English - Support to Participatory Constitution Building in Nepal ...

The Remake of a Statesevere problems as more than hundred thousands people are in camps.Refugees (Somalia, Iran, Iraq, former Yugoslavia, India, China and others)from 13 countries are in urban areas of Nepal. They could involve in smallarms transactions and create problems.2.2.3 Political protection, impunity and security threatsTransitional security always suffers from political protection of criminalsand criminal groups, their political mobilisation and impunity. Thereis also fear in victims to publicise the crime. Getting undue advantagesfrom the transitional situation is always a charm for powerful elites(politicians, businesspersons, bureaucrats, security personnel) and mostlythey directly or often indirectly engage in activities that create securityproblems. Further, impunity is a serious problem in transition. There arealmost no legal actions taken to persons identified as guilty by differentcommissions and investigation teams throughout the transition period.Until and unless impunity is prevalent, insecurity exists. Tackling impunityis to end political protection of criminals and follow rule of law. If rule of lawis respected by all citizens, several transitional-security related problemscan be easily addressed. Therefore impunity and political protection ofthe crime is major post-conflict state building challenges for Nepal.2.2.4 Expansion of armed groupsNepal is breeding ground for armed groups particularly after the end ofthe armed conflict. At present, 109 armed groups are reported by thegovernment as active in different parts of Nepal and creating terror tothe people. Their mushrooming is one of the major challenges for thesuccessful completion of peace process.There are several reasons behind the expansion of the armed groups inNepal. Some of them have emerged with the criminal intention by usingthe weak law and order situation. Some of them were sponsored or atleast encouraged by the leaders of the main stream political parties tostrengthen their influence in the areas as well as within their own politicalparties. History of many of political leaders in the past demonstratesthat using criminals, armed groups and bandits are prime causes of theirpolitical success. Some armed groups have emerged with the ill-intentionof revenge and retaliation to those who had exploited or suppressedearlier. Other groups are emerged to collect money from extortion andkidnapping and have changed their lifestyle overnight. Open border,political protection, connection with the criminal groups from the249