Linux System Administration Recipes A Problem-Solution Approach

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CHAPTER 9 ■ WORKING WITH TEXT IN FILESIf you want to change the Mode_switch key (or any other key), put a line in the file ~/.Xmodmap likethis:keycode 119 = Mode_switch Mode_switch119 is the F12 key.Next, take a look at your existing keyboard map, with xmodmap -pk | less. The output will start off abit like this:There are 4 KeySyms per KeyCode; KeyCodes range from 8 to 255.KeyCode Keysym (Keysym) ...Value Value (Name) ...8 0x0061 (a) 0x0041 (A) 0x00e5 (aring) 0x00c5 (Aring)9 0x0073 (s) 0x0053 (S) 0x00df (ssharp) 0x00cd (Iacute)10 0x0064 (d) 0x0044 (D) 0x08ef (partialderivative) 0x00ce(Icircumflex)11 0x0066 (f) 0x0046 (F) 0x08f6 (function) 0x00cf (Idiaeresis)12 0x0068 (h) 0x0048 (H) 0x01ff (abovedot) 0x00d3 (Oacute)The first column is the keycode (in decimal, as discussed earlier). The remaining columns give thefour-digit hex code of the symbol that will be entered via this key being pressed in various circumstances(and then the actual name of the symbol in brackets). The first column is just the key, the second is key-Shift, the third is key-Mode_switch (usually Alt-Gr, as discussed earlier), and the fourth is key-Mode_switch-Shift.So here, my A key has keycode 8, which will produce a on its own, A with Shift, å with Alt-Gr, and Åwith Alt-Gr+Shift.OK, let’s say that we want to change one of these settings: I want my d key (keycode 10) to produce adegree symbol (°) when hit together with Alt-Gr. Create or edit a file called ~/.Xmodmap that looks like this:keysym d = d NoSymbol 0x00B0NoSymbolThis sets the key to produce d when hit on its own, nothing when hit with Shift (so the existingkeymap will apply instead, and you’ll get D), ° when hit with Alt-Gr, and whatever the existing keymapsays when hit with Alt-Gr+Shift (in this case, ī). Load this keyfile with the following, and give it a go:xmodmap ~/.XmodmapIn this case, you could also replace 0x00B0 with the name of the symbol (degree) for the same result,which might be more readable. Tables of UTF-8 hex codes are available online.198Download at WoweBook.Com
CHAPTER 9 ■ WORKING WITH TEXT IN FILES■ Note gdm/xdm/etc should source ~/.Xmodmap on login. If you find that your keymap isn’t available onlogin and you have to load it manually with xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap, add that command to your ~/.bashrc or~/.bash_profile so it will run automatically. This has the added advantage that it’ll also be run when you log invia ssh. (This will be true only if using ssh -X, that is, if hooking into the X server. Otherwise, you’ll need tochange the console keymap.)Another input method for UTF-8 is digraphs, as supported by the program screen. Hit Ctrl-A andthen Ctrl-V, and you’ll get the prompt Enter digraph. Various digraphs are available for screen(unfortunately you can’t add your own). For example, ?? will give you an upside-down question mark (¿).Alternatively, you can use U and the hex code to enter any arbitrary Unicode character. You may findthat this doesn’t work for you; this is probably because of a lack of support in the terminal programthrough which you’re running screen.9-5b. Entering UTF-8 Characters in VimIn Vim, you can enter UTF-8 characters using their hex code, in a similar way to what’s available withGTK+. For example, the following will give you a Latin g with a cedilla over it (ģ):Ctrl-V u 0123However, an easier mode (since vim supports UTF-8 natively) is to set up your X system to supportentering UTF-8 characters. Then vim will simply handle them correctly as they’re passed in. See theprevious recipe for this. The hex code method may be useful if you only occasionally want a particularunusual character (that is, one not in your native character set).You can also use digraphs, which enable you to type a character, backspace, and then anothercharacter and have a UTF-8 character generated. To use these, put this line in your ~/.vimrc file:set digraphTo do it temporarily, type :set digraph in command mode in vim. To show the digraphs you haveset, type this in command mode::digraphsTyping (for example) U " will give you Ü.You can set your own digraphs using this::dig[raphs] {char1}{char2} {number} ...where number is the decimal representation of the character you want. Use this on the vim commandline, or add it to your ~/.vimrc file.199Download at WoweBook.Com
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Contents■About the Author .......
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■ CONTENTS3-7. Writing a Nagios P
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■ CONTENTS■Chapter 8: Using the
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■ CONTENTSAbout the Author■Juli
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■ CONTENTSAcknowledgmentsMany tha
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■ CONTENTSIntroductionThis book i
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■ INTRODUCTIONDownloading the Cod
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C H A P T E R 1■ ■ ■Saving Yo
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CHAPTER 1 ■ SAVING YOURSELF EFFOR
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C H A P T E R 2■ ■ ■Centraliz
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CHAPTER 2 ■ CENTRALIZING YOUR NET
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C H A P T E R 3■ ■ ■Monitorin
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CHAPTER 3 ■ MONITORING AND UPDATI
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C H A P T E R 4■ ■ ■Taking Ba
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CHAPTER 4 ■ TAKING BACKUPS AND MA
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C H A P T E R 5■ ■ ■Working w
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CHAPTER 5 ■ WORKING WITH FILESYST
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C H A P T E R 6■ ■ ■Securing
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CHAPTER 6 ■ SECURING YOUR SYSTEMS
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Page 191 and 192: C H A P T E R 8■ ■ ■Making Be
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Page 223 and 224: C H A P T E R 10■ ■ ■Things G
Page 225 and 226: CHAPTER 10 ■ THINGS GO IN, THINGS
Page 233 and 234: C H A P T E R 11■ ■ ■Tracking
Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 11 ■ TRACKING DOWN BUGSTh
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Page 251 and 252: C H A P T E R 12■ ■ ■Managing
Page 253 and 254: CHAPTER 12 ■ MANAGING TIME AND PE
Page 267 and 268: APPENDIX■ ■ ■Perl TipsSee rec
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APPENDIX ■ PERL TIPS• Date::Par
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APPENDIX ■ PERL TIPSPerl Syntax N
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■ ■ ■Index■Symbols$CDPATH,
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■ INDEXenscript option (printing)
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■ INDEX■NNagiosadding hosts to,
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■ INDEXsyslogcentralized logging
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