English - Support to Participatory Constitution Building in Nepal ...

Conceptual frameworkDevelopment of comprehensive security policy and security systemrestructuring is fundamentally important to make post-conflict transitionsuccessful. Comprehensive security policy has to deal with major threecomponents, i.e. state security, societal security and human security. Humansecurity approach and societal security approach are complementary andcover social security (health education, drinking water), livelihood andeconomic security (employment, poverty alleviation, food security) andenvironmental security (climate change, energy security etc.). Nationalsecurity has to focus also on border, space, cyber and information security.Hence, Nepal needs to move beyond conventional security and go forunconventional security approach.Effective post-conflict reconstruction and state building requirecomprehensive SSR that covers restructuring of Ministry of Defence,Ministry of Home Affairs, army, armed police force, police and intelligencedepartment. SSR has to ensure civilian control and parliamentarianoversights, address Maoist ex-combatants as per the CPA, link securitypolicy with the policies on international relations, economy anddevelopment, integrate penal reform and judicial reform, redefine securitydoctrine and NSP and restructure private security providers.Security sector is defined differently by different people in differentcontext. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development(OECD) defines this as those state institutions which have formalmandates to ensure safety of the state and its citizens against acts ofviolence and coercion (OECD 2004; as cited in Kumar and Sharma 2005).SSR is a common concept globally used in the post-conflict literatures.However, in the context of Nepal, the term 'security sector or systemrestructuring' (SSR) is more relevant as it has to be a part of the broaderstate restructuring. Changing roles, responsibilities and actions of securityactors in a changing context in consistent with democratic norms, valuesand principles of good governance are some of the basic elements of SSR(Schnabel and Ehrhart 2005).36