Community-Based Operations Research - Humanitarian Logistics
Community-Based Operations Research - Humanitarian Logistics Community-Based Operations Research - Humanitarian Logistics
Johnson and Smilowitz: Community-Based Operations ResearchTutorialsin OperationsResearch, c○ 2007 INFORMS 119service delivery. Such courses could leverage the considerable teaching resources associatedwith spreadsheet-based management science rather than specialized mathematical modelingapplications.Also, we recommend that professional societies increase the returns to community-basedOR research and practice. This could be done by encouraging workshops and conferencesessions devoted to community-based OR, greater awareness within the profession of publicpolicy/equity implications of models and applications, more support for cross-disciplinaryresearch that provides an evidentiary basis for community-based OR models, and increasedemphasis on international public-sector applications of community-based OR.There are many potential application areas for community-based OR. These include:location of businesses and services in low-income, especially urban and predominately minoritycommunities, such as financial services for the unbanked; decision-support systems forsystem-level redesign for mass transit, public schools, and senior services; and communityrevitalization through reuse of vacant lots and abandoned buildings. Finally, given theubiquity of the Internet, and recent decreases in the “digital divide” across race, ethnic,and income categories, there are opportunities for community-focused individual decisionapplications that use the Internet as a facilitator. Examples of these applications includeidentifying health and financial impacts of alternative food purchase strategies, especiallyfor low-income families, behavior change for energy reduction, and matching needs andlocations of low- and moderate-income families seeking family-support services with serviceproviders.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Louis Luangkesorn at RAND Corporation, for initial inspiration toexplore this domain in a formal way, and Janet Hunziker at the National Academy of Engineeringfor providing opportunities to explore this area more deeply. They also thank PhilipAkol, Robert Lien, and Patrick Mallory for their research assistance and Mark Daskin, EdKaplan, and Julie Swann for valuable literature references. This tutorial benefited greatlyfrom the comments of Al Blumstein, two anonymous reviewers, and the editor of this volume.This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Faculty Early CareerDevelopment (CAREER) Program, (CAREER: Public-Sector Decision Modeling for FacilityLocation and Service Delivery (Michael Johnson) and CAREER: Strategies to ImproveGoods Movement: Operational Choice in Routing (Karen Smilowitz)).References[1] K.Aaby, J.W.Herrmann, C.S.Jordan, M.Treadwell, and K.Wood.Montgomery county’s(Maryland) public health service uses operations research to plan emergency mass dispensingand vaccination clinics. Interfaces 36(6):569–579, 2006.[2] R.L.Ackoff.A black ghetto’s research on a university.Operations Research 18:761–771, 1970.[3] R.L.Ackoff.The future of operational research is past.Journal of the Operational ResearchSociety 30:93–104, 1979.[4] America’s Second Harvest.Face of hunger in your community.http://www.secondharvest.org/who we help/hunger facts.html, 2005.[5] S.M.Bajgier, H.D.Maragah, M.S.Saccucci, A.Verzilli, and V.R.Prybutok.Introducingstudents to community operations research by using a city neighborhood as a living laboratory.Operations Research 39(5):701–709, 1991.[6] J.Baker Werth.Getting to the bottom line in local government: How San Diego county’shealth and human services agency uses decision support techniques to help agency executivesmake better decisions. The Public Manager 32(2):21–24, 2003.[7] B.Balcik and B.Beamon.Distribution network design for humanitarian relief chains.Workingpaper, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 2005.[8] E.Bardach.A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis:The Eightfold Path to More EffectiveProblem Solving.Chatham House Publishers, Seven Bridges Press, New York, 2000.
