or non-foulingregions <strong>for</strong> spatiallycontrolled cell attachment.Formation oftopographical cues <strong>for</strong>directed cell attachment<strong>and</strong> outgrowth.Formation of patternedbioactive or non-foulingregions <strong>for</strong> spatiallycontrolled cell attachment.Formation oftopographical cues <strong>for</strong>directed cell attachment<strong>and</strong> outgrowth.Deposition of eitherbioactive or non-foulingmolecules <strong>for</strong> spatiallydirected cell attachmentFormation of single-cellmicroarrays <strong>and</strong> arrays ofvarious cell lines bycontrolled delivery of cellsto localised regions.Application of appropriatevoltages leads to cellseparation on the basis ofdistinct dielectricproperties betweendifferent cell types.Cell microarrays havebeen <strong>for</strong>med spotting cellpatterns by robotic arms.References[53, 78,80][33-35][76, 86,88][52, 74,165][77][94, 95]1-54
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