Patterned and switchable surfaces for biomaterial applications

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Chapter 5 – Surface plasmon resonance imaging of polymer microarraysby this method was used to identify polymers that promoted the attachment ofdendritic cells, which is an important step in the development of phagocytosis assays[144]. Polymers containing poly(tetramethylene glycol) and 4,4’methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) were found to be suitable for this application [144]. Thisapproach has been further developed by incorporating a switchable cross-linkeractivated by UV exposure into the polymer arrays, resulting in the formation ofcovalently linked, rigid, stable polymer spots suitable for long incubation time cellgrowth analysis (See CHAPTER 4)[215]. This technique also benefits protein andcell microarrays by enabling the formation of adhesive areas on a low-foulingpolymer background. Pattern formation using the same apparatus as is used to arrayproteins or cells avoids misalignment between surface patterns and enables surfacepatterning and biomolecule deposition in a one step procedure.The high-throughput, expeditious characterisation of the resultant polymermicroarrays is imperative for assessment of cell-material interactions. Water contactangle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flightsecondary ion mass spectroscopy (Tof-SIMS) measurements of a polymermicroarray have been achieved in a rapid format to successfully characterise theproperties of each individual spot [146, 233]. Of interest is the correlation of thesesurface properties with cell attachment and outgrowth. However, when consideringcell-material interactions, a range of surface properties must be factored in includingtopography, chemistry, elastic modulus and charge [234].As cell-material interactions are closely linked to biomolecule-materialinteractions, the high-throughput analysis of the interactions of a polymer librarywith biomolecules of interest can be studied as a first step to deconvolute cellmaterialinteractions. Biomolecular targets are typically fitted with a label, including5-156
Andrew Hook – Patterned and switchable surfaces for biomaterial applicationsradioisotopes, fluorophores, enzyme substrates or haptens [235, 236]. However, therequirement for a label can result in adverse effects to biomolecules, such asblocking of active epitopes and steric hindrance, as well as altering kinetic propertiesand affinity constants [118, 235, 237]. Imaging ellipsometry allows the highlysensitive, label-free detection of surface-binding events with high spatial resolution;however, incorporation of a flowthrough system for real-time analysis is notcurrently possible [238-240]. Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi), incomparison, enables spatially resolved, surface sensitive, label-free, real-timeanalysis of surface-biomolecule interactions in a parallel format. Formation ofpatterned surfaces by microfluidics, robotic spotting and photolithography has beenutilised for the observation of spatially directed bimolecular adsorption by SPRi[237, 241-244]. However, the surface patterning in these studies resulted inhomogeneous surface coatings with comparable refractive index. To enable thesimultaneous surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis of a diverse polymer librarycontaining many different polymer chemistries with a broad range of dielectricproperties, densities and 3-D structures, careful considerations must be given toadequate procedures for obtaining quantitative comparisons of SPR measurements onthese diverse spots [245, 246].In the present chapter, three polymers with disparate chemistries wereinvestigated for their interaction with biomolecules of interest. These polymers werearrayed using a robotic spotting device, which is readily available to life sciencelaboratories interested in cell-material interactions. Moreover, use of this deviceenables the facile incorporation of subsequent biomolecular arrays on top of thepolymer microarrays whilst avoiding misalignment (section 4.3.4). However, theresulting polymer spots did not exhibit uniform thickness and possibly presented an5-157
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Patterned andswitchable surfacesfor
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION1The content
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Chapter 1 - Introductionconsiderabl
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Chapter 1 - Introductioninteraction
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionIn general,
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionFor some ap
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Chapter 1 - Introductionangles rang
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Chapter 1 - Introductionof understa
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionSeveral str
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Chapter 1 - Introductioncues to con
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Chapter 1 - Introductionby controll
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Chapter 1 - Introduction1.2.2. Soft
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Chapter 1 - Introductionsubstrate.
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Chapter 1 - Introduction(A)(B)Figur
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Chapter 1 - Introduction(A)(B)(C)(C
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Chapter 1 - Introductioncomplex gen
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Chapter 1 - Introductionmorphology
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Chapter 1 - Introduction(A)(B)(C)(D
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Chapter 1 - Introductionthe LCST, a
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionHyun et al.
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Chapter 1 - Introductionmicelles. T
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Chapter 1 - Introduction1.4.1. DNA
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionA major pro
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Chapter 1 - Introductionattached to
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionTable 1.1.
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Chapter 1 - Introductionefficiencie
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Chapter 1 - Introductionachieved by
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionTable 1.2.
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionOnce releas
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Chapter 1 - Introductionimaging not
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Chapter 1 - IntroductionA number of
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CHAPTER 2.SPATIALLY CONTROLLED ELEC
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CHAPTER 3.COMPARISON OF THE BINDING
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