Patterned and switchable surfaces for biomaterial applications

TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ ISUMMARY ........................................................................................................ IVDECLARATION ................................................................................................. VIACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. VIILIST OF PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................... VIIICHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1-21.1. SURFACE MANIPULATION OF BIOMOLECULES AND CELLS .......................................... 1-31.1.1. Principles of surface-biomolecular interactions .................................................. 1-41.1.1.1. The hydrophobic interaction ................................................................................... 1-41.1.1.2. The multivalent effect ............................................................................................ 1-51.1.2. Surface manipulation of DNA ............................................................................. 1-51.1.3. Surface manipulation of proteins and cells ....................................................... 1-101.2. SURFACE MICRO- AND NANO-PATTERNING ............................................................. 1-171.2.1. Photolithography ............................................................................................. 1-171.2.2. Soft lithography ............................................................................................... 1-221.2.3. Microfluidics.................................................................................................... 1-241.2.4. Microelectronics .............................................................................................. 1-271.2.5. Robotic contact and non-contact microprinting ................................................ 1-291.3. SURFACES WITH SWITCHABLE PROPERTIES ............................................................. 1-311.3.1. Switchable DNA adsorption and desorption ...................................................... 1-311.3.2. Switchable surfaces for the control of proteins and cells ................................... 1-351.3.3. Alternative switchable surfaces ........................................................................ 1-391.4. APPLICATION OF PATTERNED AND SWITCHABLE SURFACES – MICROARRAYS ........... 1-411.4.1. DNA microarrays ............................................................................................. 1-421.4.2. Protein microarrays ......................................................................................... 1-431.4.3. Polymer microarrays ....................................................................................... 1-451.4.4. Cell microarrays .............................................................................................. 1-461.4.4.1. Methods to generate DNA microarrays ................................................................. 1-501.4.4.2. Cell seeding and attachment ................................................................................. 1-521.4.4.3. DNA uptake ........................................................................................................ 1-551.4.4.4. DNA expression .................................................................................................. 1-571.5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES .............................................................. 1-58CHAPTER 2. SPATIALLY CONTROLLED ELECTRO-STIMULATED DNAADSORPTION AND DESORPTION FOR BIODEVICE APPLICATIONS ............... 2-632.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 2-632.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................... 2-67I