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Chapter7Reconstruction anddevelopment inpost-conflict Nepal1. Setting the contextBishnu Raj Upreti 1Nepal’s post-conflict development has to contribute to achieve the aimof developing a peaceful, politically stable, economically prosperousand socially just federal republic. Therefore, new development policies,strategies, implementation modalities and planned outcomes have tofocus on contributing to this aim. The main objective of this chapter is toinitiate a debate on the various dimensions of post-conflict developmentand reconstruction as integral components of state building andstrengthening democracy and achieving durable and just peace. Thischapter attempts to answer the questions: what are the key issues andelements of post-conflict development? How can development contributeto state-building?Development in this paper refers to the broader concepts of both physicaland socio-economic components. Thus, reconstruction is focusedon building and rebuilding of physical and social infrastructures. It isconsidered to be one of the fundamental pillars of post-conflict economicrecovery and development.Civil wars and armed insurgencies often target developmentinfrastructures, obstruct construction process and ultimately affecteconomic growth. Obstructing development or damaging developmentinfrastructures are used by warring parties as their strategies. Countriesrecovering from war need to revive the development process. Therefore,post-conflict reconstruction and development is considered as oneof the fundamental pillars of peace and stability (Upreti 2009). Violentconflict and development are often inversely related or causing negativeeffects to each other. When delivery of development fails to meet thelivelihood needs of people, social tension and violent conflict is mostlikely. If development fails to address inequality and discrimination,1South Asia Regional Coordinator, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR North-South); bupreti@nccr.wlink.com.np129
Reconstruction and developmentit indirectly serves as a source of conflict and if development createsfurther inequality then social conflict becomes eminent. Development istherefore both the means of peace and source of conflict. Incidence andfrequencies of violent conflicts in the least developed countries are someof the instances. African conflict cases have demonstrated that povertyand extreme inequalities are closely linked to the real or perceivedoppression of certain groups (Upreti 2009). Therefore, addressing unequaland discriminatory root causes both horizontally and vertically is vital toensure both development goals and conflict sensitivity. However, nonviolentconflict is an inherent and often essential part of developmentprocess, as it strengthens capacity of a society to manage differences anddisputes by providing creativity for social change. Hence, developmentinterventions should not suppress non-violent conflict but should allowdeveloping and fostering its expression in a constructive, non-violent andcreative manner.2. Framework of post-conflict developmentDevelopment related experiences and lessons from war-torn countriessuch as Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan and Somaliareveal that post-conflict development is sensitive, complicated andespecial. It has to mitigate impacts/effects of violent conflict but it is agradual process taking time. Large number of aid agencies such as bilateraldonors, multi-lateral agencies like banks, INGOs, UN agencies and charityorganisations support post-conflict development in war-torn countries.Their interests, priorities, aims, working procedures and approachesare often contradictory and different. Therefore, proper coordination,monitoring and coherence in the development priority of the concernednation are extremely important. Post-conflict development needs tomove beyond conventional areas of development programmes and has todeal with new issues such as environmental security, combating rural andurban crimes, dealing with small arms control, community security etc.The existing development policy and regulatory frameworks, institutionalarrangements and mind-set of key decision makers are not conducivewith the delivery of development that meets public expectations. Hence,new vision, strategies and operational modalities are needed to meet thechallenges. Therefore, fundamental restructuring of the developmentsector is essential to meet the people’s expectation at the time of postconflictsituation.130
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Preface and acknowledgementState bu
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Chapter 13 Reconciliation and reint
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Post-conflict state buildingdebated
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Post-conflict state buildingOthers
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Post-conflict state buildinglead to
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Post-conflict state buildingboundar
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Post-conflict state buildingThe dev
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Post-conflict state buildingReferen
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Chapter2Conceptual framework forpos
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The Remake of a StateThe first and
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.2 Com
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.4 Int
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The Remake of a StateDealing with t
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.8 Fac
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The Remake of a Statescience and in
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The Remake of a StateKapilvastu dis
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The Remake of a State2.7.3 Controll
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The Remake of a Statetemporary. The
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.11 Co
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2.8 International relations and for
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The Remake of a StateThough state e
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The Remake of a StateThese mismatch
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The Remake of a StateUpreti BR Nepa
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Chapter3Private sector in post-conf
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The Remake of a StateDuring the pas
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The Remake of a StateThe data prese
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The Remake of a State5. Foreign dir
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The Remake of a Stateaid, people at
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The Remake of a StateThe SLF campai
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The Remake of a Stateis a widesprea
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The Remake of a Stateoptions for th
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The Remake of a StateThe World Bank
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Chapter4Addressing poverty andpromo
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The Remake of a Stateof 1990 decide
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The Remake of a Statewidened gap be
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The Remake of a Stategiven for cate
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The Remake of a Statecommunity fore
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The Remake of a StateBox 4.4 Rajaya
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The Remake of a Statecoaching and s
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Page 96 and 97: The Remake of a StateReferencesBenn
Page 98 and 99: The Remake of a StatePokharel BK. 1
Page 100 and 101: Chapter5Sustainable tourism and pos
Page 102 and 103: 2. Theoretical backgroundThe Remake
Page 104 and 105: The Remake of a StateFigure 5.1 Hol
