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The Remake of a StateFigure 12.1 Various effects of small arms in societySource: Designed by the author2.2.1 Violence, crime and insecurityNepalese people are seriously suffering from insecurity and violence.Phenomena of crime-led insecurity such as kidnapping of children,murder and attempted murder, rubbery, illegal trafficking of arms andammunitions, human trafficking, drugs abuses and trafficking, atrocities,massacres and forced displacement have become the daily nuisance(Upreti and Nepali 2006). This phenomenon, particularly from Terai, isgrowing especially after the signing of the CPA. The police record showsthat in Kathmandu Valley alone arms were confiscated 13 times by policein six months (2008 July 16 to 2009 January 13). Similarly, Nepal Policeconfiscated small arms 95 times in-between eight months of 2008 and2009, 256 times in 2006/07 and 111 times in 2005/06 in the country (ibid).This shows the intensity of proliferation of small arms.247
Proliferation of small armsTotal 183 persons were arrested in 2006/07 in case of small arms. Thisnumber went up to 355 in 2007/08 and again it was increased by 90.16per cent reaching to 677 persons within 10 months of 2008/09. The allthe guns captured from criminals were small short barrel guns. Similarly,one gun has been used up to 11 times in crimes indicating the alarmingfrequency of crimes in Kathmandu. 112.2.2 Militarisation of youths and security dilemmaThe transitional situation is getting further complicated after the creationof the coercive nature of organisations such as YCL, YF and Madhes RakshyaBahini by political parties. On the occasion of UCPN (Maoist) leaderselected as the first elected Prime Minister of the Federal DemocraticRepublic of Nepal, the party declared to demilitarise YCL. This provisioncame as a result of the seven-point understanding reached among threeparties to go for coalition government. However, Prachanda has resignedafter the controversy in sacking the army chief once the President orderedthe army chief to continue his work. UCPN (Maoist) interpreted it asmilitary supremacy at the cost of civilian supremacy. Since then, it hasdeclared to protest in the parliament and street until the president repealhis decision. Often there are coercive actions from YCL and YF. There ispossibility of further clashes between these two militant youth groups inforeseeable future.The justification of need for creation of such forces by political parties doesnot match with their actions. Only legally defined institutions approved bythe government can enjoy coercive rights. However, these sister wingsare operating without any legal mandate consequently weakening statesecurity apparatus, creating parallel functioning and fuelling insecurity.Even a lay person can easily understand that such coercive forces areserving vested interests of their respective mother parties. Once powerfulpolitical parties have created such coercive forces, a severely weakenedpolice force (by politicisation or political protection) cannot contain them.Hence, Nepal’s security situation is facing dilemma.Another serious problem on proliferation of small arms is the militantgroups in seven Bhutanese Refugees Camps. 12 It will expand to create11As shared by Mr Rabindra Sharma, Superintendent of Police from the Crime Investigation Departmentof Nepal Police, in an interaction on ‘Impacts of the Small Arms in Peace Process and Domestic Violence’,jointly organised by International Action Network on Small Arms, SAPA-Nepal and IHRICON, on theoccasion of AIANSA Week of Action Against Gun Violence, 15-21 June 2009 at SAP Phalcha, Kathmanduon 14 June 2009.12See www.nepalnews.com/.../4276-bhutanese-refugee-leader-shot-dead-in-jhapa-.html for details.248
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Preface and acknowledgementState bu
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Chapter 13 Reconciliation and reint
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Post-conflict state buildingdebated
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Post-conflict state buildingOthers
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Post-conflict state buildinglead to
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Post-conflict state buildingboundar
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Post-conflict state buildingThe dev
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Post-conflict state buildingReferen
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Chapter2Conceptual framework forpos
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The Remake of a StateThe first and
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.2 Com
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.4 Int
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The Remake of a StateDealing with t
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.8 Fac
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The Remake of a Statescience and in
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The Remake of a StateKapilvastu dis
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The Remake of a State2.7.3 Controll
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The Remake of a Statetemporary. The
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.11 Co
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2.8 International relations and for
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The Remake of a StateThough state e
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The Remake of a StateThese mismatch
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The Remake of a StateUpreti BR Nepa
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Chapter3Private sector in post-conf
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The Remake of a StateDuring the pas
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The Remake of a StateThe data prese
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The Remake of a State5. Foreign dir
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The Remake of a Stateaid, people at
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The Remake of a StateThe SLF campai
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The Remake of a Stateis a widesprea
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The Remake of a Stateoptions for th
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The Remake of a StateThe World Bank
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Chapter4Addressing poverty andpromo
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The Remake of a Stateof 1990 decide
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The Remake of a Statewidened gap be
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The Remake of a Stategiven for cate
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The Remake of a Statecommunity fore
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The Remake of a StateBox 4.4 Rajaya
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The Remake of a Statecoaching and s
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The Remake of a State6.1 DAGs or bi
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The Remake of a Statetime taken to
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The Remake of a StateReferencesBenn
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The Remake of a StatePokharel BK. 1
