English - Support to Participatory Constitution Building in Nepal ...

The forgotten forcescan now afford to send children to same schools etc.). Such processes canbe an integral part to realise the objective of socially just setting that weenvision.In midst of all these controversies, the benefit of remittance variesmuch depending on the way it is managed. Moser (1998) shows thateffective asset management is equally important in reducing householdvulnerability as equally is asset accumulation. Much of the impact ofremittance depends on how productive it becomes at the receiving endof the household and what roles do spill-over have on the socio-economicindicators beyond the receiving household. Most remittances sentto Asian countries are said to be spent primarily for basic expenditureon daily consumption needs like, land and housing construction andeducation (Sofranko and Idris 1999). But same studies also show thatrecipient of remittances have higher propensity to save. If states facilitateand empower constructive use of remittance, then there are chances thatMexico if could not be Switzerland, could remain same Mexico in times ofcrisis at least. Remittance also increases foreign currency earning and helpexpand markets through spending and investment.Beyond remittance, diasporas can contribute to their homelands throughFDI, trans-national entrepreneurship, supporting entrepreneurship inhomeland through informal financing of small business, investing ineconomies that other consider to be of high risk because they have betterknowledge and relationship that other investors lack. Besides, diasporacan also contribute significantly to increase in export of cultural goodsof homeland which may be for their own use (sometimes referred toas nostalgic trade) or for foreign trade. Around 70 per cent of migrantsconsume products from their country of origin 8 (Orozco 2005). Thereturned migrants who establish micro entrepreneurship in home countrydepend upon their network in host country and thus contribute positivelyto export. All these nature of investment should be reflected whendesigning the state building programmes and policies.Diaspora today is also highly valued as sources of knowledge transfer. Theshift in the traditional thinking of external migration as ‘brain-drain’ (Ozdenand Schiff 2005), ‘brain-storm’ or ‘brain-waste’ are now being replacedwith ‘brain-exchange’ and ‘brain-circulation’ or ‘beneficial brain-drain’.Meyer (2001) argues that if we take skill as stock of knowledge embedded8For example, according to Orozco (2005), the volume of ethnic product exported to the United Statesfrom various countries of Latin America has come to represent some 10% of total exports.180