Johnson and Smilowitz: Community-Based Operations Research120 Tutorialsin OperationsResearch, c○ 2007 INFORMS[9] J.J.Bartholdi, R.L.Collins, L.Platzman, and W.H.Warden.A minimal technology routingsystem for meals on wheels. Interfaces 13(3):1–8, 1983.[10] B.Beamon and S.Kotleba.Inventory modelling for complex emergencies in humanitarian reliefoperations. International Journal of Logistics 9(1):1–18, 2006.[11] A.Blumstein.An OR missionary’s visits to the criminal justice system.Operations Research55(2):14–23, 2007.[12] A.Blumstein, F.P.Rivara, and R.Rosenfeld.The rise and decline of homicide—and why.Annual Review of Public Health 21:505–541, 2000.[13] S.Bodily.Police sector design incorporating preferences of interest groups for equality andefficiency. Management Science 24(12):1301–1313, 1978.[14] R.Bowerman.A multi-objective optimization approach to urban school bus routing: Formulationand solution method. Transportation Research A 29A(2):107–123, 1995.[15] J.P.Brans and P.Vincke.A preference ranking organisation method (the PROMETHEEmethod for multiple criteria decision making). Management Science 31(6):647–656, 1985.[16] D.E.Brown and H.Liu.Criminal incident prediction using a point-pattern-based densitymodel. International Journal of Forecasting 19(4):603–622, 2003.[17] Bureau of Justice Statistics.Prison and jail inmates at midyear 2005.U.S.Department ofJustice, Office of Justice Programs. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/pjim05.pdf, 2006.[18] A.Campbell, D.Vandenbussche, and W.Hermann.Routing in relief efforts.Working paper,University of Iowa, Ames, IA, 2006.[19] P.B.Checkland.The application of systems thinking in a real-world problem situation: Theemergence of soft systems methodology.M.C.Jackson and P.Keys, eds.New Directions inManagement Science.Gower, Aldershot, 87–96, 1987.[20] M.C.T.Chou and H.Zheng.Process flexibility revisited: Graph expander and food-from-theheart.Workingpaper, Business School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2005.[21] E.Erkut and S.R.Moran.Locating obnoxious facilities in the public sector: An application ofthe analytic hierarchy process to municipal landfill siting decisions. Socio-Economic PlanningSciences 25(2):89–102, 1991.[22] E.Erkut and S.Neuman.A multiobjective model for locating undesirable facilities.Annals ofOperations Research 40:209–227, 1992.[23] D.Erlenkotter.Facility location with price-sensitive demands: Private, public, and quasipublic.Management Science 24(4):378–386, 1977.[24] G.A.Forgionne.Forecasting army housing supply with a DSS-delivered econometric model.Omega 24(5):561–576, 1996.[25] P.Francis, K.Smilowitz, and M.Tzur.The period vehicle routing problem with service choice.Transportation Science 40(4):439–454, 2006.[26] S.I.Gass.Public sector analysis and operations research/management science.S.M.Pollock,M.H.Rothkopf, and A.Barnett, eds.Operations Research in the Public Sector.North-Holland,Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 23–46, 1994.[27] B.Gates.Remarks.Washington learns educational summit.November 13, Seattle, WA,http://www.gates-foundation.org/MediaCenter/Speeches/Co-ChairSpeeches/BillgSpeeches/BGSpeechWashingtonLearns-061113.htm, 2006.[28] W.Gorr, M.Johnson, and S.Roehrig.Facility location model for home-delivered services:Application to the meals-on-wheels program. Journal of Geographic Systems 3:181–197, 2001.[29] Greater Chicago Food Depository and America’s Second Harvest.The national hunger study:Chicagoprofile.Chicago,IL.http://www.chicagosfoodbank.org/site/DocServer/HungerStudy 9.06.pdf?docID=301, 2005.[30] S.R.Gregg, J.M.Mulvey, and J.Wolpert.A stochastic planning system for siting and closingpublic service facilities. Environment and Planning A 20:83–98, 1988.[31] R.Gregory, H.Kunreuther, D.Easterling, and K.Richards.Incentives policies to site hazardouswaste facilities. Risk Analysis 11(4):667–675, 1991.[32] P.M.Griffin, C.R.Sherrer, and J.L.Swann.Optimization of community health center locationsand service offerings with statistical need estimation.Working paper, Georgia Instituteof Technology, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 2006.[33] P.M.Griffin, C.R.Sherrer, and J.L.Swann.Access through community health centers orcoverage through medicaid: A geographical and mathematical analysis of the State of Georgia.Working paper, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Industrial and Systems Engineering,Atlanta, GA, 2007.
