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The Remake of a StateWhen there is no full ‘bundle of property rights’ given to communities,there will be less scope to ensure rights for citizens to access the forestsector benefits unless there is a strong redistribution mechanism. In mostcases, though the country is rich in forest coverage, the state is the soleowner, sole manager and sole user that provide not much space andopportunities for inclusion and equitable benefit sharing across differentactors and groups. Thus lack of (secured) property rights is the main andforemost barrier to inclusion in forestry sector in Nepal. This factor shouldbe taken into account in state building and restructuring process.Just as in the case of farm land ownership, the rights of decision-makingregarding forest land, i.e. ownership over forest land of the communities,rests on several interconnected arguments such as welfare, efficiency,equality and empowerment (see Agarwal 1999 for details). The peoplewho are most dependent on forest in Nepal for their survival are forestdwellers, the poorest groups and other socially excluded caste groups.Nepal is home for 103 ethnic and tribal groups who live in forest, useforests for basic needs and survival economy such as shelter, food, clothsand fuel. Many indigenous and tribal people like Raute, Chepang, Kusunda,Bote and Majhi have a special relationship with forests. It is where theylive, and have lived for generations. Some indigenous groups like Sherpafrom high hills and mountain areas are pastoralists and depend on accessto grazing land for their survival. For many poor, forests provide diversityto the economy, security in times of cash and food shortage in the villageeconomy. The traditional knowledge related to forest and bio-diversityuse and management that the poor, indigenous people and womenpossess has a spiritual value. Lack of ownership over and loss of accessto the forests, which is their ancestral land, threaten their survival asan individual, a community and a group. Further, the regulated accesswithout any decision-making makes them disempowered.Communities which may simultaneously display aspects of group solidarity,unity and shared objectives with respect to perceived threat from thestate and outside world also manifest internal stresses, frictions andconflicts arising from inequalities in power, status, economic and socialstrengths (Doornbos et al. 2000; Rai Paudyal 2008). Community ownershipand engagement provide space for local and indigenous communities forsecured livelihoods, innovation and experimentation through continuousforest-people interaction and help find ways of making community ownedand managed regime more robust, sustainable and equitable. Recognisingproperty rights enable and empower them to invest on such resources123
Forestland reformwith ownership feeling, innovations, mutual trust and solidarity. In thissense, the issue of community property rights is an important issue anda pre-requisite even from the view point of conflict management, socialjustice, peace and state building.To conclude, in the past, the state with autocratic regime consolidated itspower and gained property rights over forest land through constitutionalprovision, legislation, organisational instruments and armed forces. Thissituation should end and property rights to close by forests should behanded over to local communities.ReferencesAbel NOJ, Blaikie PM. 1988. Managing Common Property Resources in RuralDevelopment: the Case of Zimbabwe and Botswana. Norwich: OverseasDevelopment Group, University of East Anglia, UK.Acharya KP, Adhikari J, Khanal D. 2008. Forest tenure regimes and their impacton livelihoods in Nepal. Journal of Forest and Livelihoods 7(1):36-48.Agarwal A. 1999. A Field of One’s Own, Gender and Land Rights in South Asia.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Agrawal A, Ostrom E. 2001. Collective Action, Property rights andDecentralization in Resource Use in India and Nepal. Politics andSociety 29(4):485-511.Arnold JEM, Stewart WC. 1989. Common Property Resource Management in India.Report to the India Agriculture Division of the World Bank. WashingtonDC: The World Bank.Berkes F, editor. 1989. Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community basedSustainable Development. London: Belhaven Press.Berkes F, Farvar T. 1989. Introduction and Overview. In: Berkes F, editor. CommonProperty Resources: Ecology and Community based SustainableDevelopment. London: Belhaven Press.Berkes F, Feeny D, McCay BJ, Acheson JM. 1989. The Benefits of the Commons.Nature. 340:91-3.Brett EA. 1988. Adjustment and the state: The problem of administrative reform.IDS Bulletin 19(4):4-11.Bromley DW, editor. 1992. Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice and Policy.Sanfrancisco, California: ICS Press.124
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Preface and acknowledgementState bu
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Chapter 13 Reconciliation and reint
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Post-conflict state buildingdebated
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Post-conflict state buildingOthers
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Post-conflict state buildinglead to
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Post-conflict state buildingboundar
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Post-conflict state buildingThe dev
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Post-conflict state buildingReferen
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Chapter2Conceptual framework forpos
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The Remake of a StateThe first and
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.2 Com
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.4 Int
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The Remake of a StateDealing with t
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.8 Fac
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The Remake of a Statescience and in
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The Remake of a StateKapilvastu dis
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The Remake of a State2.7.3 Controll
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The Remake of a Statetemporary. The
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The Remake of a StateFigure 2.11 Co
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2.8 International relations and for
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The Remake of a StateThough state e
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The Remake of a StateThese mismatch
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The Remake of a StateUpreti BR Nepa
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Chapter3Private sector in post-conf
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The Remake of a StateDuring the pas
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The Remake of a StateThe data prese
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The Remake of a State5. Foreign dir
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The Remake of a Stateaid, people at
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The Remake of a StateThe SLF campai
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The Remake of a Stateis a widesprea
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The Remake of a Stateoptions for th
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The Remake of a StateThe World Bank
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Chapter4Addressing poverty andpromo
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The Remake of a Stateof 1990 decide
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The Remake of a Statewidened gap be
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The Remake of a Stategiven for cate
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Page 90 and 91: The Remake of a Statecoaching and s
