124 J. WiśniewskaCommon Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been to favour the economic development ofagriculture which aimed to modernise European farming and thereby increase productionto achieve European self-sufficiency in food production. This aim was supported byprice supports and subsidies that also aimed to increase farm incomes relative to otherareas of the economy and took place with little regard for the environment. It is doubtlessthat raising the efficiency creates an opportunity to preserve the social functions and thedevelopment of natural environment, while at the same time, it may result in their degradationand deterioration in capital stock and agricultural land capacity. It is difficult tooppose the thesis that an economic unit, being subject only to market forces and thereforeonly interested in profit maximisation, will not take into account the areas of its operationwhich do not favour its efficiency. Therefore, it is also difficult to oppose the viewthat a sustainable development requires a coordinated and comprehensive approach inplanning and implementing economic policy, with the participation of the whole society[Wiśniewska 2010].The Single European Act, which came into force in 1987, constituted a new legalbasis for Community policy on the environment, and had the following objectives: topreserve, protect and improve the quality of the environment, to contribute towards protectinghuman health, to ensure a prudent and rational utilisation of natural resources TheAct went on to state that: “environmental protection requirements shall be a componentof the Community’s other policies”. The integration of common agricultural and environmentalpolicy is an effect of McSharry’s Reforms of CAP which was introduced in1992 year. The impacts of agriculture and agricultural policies on the environment area major concern in the EU countries, particularly in the context of agricultural policyreform and the achievement of sustainable agriculture. Agricultural policy reform policiesto promote sustainable agriculture and address environmental and natural resourceissues. The basic long-term challenge for agriculture is to produce food and industrialcrops efficiently, profitably and safely, and to meet a growing world demand withoutdegrading natural resources and the environment. While agricultural productivity hasimproved substantially, it has often been accompanied by resource degradation, such assoil erosion and water depletion. Agriculture also contributes positively to the environmentthrough provision of landscapes, wildlife habitats, and as a sink for greenhousegases [Łuczka-Bakuła 2007].The conception of sustainable development in agriculture presented in the paper is,therefore, set on four (not three) dimensions, reflecting the impact of durable developmentof farming. Sustainability of agriculture can be defined as the state of four coinherentsubsystems within which agriculture is operating. They are economic, social,environmental and institutional (Figure 1).The subjective and objective scopes of the activities are implemented within the confinesof state rural areas policy. They are targeted not only at farmers, but at the whole ruralcommunity and labour force, not merely farms, but also capital and natural resources,not just the income from farming, but also the income parity and the standards of livingin farmers’ families. There are different extents aimed by the sustainable policy linked asa feedback (Table 2). As it results from the above examples, all components of eco-developmentremain in mutual relations, creating a dynamic system. Thus, the policy of ruralareas development requires continual discussion and making difficult decisions, often inActa Sci. Pol.
Economic sustainability of agriculture – conceptions and indicators 125SUSTAINABLEINSTITUTIONALSYSTEMSUSTAINABLEECONOMICSYSTEMSUSTAINABLEAGRICULTURESUSTAINABLESOCIALSYSTEMSUSTAINABLEECOSYSTEMFig. 1.Rys. 1.Source:Źródło:The sustainable agriculture within co-inherent subsystemsZrównoważone rolnictwo w przenikających się subsystemachAuthoress’ own compilation.Opracowanie własne.Table 2. The scope, subject, object and aim of sustainable development in agriculture in theeconomic, social, environmental and institutional dimensionTabela 2. Zakres, przedmiot, podmiot i cel zrównoważonego rozwoju w rolnictwie w ekonomicznym,społecznym, ekologicznym i instytucjonalnym wymiarzeScope Subject Object AimEconomic Farm Efficiency Level Economic EquilibriumSocial Rural Community Level of Justice Social WelfareEnvironmental Eco-System Condition of Natural Environment Environmental EquilibriumInstitutional Institutional System Competence Level Institutional DevelopmentSource: Authoress’ own compilation on the basis of: [Indicators… 2000].Źródło: Opracowanie własne na podstawie: [Indicators… 2000].circumstances which oppose each other. Defining standards, minimal and maximal limits,and the way of measuring and monitoring the achieved effects becomes a conditionto be met in terms of efficient policy. The costs and the subjects bearing them constituteprimary concerns. General criteria of durable growth in agriculture should reflect botheconomic criteria, defined by economic efficiency, social, defined by the achieved levelof equality, environmental, signifying improvement of the natural environment and institutional– improvement of institutions (Table 3).The conception of sustainable agriculture includes the postulate of multifunctionaldevelopment [Wilkin 2010]. The economic functions of agriculture include, amongothers, producing raw materials and food, intensification of production, structuralOeconomia 10 (1) 2011
