English - Support to Participatory Constitution Building in Nepal ...

Conceptual frameworkLater in 2009, the Home Ministry brought 'Special Security Programme' totackle the lawlessness and violence but it did not succeed to achieve itshighly publicised objective due to non-cooperation from political parties.It would be very difficult to smoothly implement any developmentprogrammes in the country if security situation is not improved. Openborder is becoming a haven for illegal arms traders and smugglers. Thishas greatly contributed to organise and expand several militant and fringegroups, most of whom have no political base, popular support and clearorganisational structures. Therefore, they do not fall under the categoryof political force.Violence, crime and insecurity are common in Nepal this day. So, it isnot possible to make the post-conflict transition successful withoutpreventing violence and preventing violence is not possible without afirm commitment from political parties. Nepalese people are seriouslysuffering from insecurity and violence. Phenomena of criminality has ledto insecurities such as kidnapping of children, murder and attemptedmurder, robbery, illegal trafficking of arms and ammunitions, humantrafficking, drug abuses and trafficking, atrocities, massacres and forceddisplacement (Upreti and Nepali 2006). This phenomenon is growingparticularly after signing of the CPA. Similarly, coercive mobilisation of theyouths by political parties is also becoming a major source of insecurityand violence thereby obstructing development. The transition is gettingfurther complicated after creation of the coercive nature of organisationssuch as Young Communist League (YCL), Youth Force (YF) and MadhesRakshya Bahini by political parties. Other parties and groups having theirmilitant youth forces are Limbuwan, Chure-Bhabar Pradesh Ekata Samaj,Madhesi People's Right Forum, Madhesi Revolutionary Front, TamangAutonomous Region Democratic Front, United Tharu National LiberationFront, Kshetri Samaj, etc.2.7.2 Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR)Nepal is heavily militarised due to the 10 years of armed conflict andits subsequent implications. As a by-product of the decade long armedconflict, numerous armed groups are active in the country in additionto the militant wings created by political parties. Further, disqualifiedUCPN (Maoist) ex-combatants are yet to be dealt with. So DDR is a hugechallenge in Nepal and it is possible only by a common understanding andconcerted action of political parties. However, the DDR issue is becominga 'taboo' in Nepal's political sector mainly because of its incompletenessor misunderstanding. Hence, DDR is one of the fundamental challenges toachieve post-conflict stability, security and peace in Nepal (Upreti 2009).32