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Page 96 and 97: The Remake of a StateReferencesBenn
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Page 100 and 101: Chapter5Sustainable tourism and pos
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Page 116 and 117: The Remake of a StateYearTable 5.1
Page 118 and 119: The Remake of a Statethe nation but
Page 120 and 121: The Remake of a StateFrance L. 2006
Page 122 and 123: The Remake of a StateSNV Nepal. 200
Page 124 and 125: Chapter6Forestland reform:Transferr
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Page 128 and 129: The Remake of a Statethe essential
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Page 134 and 135: The Remake of a Statenatural resour
Page 138 and 139: The Remake of a StateBromley DW. 19
Page 140 and 141: The Remake of a StateNagendra H, Pa
Page 142 and 143: Chapter7Reconstruction anddevelopme
Page 144 and 145: The Remake of a StatePost-conflict
Page 146 and 147: The Remake of a State6. Focus on pr
Page 148 and 149: The Remake of a State3.1 Phases of
Page 150 and 151: The Remake of a State3.5 Reconstruc
Page 152 and 153: The Remake of a Stateensure reachin
Page 154 and 155: The Remake of a StateFigure 7.2 Con
Page 156 and 157: The Remake of a StatePolitical stab
Page 158 and 159: The Remake of a Statemanual, crisis
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Page 168 and 169: The Remake of a Stateand unintended
Page 170 and 171: 3. Land-based discrimination and vi
Page 172 and 173: The Remake of a Statefixed period.
Page 174 and 175: The Remake of a Statetended to rein
Page 176 and 177: The Remake of a Stateof feudal and
Page 178 and 179: 8. ConclusionThe Remake of a StateL
Page 180 and 181: Chapter9The forgotten forces:The ro
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Page 184 and 185: The Remake of a Statefeelings of th
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The Remake of a StateData from DoFE
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The Remake of a StateThe socio-econ
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The Remake of a Statecan Nepal gene
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The Remake of a Statemodalities of
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The Remake of a Statein an individu
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The Remake of a Statewho go to Indi
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The Remake of a StateStudies have s
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The Remake of a Statetrade and prov
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The Remake of a StateThe next vital
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The Remake of a StateSofranko AJ, I
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Chapter10Militarisation of the yout
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The Remake of a StateThe concept of
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The Remake of a StateIf we take acc
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The Remake of a Stateoffenders beli
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The Remake of a Statenot have been
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The Remake of a Statezero tolerance
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The Remake of a StateHence, during
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The Remake of a Stateto convince th
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The Remake of a StatePathak, B. 200
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Chapter11The post-conflict Trojan h
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The Remake of a Statestone to defin
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The Remake of a Stateactivity patte
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The Remake of a Stateof intelligenc
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The Remake of a StateBox 11.1 CRV s
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The Remake of a Statecontrary to co
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The Remake of a Statecountry in thi
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7.1 Small armsThe Remake of a State
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7.5 Myths and misconceptionsThe Rem
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The Remake of a Statethe government
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The Remake of a StateIncreasing pol
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The Remake of a Statepart of the we
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The Remake of a Statepower, apoliti
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The Remake of a StateKantipur. 2008
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The Remake of a StateWilson JQ, Kel
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Chapter12Proliferation of small arm
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The Remake of a StateMinister 4 hig
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The Remake of a Statearmaments cost
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The Remake of a StateFigure 12.1 Va
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The Remake of a Statesevere problem
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The Remake of a Statecollective fra
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The Remake of a Stateto the public.
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The Remake of a State3.6.4 Border m
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The Remake of a StateIANSA [Interna
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Chapter13Reconciliation andreintegr
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The Remake of a Statestrengthening
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The Remake of a Statethe relationsh
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The Remake of a StateThe compositio
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The Remake of a Statefrequently. Of
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The Remake of a StateThe participan
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The Remake of a Stateenvironment, p
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The Remake of a StateHence, engagin
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The Remake of a Stategiving respons
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The Remake of a Statea) Verificatio
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The Remake of a State• Criminal p
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The Remake of a Staterehabilitation
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The Remake of a StateBarron M. 1996
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The Remake of a StateTutu D. 1999.
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Chapter14Contradiction and duality:
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The Remake of a Statedomestic polit
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The Remake of a Statequite a bit of
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The Remake of a StateIdeological co
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The Remake of a Statechange. Democr
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The Remake of a Stateagainst the ru
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The Remake of a Statehas to update
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The Remake of a StateContradictions
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The Remake of a Statethe usual rule
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Chapter15The long and winding road
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The Remake of a Stateof ethnic and
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The Remake of a Stateactors current
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About the editorsBishnu Raj Upreti
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