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38 S. Kalinowskichild’s problems – problemy dziecka17,328,6unsuccessful at entry exams – dziecko się niedostało811,1lack of money – brak środków pieniężnych41,352,9child’s sufficiently educated – dziecko osiągnęłowystarczający poziom edukacji2721,82004 20070 10 20 30 40 50 60Fig. 2. The causes of abandoning education by the youthRys. 2. Przyczyny niekontynuowania nauki przez młodzieżSource: Author’s own research – 2004 and 2007.Źródło: Badania własne.Relatively low income of people with lower education living in rural areas comparingto the urban population contribute to the so-called phenomenon of brain drain [Michalski2006], i.e. the migration of better-educated youth, both from rural to urban areas andabroad. Such state of affairs can be a source of trouble for the rural population in followingyears. The tendency for rural areas to be only inhabited by people with low incomes,as well as the unfavourable way of calculating educational grants and the lack of funds insmall schools, can result in a further deprivation of the youth of the opportunity for usingextracurricular classes. Research shows that even now, parents are forced to withdrawfrom private lessons for their children and extracurricular activities. However, it is advantageousthat the percentage of households which were unable to bear the burden withinthe last three years decreased by 5.7 and 2.6 percentage points respectively (Figure 3).Knowledge has become a good, subject to economic exchange and, therefore, it determinesthe material status of households. A lower level of education is conducive to earningrelatively lower incomes. It results from the unpublished CSO data that the peoplewith academic background earn incomes higher by a third and can manage disposable incomesof 1080 PLN. Secondary school graduates earn not more than PLN 743 (Figure 4).One can therefore assume that lower incomes result from an increased competitiveness inthis group and, hence, agreeing for lower earnings for doing any available job. However,as the economic situation improves, these conditions become subject to changes. Evennow, one can notice cases of rejecting employment when earnings do not meet expectations.Lack of money and low education level result in a kind of feedbacks. A low levelof education is conducive to earning low incomes, which, in turn, limits developmentopportunities of the youth. Children from rural schools, which rarely implement extendedcurricula, are usually worse educated than their urban peers. Moreover, they are forced towithdraw from extracurricular activities and choose less prestigious schools with lowerdemand, which eventually leads to further educational limitations. Therefore, it is advisableto work on creating a complex system of scholarships for the most skilled students,a preferential system of bank loans for poorer families, financed by the state. It is alsoActa Sci. Pol.
Education as an element of competitiveness of rural households in the Wielkopolskie... 39giving up child’s private lessons– rezygnacja z korepetycji dla dziecka– rejecting extracurricular activitiesrezygnacja z zajęć dodatkowych23,120,42328,8other educational limitations– inne ograniczenia edukacyjne– rejecting paid meals at schoolrezygnacja z płatnych posiłków w szkole14,51415,725,7–limiting tution feesograniczenie wpłat na szkołęwithdrawing the child from school– rezygnacja z posyłania dziecka do szkoły1,81,19,312,72004 20070 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Fig. 3. Educational limitations resulting from financial reasons in 2004 and 2007 (%)Rys. 3. Ograniczenia edukacyjne z przyczyn finansowych w roku 2004 i 2007 (w %)Source: Author’s own research.Źródło: Badania własne.120010008006004002000486,43478,49522,10742,84667,44689,901079,24no education –bezwykształceniaprimaryeducation –podstawowevocationaleducation –zasadniczezawodoweśredniegeneral secondaryeducation –ogólnokształcącemodern technicaleducation –średnie zawodowepost--coprehensive –policealneacademiceducation –wyższeFig. 4.Rys. 4.Source:Źródło:Disposable incomes depending on the level of education in rural areas of the WielkopolskieVoivodship (PLN per capita)Dochody rozporządzalne w zależności od poziomu wykształcenia w 2005 roku na obszarachwiejskich województwa wielkopolskiego (w zł/osobę)Author’s own calculations based on unpublished CSO data.Obliczenia własne na podstawie niepublikowanych danych GUS.inevitable to increase budget expenditure on human capital in order to prevent the phenomenonof ‘inheriting’ the parental professional status and repeating their educationalpatterns. Due to budgetary limitations, the state is obliged to create instruments enhancingpeople, including domestic and foreign investors, to invest in human capital.Less educated rural population have some difficulties with matching the conditions ofthe local labour market. Besides the fact that they agree to relatively lower wages, theyOeconomia 10 (1) 2011
Page 6 and 7: 6 A. Gawrońska, S. Paszkowskicultu
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Page 35 and 36: Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 35-43EDUCATI
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Table 1. Efficiency of real estate
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The effi ciency of selected real es
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112 E. Szymańskatroduced TFI which
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118 E. SzymańskaREFERENCESCoccossi
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120 J. WiśniewskaEvery society can
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124 J. WiśniewskaCommon Agricultur
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128 J. Wiśniewskathe application o
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Innovativeness of food production e
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Local governance activities in supp
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Changes in rural women’s movement
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Ewa SzymańskaTourism function of M
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