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56 E. Majewski, P. Sulewski, M. Raggi, D. ViaggiZRÓŻNICOWANIE MOŻLIWYCH REAKCJI ROLNIKÓW Z WYBRANYCHREGIONÓW UE NA ZMIANY WPRStreszczenie. Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie wyników analizy możliwych reakcjirolników na różne scenariusze wspólnej polityki rolnej. Deklaracje rolników dotyczącekontynuacji prowadzenia gospodarstwa i decyzji co do zmian w poziomie intensywnościprodukcji były zasadniczym przedmiotem badań. Badania przeprowadzono w wybranychregionach z kilku krajów UE w ramach projektu CAP-IRE. Dane zgromadzoną drogą wywiaduz rolnikami z wykorzystaniem kwestionariusza wywiadu. Uwzględniono dwa hipotetycznescenariusze polityki rolnej: Baseline, w którym założono kontynuację obecnejWPR, oraz Liberalny, w którym przyjęto wycofanie wszelkich form subsydiowania sektorarolnictwa. Test McNermana był głównym narzędziem statystycznym zastosowanymw analizie. Badania wykazały znaczące zróżnicowanie reakcji rolników w regionach UEreprezentowanych w projekcie. Przeciętnie, w całej zbiorowości przeważali rolnicy deklarującyzaprzestanie prowadzenia gospodarstw i wykazujący wieksze zainteresowaniedziałalnościami pozarolniczymi w warunkach scenariusza liberalnego, w porównaniu doscenariusza Baseline.Słowa kluczowe: wspólna polityka rolna, scenariusze WPR, kontynuacja gospodarowania,reakcja na zmiany WPRAccepted for print – Zaakceptowano do druku 17.02.2011Acta Sci. Pol.
Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 57–68ECONOMIC POLICY IN CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPE:UNIT ROOT CONSEQUENCESLukas Mazal, Kevin J. RowlesUniversity of Huddersfield, UKAbstract. This article aims to provide an econometric justification for economic policy inthe Central and Eastern European area by examining the stability of real GDP and industrialproduction in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Hungary. Stability of GDP andindustrial production is examined by unit root tests. The Dickey-Fuller (1979) unit roottest indicates unit root in case of all four outputs. In case of the industrial production, theresults are mixed. Nonetheless, difference stationarity of the GDP implies that there is nodeterministic time trend in GDP. Therefore, there is no short-run trend reversion. Deep andlong recessions are not only possible but also even likely. Thus, actions of economic policycan be regarded as justified because they are desirable to boost economy in order to reversethese recessions. This study can also be regarded as an extension of unit root tests to thepost communist countries.Key words: Central Eastern Europe, Classical Economics, Keynesianism, Stability of output,Unit rootINTRODUCTIONThe end of the Second World War in 1945 marked the beginning of more than fortyyears during which the European continent was divided by the ‘Iron Curtain’ and the twoparts progressed along different paths. Politically, economically, socially, and culturally,there seemed to be little to unite the divided Europe. However, in one area at least thereappeared to be a common development, namely the emergence of the state as the majoreconomic decision-maker in society. In Central Europe, the role of the state was determinedby socialist principles. Socialism required the state to own the means of productionand this would enable the authorities to develop the system of central planning. Withina few years of the emergence of Soviet hegemony, the socialist states had appropriatedthe means of production. There were some exceptions such as the development of Polishagriculture outside the collectives and limited private enterprise was tolerated in Hungaryafter the 1960s.Corresponding author – Adres do korespondencji: Lukas Mazal, e-mail: lucas.mazal@googlemail.com; Kevin J. Rowles, k.j.rowles@hud.ac.uk
Page 6 and 7: 6 A. Gawrońska, S. Paszkowskicultu
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Page 35 and 36: Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 35-43EDUCATI
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116 E. SzymańskaTable 3. Tourism v
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118 E. SzymańskaREFERENCESCoccossi
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120 J. WiśniewskaEvery society can
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122 J. WiśniewskaStatistical analy
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124 J. WiśniewskaCommon Agricultur
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128 J. Wiśniewskathe application o
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130 J. Wiśniewskainstitutional cos
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134 J. WiśniewskaLong term viabili
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Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 139-148INNOV
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Innovativeness of food production e
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Ewa SzymańskaTourism function of M
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