- Page 6 and 7:
6 A. Gawrońska, S. Paszkowskicultu
- Page 8 and 9:
8 A. Gawrońska, S. Paszkowskinumbe
- Page 10 and 11:
10 A. Gawrońska, S. PaszkowskiTabl
- Page 12:
12 A. Gawrońska, S. PaszkowskiTabl
- Page 15 and 16:
The distribution of social security
- Page 17 and 18:
%180,0160,0140,0120,0100,080,060,04
- Page 19:
The distribution of social security
- Page 22 and 23:
22 R. Hryniewski, W. Mądry, D. Goz
- Page 24 and 25:
24 R. Hryniewski, W. Mądry, D. Goz
- Page 26 and 27:
26 R. Hryniewski, W. Mądry, D. Goz
- Page 28 and 29:
28 R. Hryniewski, W. Mądry, D. Goz
- Page 30 and 31:
30 R. Hryniewski, W. Mądry, D. Goz
- Page 32 and 33:
32 R. Hryniewski, W. Mądry, D. Goz
- Page 35 and 36:
Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 35-43EDUCATI
- Page 37 and 38:
Education as an element of competit
- Page 39 and 40:
Education as an element of competit
- Page 41 and 42:
Education as an element of competit
- Page 43:
Education as an element of competit
- Page 46 and 47:
46 E. Majewski, P. Sulewski, M. Rag
- Page 48 and 49:
48 E. Majewski, P. Sulewski, M. Rag
- Page 50 and 51:
50 E. Majewski, P. Sulewski, M. Rag
- Page 52 and 53:
52 E. Majewski, P. Sulewski, M. Rag
- Page 54 and 55:
54 E. Majewski, P. Sulewski, M. Rag
- Page 56 and 57:
56 E. Majewski, P. Sulewski, M. Rag
- Page 58 and 59:
58 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesIn the West
- Page 60 and 61:
60 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesThe most im
- Page 62 and 63:
62 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesGDPt= GDP0+
- Page 64 and 65:
64 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesTHE TIME SE
- Page 66 and 67:
66 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesTable 4. Ac
- Page 68 and 69:
68 L. Mazal, K.J. RowlesNelson Ch.R
- Page 70 and 71:
70 A. Ptak-Chmielewskastatistics, w
- Page 72 and 73:
72 A. Ptak-Chmielewska3025birth rat
- Page 74 and 75: 74 A. Ptak-ChmielewskaSECTOR OF ACT
- Page 76 and 77: 76 A. Ptak-Chmielewskabirth rate fo
- Page 78 and 79: 78 A. Ptak-Chmielewskawere trade fi
- Page 80 and 81: 80 A. Ptak-ChmielewskaREFERENCESBal
- Page 83 and 84: Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 83-95THE EFF
- Page 85 and 86: The effi ciency of selected real es
- Page 87 and 88: The effi ciency of selected real es
- Page 89 and 90: Table 1. Efficiency of real estate
- Page 91 and 92: The effi ciency of selected real es
- Page 93 and 94: The effi ciency of selected real es
- Page 95: The effi ciency of selected real es
- Page 98 and 99: 98 J. Sosnowski, G.A. CiepielaJalin
- Page 100 and 101: 100 J. Sosnowski, G.A. Ciepiela2007
- Page 102 and 103: 102 J. Sosnowski, G.A. CiepielaTabl
- Page 104 and 105: 104 J. Sosnowski, G.A. CiepielaTabl
- Page 106 and 107: 106 J. Sosnowski, G.A. Ciepiela1400
- Page 108 and 109: 108 J. Sosnowski, G.A. CiepielaOsek
- Page 110 and 111: 110 E. SzymańskaProducts by Activi
- Page 112 and 113: 112 E. Szymańskatroduced TFI which
- Page 114 and 115: 114 E. Szymańskabers of companies
- Page 116 and 117: 116 E. SzymańskaTable 3. Tourism v
- Page 118 and 119: 118 E. SzymańskaREFERENCESCoccossi
- Page 120 and 121: 120 J. WiśniewskaEvery society can
- Page 122 and 123: 122 J. WiśniewskaStatistical analy
- Page 126 and 127: 126 J. WiśniewskaTable 3. An attem
- Page 128 and 129: 128 J. Wiśniewskathe application o
- Page 130 and 131: 130 J. Wiśniewskainstitutional cos
- Page 132 and 133: 132 J. Wiśniewskaemployed in agric
- Page 134 and 135: 134 J. WiśniewskaLong term viabili
- Page 136 and 137: 136 J. Wiśniewska--The level of re
- Page 139 and 140: Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 139-148INNOV
- Page 141 and 142: Innovativeness of food production e
- Page 143 and 144: Innovativeness of food production e
- Page 145 and 146: Innovativeness of food production e
- Page 147 and 148: Innovativeness of food production e
- Page 149 and 150: Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 149-158LOCAL
- Page 151 and 152: Local governance activities in supp
- Page 153 and 154: Local governance activities in supp
- Page 155 and 156: Local governance activities in supp
- Page 157 and 158: Local governance activities in supp
- Page 159 and 160: Oeconomia 10 (1) 2011, 159-169CHANG
- Page 161 and 162: Changes in rural women’s movement
- Page 163 and 164: Changes in rural women’s movement
- Page 165 and 166: Changes in rural women’s movement
- Page 167 and 168: Changes in rural women’s movement
- Page 169: Changes in rural women’s movement
- Page 172: Ewa SzymańskaTourism function of M