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160 M. ŻakWhile discussing changes that occurred in the rural women’s movement, it is necessaryto present the most important factors determining their activity. Firstly, the distinctionwithin the rural women’s movement itself should be made. It is a social movementwhich, at the same time, is one of the tendencies in women’s movement in general[Ślęczka 1999, Fuszara 2007]. The rural women’s activity is a social activity or, in otherwords, a civic activity. It can be defined as a sphere of public life reflected in various organizationaland legal forms. People acting in this sphere achieve various goals throughorganizational forms suggested by them [Szustek 2009].RURAL WOMEN’S SOCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SITUATIONIn spite of the fact that social family patterns have changed over the last two decadesand although the relations between spouses are more and more often based on partnershipand the education of women lasts longer, it is difficult for them to be a full-time employeeoutside the farm. Moreover, women take care of their children and other dependents (e.g.of the elder and disabled family members) [Sawicka 2005]. According to J. Sawicka, thewomen’s position is still influenced by the following factors: education, profession andincome. At the same time she pays attention to the fact that “most rural women do notmatch the traditional image of a rural woman because they make a considerable contributionto the family business” [Sawicka 2005].On the other hand, there still exists a division of activities that remain a women’sdomain and those reserved for men. There are two categories of decisions made in ruralfamilies: the first ones concern the agricultural production while the other apply to organizationof family life and running a household. This distinction suggests that the tasksare divided into male and female ones. For instance, women usually do not interfere inplanning the field works since they consider them to be men’s domain. It means theywithdraw from this area. However they would like to influence the decisions concerningthe household budget more often and therefore credit and commercial agreements are negotiatedand entered into by both spouses [Kurek 2006]. Thanks to these gradual changes,the relations in rural families are more often based on partnership. The additional factorsupporting the transformation of these relations is taking up a job by women outside thehousehold. By doing so their earnings contribute to family income [Kurek 2006].The approach to the need for rural women’s education is also changing. Education isperceived as a chance of development and self-realization. The rural women’s educationallevel is increasing particularly among young women. Nevertheless, rural women are stillworse educated in comparison with inhabitants of towns. In 2005 only 3.7% out of allfemale members of families running a farm who attained the age of 13, received highereducation. In the same group 46.2% of women received secondary or post-secondary education.The educational level of the inhabitants of Polish villages considerably increased incomparison with the results of the Agricultural Census conducted in 1996 [Kurek 2006].As a rule, rural women undertake lower-risk actions which do not require professionalknowledge, e.g. they run farm tourism businesses. In order to encourage women to bemore active, various attempts are made not only through the actions of state officials andnon-governmental organizations providing the information on development possibilities,but also through mass media and TV series in particular [Michalska-Żyła 2008].Acta Sci. Pol.
Changes in rural women’s movement related to Poland’s accession... 161INTERNATIONAL CONTEXTWhile considering the issue of the women’s movement among the inhabitants of Polishvillages, this phenomenon cannot be perceived as separated from the international context.It is crucial especially for the reason that some money which rural women’s organizationsand other organizations acting for rural women receive, come from the budgets of internationalorganizations. In case of Poland, nowadays most financial resources come fromthe European Union budget. Additionally these organizations encourage rural women toundertake activities supporting improvement of their social and professional situation.The international context can be divided into two areas. The first one constitute internationalwomen’s organizations and international organizations for which the issueof rural women becomes one of the aspect of their activity. The first group includes theAssociated Country Women of the World (ACWW) and the International Federation forHome Economics (IFHE).The second group includes the United Nations Organization and the European Union.The UN undertakes the activity for rural women through the Food and AgricultureOrganization of the UN (FAO). The European Union, within the scope of the CommonAgricultural Policy (CAP), undertakes actions for improvement of the rural women’ssituation and social activation. The principle of gender mainstreaming (gender equalitypolicy) is implemented within CAP; and also it was included into all common policiesin the 1990s. The principles of equal treatment of women and men should be takeninto account on every stage of the Rural Development Programme’s implementation for2007–2013 2 . It concerns among other things professional trainings for persons employedin agriculture and forestry, founding micro enterprises and their development as well asthe Leader approach.The Leader program very popular in European rural communities is a territorial, integrated,bottom-up, innovative approach based on partnership. It assumes the local fundingarrangements and management as well as supports creating network of organizationsinvolved in implementing the activities within the scope of this program [Gierulska, Augustynowicz2009]. It also consists in cooperation of the representatives of three sectors:public, economic and social. And the center percentage of women members should be included.The representatives of the sectors mentioned above create the local action groups(LAG) which work out the local development strategies (LDS) as well as are responsiblefor implementation of the aims suggested therein taking into consideration the guidelinesof the Leader approach. The aim of the Leader program is “the activation of the rural areasinhabitants by creating the social potential in the countryside, increasing the potential offinancial resources acquisition and taking advantage of them, management improvementof local resources and their indexation” [Rural Development Programme 2007–2013].There also exist the European Union universal relief program for all the inhabitantsof the EU: cohesion policy, in particular the European Social Fund (ESF) which financesHuman Capital Operational Programme.2Rural Development Programme is a strategic document. Each EU member state prepares its owndocument which reflects the guidelines of the EU CAP. It is implemented during appropriate EUbudget period [Szumski 2007].Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011
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The distribution of social security
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Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 35-43EDUCATI
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58 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesIn the West
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60 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesThe most im
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62 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesGDPt= GDP0+
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66 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesTable 4. Ac
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68 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesNelson Ch.R
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70 A. Ptak-Chmielewskastatistics, w
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72 A. Ptak-Chmielewska3025birth rat
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74 A. Ptak-ChmielewskaSECTOR OF ACT
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98 J. Sosnowski, G.A. CiepielaJalin
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100 J. Sosnowski, G.A. Ciepiela2007
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