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Johnson and Smilowitz: <strong>Community</strong>-<strong>Based</strong> <strong>Operations</strong> <strong>Research</strong>Tutorialsin <strong>Operations</strong><strong>Research</strong>, c○ 2007 INFORMS 119service delivery. Such courses could leverage the considerable teaching resources associatedwith spreadsheet-based management science rather than specialized mathematical modelingapplications.Also, we recommend that professional societies increase the returns to community-basedOR research and practice. This could be done by encouraging workshops and conferencesessions devoted to community-based OR, greater awareness within the profession of publicpolicy/equity implications of models and applications, more support for cross-disciplinaryresearch that provides an evidentiary basis for community-based OR models, and increasedemphasis on international public-sector applications of community-based OR.There are many potential application areas for community-based OR. These include:location of businesses and services in low-income, especially urban and predominately minoritycommunities, such as financial services for the unbanked; decision-support systems forsystem-level redesign for mass transit, public schools, and senior services; and communityrevitalization through reuse of vacant lots and abandoned buildings. Finally, given theubiquity of the Internet, and recent decreases in the “digital divide” across race, ethnic,and income categories, there are opportunities for community-focused individual decisionapplications that use the Internet as a facilitator. Examples of these applications includeidentifying health and financial impacts of alternative food purchase strategies, especiallyfor low-income families, behavior change for energy reduction, and matching needs andlocations of low- and moderate-income families seeking family-support services with serviceproviders.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Louis Luangkesorn at RAND Corporation, for initial inspiration toexplore this domain in a formal way, and Janet Hunziker at the National Academy of Engineeringfor providing opportunities to explore this area more deeply. They also thank PhilipAkol, Robert Lien, and Patrick Mallory for their research assistance and Mark Daskin, EdKaplan, and Julie Swann for valuable literature references. This tutorial benefited greatlyfrom the comments of Al Blumstein, two anonymous reviewers, and the editor of this volume.This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Faculty Early CareerDevelopment (CAREER) Program, (CAREER: Public-Sector Decision Modeling for FacilityLocation and Service Delivery (Michael Johnson) and CAREER: Strategies to ImproveGoods Movement: Operational Choice in Routing (Karen Smilowitz)).References[1] K.Aaby, J.W.Herrmann, C.S.Jordan, M.Treadwell, and K.Wood.Montgomery county’s(Maryland) public health service uses operations research to plan emergency mass dispensingand vaccination clinics. Interfaces 36(6):569–579, 2006.[2] R.L.Ackoff.A black ghetto’s research on a university.<strong>Operations</strong> <strong>Research</strong> 18:761–771, 1970.[3] R.L.Ackoff.The future of operational research is past.Journal of the Operational <strong>Research</strong>Society 30:93–104, 1979.[4] America’s Second Harvest.Face of hunger in your community.http://www.secondharvest.org/who we help/hunger facts.html, 2005.[5] S.M.Bajgier, H.D.Maragah, M.S.Saccucci, A.Verzilli, and V.R.Prybutok.Introducingstudents to community operations research by using a city neighborhood as a living laboratory.<strong>Operations</strong> <strong>Research</strong> 39(5):701–709, 1991.[6] J.Baker Werth.Getting to the bottom line in local government: How San Diego county’shealth and human services agency uses decision support techniques to help agency executivesmake better decisions. The Public Manager 32(2):21–24, 2003.[7] B.Balcik and B.Beamon.Distribution network design for humanitarian relief chains.Workingpaper, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 2005.[8] E.Bardach.A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis:The Eightfold Path to More EffectiveProblem Solving.Chatham House Publishers, Seven Bridges Press, New York, 2000.
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