English - Support to Participatory Constitution Building in Nepal ...

The Remake of a StateDuring the past six decades after the introduction of a planned framework,the population has more than tripled from eight million (in 1952) to over27 million in 2009 (MoF 2009). There has been some growth in foodproduction but per capita availability of food grains is declining. While therehas been rapid expansion in the physical infrastructure, such as roads andelectricity, many people still do not have access to basic infrastructures.Public sector expenditure has increased substantially over the years, yetthe eradication of poverty and improvement in the standard of living ofthe majority has not been satisfactory. The Human Development Index(HDI) is also very low with 0.509 in 2006 (UNDP 2009). Looking moreclosely at the HDI from an ethnic perspective, out of the 101 officiallyregistered ethnic groups in Nepal, the Madhesi Brahmans/Chhetris havethe highest HDI with 0.625 while the Madhesi Dalits have the lowest HDIwith 0.383 (Figure 3.1). Whatever the achievements in other areas, theneed to bring about rapid improvements in the living standards of thediverse groups cannot be sidetracked. As long as human poverty remainsunabated, it will continue to be a major cause of environmental and socialproblems. As for the population living below the poverty line, there hasindeed been some improvement. According to one study by The WorldBank (2006), this population was 42 per cent in 1996, but was reducedto 31 per cent in 2004, mainly due to the incoming remittances from themigrants. However, to sustain poverty reduction, Nepal faces the dualchallenges of accelerating domestic growth and sharing this growth morebroadly across the population. The disparities across different regions andethnic groups are shown in Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1.Table 3.1 Human development by regions, Nepal 2006LifeExpectancyat BirthAdult Literacy(%)Per Capita PurchasingPower Parity (PPP)income (US$)Nepal 63.69 52.42 1597 0.509Urban 68.06 72.30 3149 0.630Rural 63.09 48.35 1286 0.482Mountain 57.91 44.67 1158 0.436Hill 66.48 57.60 1683 0.543Terai 62.76 49.02 1584 0.494Source: UNDP (2009)HumanDevelopment index49