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Chapter5Sustainable tourism and pos
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2. Theoretical backgroundThe Remake
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The Remake of a StateFigure 5.1 Hol
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The Remake of a Statenation from to
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The Remake of a Statein the Nationa
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The Remake of a Statethrough apprec
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The Remake of a Stateforeign curren
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The Remake of a StateFigure 5.2 Ins
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The Remake of a StateYearTable 5.1
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The Remake of a Statethe nation but
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The Remake of a StateFrance L. 2006
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The Remake of a StateSNV Nepal. 200
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Chapter6Forestland reform:Transferr
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The Remake of a Statestatus of Nepa
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The Remake of a Statethe essential
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The Remake of a Statedevoted to sho
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The Remake of a Stateto be an inter
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The Remake of a Statenatural resour
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The Remake of a StateWhen there is
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The Remake of a StateBromley DW. 19
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The Remake of a StateNagendra H, Pa
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Chapter7Reconstruction anddevelopme
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The Remake of a StatePost-conflict
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The Remake of a State6. Focus on pr
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The Remake of a State3.1 Phases of
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The Remake of a State3.5 Reconstruc
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The Remake of a Stateensure reachin
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The Remake of a StateFigure 7.2 Con
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The Remake of a StatePolitical stab
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The Remake of a Statemanual, crisis
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The Remake of a Statepeace and deve
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The Remake of a StateUpreti BR. 200
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Chapter8Addressing land-baseddiscri
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The Remake of a StateA person’s a
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The Remake of a Stateand unintended
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3. Land-based discrimination and vi
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The Remake of a Statefixed period.
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The Remake of a Statetended to rein
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The Remake of a Stateof feudal and
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8. ConclusionThe Remake of a StateL
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Chapter9The forgotten forces:The ro
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The Remake of a StateSuch labour mi
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The Remake of a Statefeelings of th
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The Remake of a StateData from DoFE
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The Remake of a StateThe socio-econ
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The Remake of a Statecan Nepal gene
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The Remake of a Statemodalities of
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The Remake of a Statein an individu
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The Remake of a Statewho go to Indi
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The Remake of a StateStudies have s
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The Remake of a Statetrade and prov
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The Remake of a StateThe next vital
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The Remake of a StateSofranko AJ, I
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Chapter10Militarisation of the yout
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The Remake of a StateThe concept of
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Page 216 and 217: The Remake of a Statezero tolerance
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Page 222 and 223: The Remake of a StatePathak, B. 200
Page 224 and 225: Chapter11The post-conflict Trojan h
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Page 238 and 239: 7.1 Small armsThe Remake of a State
Page 240 and 241: 7.5 Myths and misconceptionsThe Rem
Page 242 and 243: The Remake of a Statethe government
Page 244 and 245: The Remake of a StateIncreasing pol
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Page 250 and 251: The Remake of a StateKantipur. 2008
Page 252 and 253: The Remake of a StateWilson JQ, Kel
Page 254 and 255: Chapter12Proliferation of small arm
Page 256 and 257: The Remake of a StateMinister 4 hig
Page 258 and 259: The Remake of a Statearmaments cost
Page 262 and 263: The Remake of a Statesevere problem
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Page 268 and 269: The Remake of a State3.6.4 Border m
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Page 272 and 273: Chapter13Reconciliation andreintegr
Page 274 and 275: The Remake of a Statestrengthening
Page 276 and 277: The Remake of a Statethe relationsh
Page 278 and 279: The Remake of a StateThe compositio
Page 280 and 281: The Remake of a Statefrequently. Of
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Page 290 and 291: The Remake of a Statea) Verificatio
Page 292 and 293: The Remake of a State• Criminal p
Page 294 and 295: The Remake of a Staterehabilitation
Page 296 and 297: The Remake of a StateBarron M. 1996
Page 298 and 299: The Remake of a StateTutu D. 1999.
Page 300 and 301: Chapter14Contradiction and duality:
Page 302 and 303: The Remake of a Statedomestic polit
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Page 306 and 307: The Remake of a StateIdeological co
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The Remake of a Stateagainst the ru
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The Remake of a Statehas to update
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The Remake of a StateContradictions
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The Remake of a Statethe usual rule
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Chapter15The long and winding road
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The Remake of a Stateof ethnic and
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The Remake of a Stateactors current
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About the editorsBishnu Raj Upreti
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