68 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesNelson Ch.R. and Polsser Ch.R., 1982. ‘Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time seriesSome evidence and implications‘. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10, 139–162.Nerlove M. and Kenneth F.W., 1966. ‘Use of the Durbin-Watson Statistic in Inappropriate Situations‘.Econometrica, 34, 235–238.OECD.StatsExtracts (no date) ‘GDP: Total, constant prices: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland,Hungary’, Wired at [Accessed 21st June 2008].OECD.StatsExtracts (no date) ‘Index of industrial production: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland,Hungary’, Wired at [Accessed 21st June 2008].Perron P., 1989. ‘The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis’. Econometrica,57, 1361–1401.Perron P. and Ng S. 1994. ‘Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with GoodSize and Power’. Econometrica, 69, 1519–1554.Perron P., 1997. ‘Further Evidence on Breaking Trend Functions in Macroeconomic Variables’.Journal of Econometrics, 80, 355–385.Rudenbusch G.D., 1992. ‘Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series: a reexamination’.International Economic Review, 33, 661–680.Smyth R. and Inder B., 2003. ‘Is Chinese provincial real GDP per capita nonstationary? Evidencefrom multiple trend break unit root tests’. China Economic Review, 15, 1–24.Snowdon B. and Vane H., 2005: Modern Macroeconomics. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar PublishingLimited.Solow R.M., 1956. ‘A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth’. The Quarterly Journal ofEconomics, 70, 65–94.Zivot E. and Andrews D.W.K., 1992. ‘Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, andthe Unit-Root Hypothesis’. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10, 251–270.POLITYKA GOSPODARCZA W EUROPIE ŚRODKOWO-WSCHODNIEJ:KONSEKWENCJE PIERWIASTKÓW JEDNOSTKOWYCHStreszczenie. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie ekonometrycznego uzasadnienia dlapolityki gospodarczej w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej, w oparciu o badania stabilnościrealnego PKB i produkcji przemysłowej w Czechach, na Słowacji, w Polsce i na Węgrzech.Stabilność produkcji przemysłowej i PKB badana jest za pomocą testów pierwiastków jednostkowych.Test Dickey-Fullera (1979) wskazuje pierwiastek jednostkowy w przypadkuwszystkich czterech państw. W przypadku produkcji przemysłowej rezultaty są różne.Niemniej jednak, stacjonarność różnic PKB oznacza brak trendu deterministycznego PKB,w związku z czym w krótkim okresie nie następuje zwrot trendu. Głęboka i długa recesjasą nie tylko możliwe, ale nawet prawdopodobne. Tak więc działania polityki gospodarczejmogą być uznane za uzasadnione, ponieważ mają za zadanie pobudzenie gospodarki w celuodwrócenia recesji. Przedstawione opracowanie stanowi także rozszerzenie testów pierwiastkówjednostkowych w krajach postkomunistycznych.Słowa kluczowe: Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia, ekonomia klasyczna, keynesizm,stabilność produkcji, pierwiastek jednostkowyAccepted for print – Zaakceptowano do druku – 10.02.2011Acta Sci. Pol.
Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 69–81BUSINESS DEMOGRAPHY ISSUES AND EMPIRICALRESEARCH ON DYNAMICS OF ENTERPRISES’POPULATION IN POLANDAneta Ptak-ChmielewskaWarsaw School of EconomicsAbstract. Business demography allows to measure the performance of enterprises in economy.The case of a country in transition such as Poland is a very interesting one. Despitejoining the EU, there is still scarce and low quality data available. In fact, publications ofthe Central Statistical Office cover only firms registered in REGON (business register),which differs from the actual number of active enterprises. The number of active businessesrepresents about 60% of total registered firms. This study attempts to identify the mostimportant qualitative and quantitative factors determining births and deaths of enterprisesin the context of economic changes during the transition period. Due to limited access toadditional surveys the analysis mainly focuses on the available data and covers descriptiveanalysis based on demographic indicators. Most spectacular results show that the dynamicsof business population has been very low in recent years.Key words: business demography, enterprise population dynamics, enterprise birth rate,enterprise death rate, enterprise survivalINTRODUCTIONBusiness demography is a research discipline that refers to data collection and theanalysis of enterprise population dynamics. An enterprise can enter or leave a market asa result of different events. In many cases, the moment of an enterprise set up is strictlyconnected to its formal registration, whereas enterprise closure entails a deletion of itsrecord from a business register [Schmiemann, 2006, p. 11]. The problem is that newregistration is not always equal to a real start-up of a company. Similarly, the factual endof activity often takes place earlier than the deletion from the register. Data compiledfrom various countries appears to be additionally biased by differences in the rangeof observations. Some countries include self-employment in enterprise populationCorresponding author – Adres do korespondencji: Aneta Ptak-Chmielewska, Institute of Statisticsand Demography, Warsaw School of Economics, al. Niepodległości 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland,aptak@sgh.waw.pl
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The distribution of social security
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120 J. WiśniewskaEvery society can
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130 J. Wiśniewskainstitutional cos
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132 J. Wiśniewskaemployed in agric
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134 J. WiśniewskaLong term viabili
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Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 149-158LOCAL
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Local governance activities in supp
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Local governance activities in supp
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Local governance activities in supp
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Local governance activities in supp
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Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 159-169CHANG
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Changes in rural women’s movement
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Changes in rural women’s movement
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Changes in rural women’s movement
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Changes in rural women’s movement
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Changes in rural women’s movement
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Ewa SzymańskaTourism function of M