Page 106 and 107: The Remake of a Statenation from to
Page 108 and 109: The Remake of a Statein the Nationa
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Page 112 and 113: The Remake of a Stateforeign curren
Page 114 and 115: The Remake of a StateFigure 5.2 Ins
Page 116 and 117: The Remake of a StateYearTable 5.1
Page 118 and 119: The Remake of a Statethe nation but
Page 120 and 121: The Remake of a StateFrance L. 2006
Page 122 and 123: The Remake of a StateSNV Nepal. 200
Page 124 and 125: Chapter6Forestland reform:Transferr
Page 126 and 127: The Remake of a Statestatus of Nepa
Page 128 and 129: The Remake of a Statethe essential
Page 130 and 131: The Remake of a Statedevoted to sho
Page 132 and 133: The Remake of a Stateto be an inter
Page 134 and 135: The Remake of a Statenatural resour
Page 136 and 137: The Remake of a StateWhen there is
Page 138 and 139: The Remake of a StateBromley DW. 19
Page 140 and 141: The Remake of a StateNagendra H, Pa
Page 144 and 145: The Remake of a StatePost-conflict
Page 146 and 147: The Remake of a State6. Focus on pr
Page 148 and 149: The Remake of a State3.1 Phases of
Page 150 and 151: The Remake of a State3.5 Reconstruc
Page 152 and 153: The Remake of a Stateensure reachin
Page 154 and 155: The Remake of a StateFigure 7.2 Con
Page 156 and 157: The Remake of a StatePolitical stab
Page 158 and 159: The Remake of a Statemanual, crisis
Page 160 and 161: The Remake of a Statepeace and deve
Page 162 and 163: The Remake of a StateUpreti BR. 200
Page 164 and 165: Chapter8Addressing land-baseddiscri
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Page 168 and 169: The Remake of a Stateand unintended
Page 170 and 171: 3. Land-based discrimination and vi
Page 172 and 173: The Remake of a Statefixed period.
Page 174 and 175: The Remake of a Statetended to rein
Page 176 and 177: The Remake of a Stateof feudal and
Page 178 and 179: 8. ConclusionThe Remake of a StateL
Page 180 and 181: Chapter9The forgotten forces:The ro
Page 182 and 183: The Remake of a StateSuch labour mi
Page 184 and 185: The Remake of a Statefeelings of th
Page 186 and 187: The Remake of a StateData from DoFE
Page 188 and 189: The Remake of a StateThe socio-econ
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The Remake of a Statemodalities of
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The Remake of a Statein an individu
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The Remake of a Statewho go to Indi
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The Remake of a StateStudies have s
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The Remake of a Statetrade and prov
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The Remake of a StateThe next vital
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The Remake of a StateSofranko AJ, I
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Chapter10Militarisation of the yout
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The Remake of a StateThe concept of
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The Remake of a StateIf we take acc
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The Remake of a Stateoffenders beli
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The Remake of a Statenot have been
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The Remake of a Statezero tolerance
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The Remake of a StateHence, during
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The Remake of a Stateto convince th
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The Remake of a StatePathak, B. 200
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Chapter11The post-conflict Trojan h
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The Remake of a Statestone to defin
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The Remake of a Stateactivity patte
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The Remake of a Stateof intelligenc
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The Remake of a StateBox 11.1 CRV s
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The Remake of a Statecontrary to co
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The Remake of a Statecountry in thi
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7.1 Small armsThe Remake of a State
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7.5 Myths and misconceptionsThe Rem
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The Remake of a Statethe government
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The Remake of a StateIncreasing pol
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The Remake of a Statepart of the we
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The Remake of a Statepower, apoliti
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The Remake of a StateKantipur. 2008
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The Remake of a StateWilson JQ, Kel
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Chapter12Proliferation of small arm
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The Remake of a StateMinister 4 hig
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The Remake of a Statearmaments cost
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The Remake of a StateFigure 12.1 Va
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The Remake of a Statesevere problem
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The Remake of a Statecollective fra
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The Remake of a Stateto the public.
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The Remake of a State3.6.4 Border m
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The Remake of a StateIANSA [Interna
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Chapter13Reconciliation andreintegr
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The Remake of a Statestrengthening
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The Remake of a Statethe relationsh
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The Remake of a StateThe compositio
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The Remake of a Statefrequently. Of
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The Remake of a StateThe participan
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The Remake of a Stateenvironment, p
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The Remake of a StateHence, engagin
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The Remake of a Stategiving respons
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The Remake of a Statea) Verificatio
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The Remake of a State• Criminal p
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The Remake of a Staterehabilitation
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The Remake of a StateBarron M. 1996
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The Remake of a StateTutu D. 1999.
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Chapter14Contradiction and duality:
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The Remake of a Statedomestic polit
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The Remake of a Statequite a bit of
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The Remake of a StateIdeological co
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The Remake of a Statechange. Democr
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The Remake of a Stateagainst the ru
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The Remake of a Statehas to update
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The Remake of a StateContradictions
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The Remake of a Statethe usual rule
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Chapter15The long and winding road
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The Remake of a Stateof ethnic and
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The Remake of a Stateactors current
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About the editorsBishnu Raj Upreti
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